g]kfn sf]l/ofd}qL ;DaGw ePsf] $) jif{ eO;Sof] . o;aLr sf]l/ofsf] Oltxf;, ljsf; / cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf sf/0f jfgsL d'gsf dfWodn] klg sf]l/og s"6gLltsf] ;kmntf emNsfpF5 . ;fgf] / cljsl;t /fi6«sf] ¿kdf ljZj ;+:yfdf cfa4 x'Fbf g]kfn o'Pg ;b:o /fi6«sf] ¿kdf ljZjsf] zflGt ld;gdf ;xefuL x'g] a]nf;Dd sf]l/ofn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:otf;d]t k|fKt u/]sf] lyPg . /f]huf/L efiff, ;flxTo, wd{ / ;+:s[ltnfO{ efiffn] c;/ kf5{ g} . ;g\ !((( df d ljZjefiff SofDk;df SofDk; k|d'vsf] ¿kdf lgo'Qm eP/ hfFbf ToxfF b'O{ hgf sf]l/og efiff lzIfssf] ¿kdf …sf]Osf :jo+;]jsÚ sfo{/t lyP . l;d p lhg / hª, l;d p lhg, kl5 g]kfn k|x/L tflnd s]Gb|df k|lzIf0f/t ljz]if1 t]SjfGbf] k|lzIfs;Fu ld:6/ Sjfª ljjfxaGwgdf afFlwO{ g]kfnd} a;f]af; ub{} l5g\ . hªrflxF tTsfnLg cj:yfdf k7gkf7gdf sfd sd ePsfn] e8\lsnf] klx/gsf sf/0f SofDk; kl/jf/sf] rrf{sf] ljifo x'lGyg\ . b'O{ hgf ljb]zL :jo+;]jsn] k9fpg bz hgf klg ljBfyL{ pknAw lyPgg\, ljZjefiff SofDk;df . To;sf/0f xfdLn] Ps hgf :jo+;]js 36fpg'k¥of] . To; a]nfsf sf]l/og /fhb"t / sf]Osf /]l;8]G6 l/k|h]G6]l6enfO{ ;+:yf k|d'vsf] lx;fan] d}n] ;'emfj lbPsf] lyPF . sf]l/og efiffk|lt cfsif{0f a9fpg efiffdf /fd|f] c+sNofO{ kf; ug{]nfO{ sf]l/of cWoogsf] cj;/sf] 5fqj[lQ lbg';\ . h;/L :k]g, rLg / hfkfgn] lbg] u/]sf 5g\ . csf{], sf]l/of cf}Bf]uLs/0f ePsf] d'n's ePsfn] cw{ bIf jf cbIf sfdbf/nfO{ sf]l/ofdf sfd ug{] cj;/ lbPsf] v08df efiff l;Sg] cfkm} a9\5g\ . To; a]nf;Dd sf]l/ofdf …Olko;Úsf] ¿kdf sfdbf/ dufpg] ul/Psf] lyPg .
geGb} xfn g]kfndf sf]l/og efiffsf] ;a}eGbf
7"nf] dfu ePsf] 5 . &))) sfdbf/sf nflu efiffof]Uotf k/LIff lbg !
nfv g]kfnLn] efiff l;Sg] sfd u/] . %),))) eGbf a9L s]Pnlk6Lsf] k/LIffdf
;fd]n eP . g]kfnn] of] jif{ sf]l/og efiff k/LIff kl5 yk sf]6f kfPsfn] !%
xhf/ hgf of] jif{sf] sf]l/og efiff k/LIffdf pQL0f{ ePsf 5g\ . ljZjel/ xfn
!!# b]zdf sf]l/og efiff k|lzIf0f x'G5 . efiff g} ;+:s[ltsf] d"n cfwf/
xf] . sf]l/og efiff;Fu, lsDrL ;+:s[lt klg kk'n/ x'G5 . ljZjdf sf]l/og
vfgf sf]l/og, ;Eotf, ;+:s[lt, e]ife"iff klg ljZj ahf/df ;fd;'ª / x'G8fO{
sf/;Fu} k|l;4 x'g] g} eof] .
xfn sf7df8f}+df dfq} @$÷@% j6f sf]l/og
/]:6'/]G6 v'n]sf 5g\ . h;/L kj{tf/f]x0f / 6]«lsªsf] ljsf;n] g]kfn, g]kfnL
efiff, g]kfnL vfgf u'Gb'|s eft, l98f] / l6d'/] crf/sf] ahf/ lj:tf/ x'G5 .
To:t} g]kfnL sfdbf/ ylkFbf sf]l/ofsf] /fhwfgLdf klg @%÷#) g]kfnL /]:6'/]G6 tyf
g]kfnL k;n v'n]sf 5g\ . b+b]d'gjl/kl/
;fFemkv c;gh:t} b]lvG5, g]kfnLsf] hd36 . gf]s/L kfpg]eGbf lbg]sf]
k|efj a9L x'g' c:jfefljs xf]Og . To;}n] sf]l/ofsf] cfly{s ljsf;n] ljZjsf
!(( b]zdf sf]l/og k|8S6sf] ahf/ lj:tf/ eof] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf dxf;lrj
jfgsL d'gsf] kf]lh;g klg sf]l/og ;kmn s"6gLlts sf/0f xf], sf]l/ofsf]
7"nf] gfs a9fpg . ut jif{ ;DkGg hL– @) cf}Bf]lus /fi6«sf] a}7ssf]
cfof]hs /fi6« sf]l/of, ljZjsk km'6an, cf]nlDkssf] ;x–cfof]hs eP/ klg ljZj
/+ud~rdf k|l;l4 kfPsf] b]z xf] .
cfkm\gf] vlgh geP/ klg, c:6«]lnof, ef/t /
Sofg8faf6 cfoftLt sRrf kmnfdaf6 k|zf]wg / lgdf{0f u/L kf]S;f]] k'xfg l:6n
sDkgLn] tof/ kf/]sf] l:6n / kmnfdn] sf]l/og Osf]df]ldnfO{ prfOdf k'¥ofPsf]
5 . ljZjel/ k|of]udf cfpg] dfOqmf]lrK; pTkfbg ug{], ;fd;'ªsf sf/0f sf]l/of
xfn ljZj k|l;4 ePsf] 5 . olb, g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf hfg] JolQmsf]
:t/f]Gglt u/L :jb]zdf pTkflbt sDKo'6/ OlGhlgo/, ;ˆ6j]o/ OlGhlgo/nfO{ klg
;fd;'ªb]lv kf]S;f];Dd sfd lbnfpg;s] g]kfndf lelqg] /]ld6\ofG; % u'0ffn] j[l4
x'g] lyof] . sf]l/og ;Lk ePsf k|fljlwsn] / sf]l/og lgdf{0f sDkgL hfkfg,
cd]l/sf, o'/f]k / dWok"j{df w]/} sdfO ug{]lt/ hfG5g\ . g]kfnL
k|fljlwsn] sf]l/ofdf sfd kfPdf $ xhf/ 8n/b]lv ^))) 8n/ k|ltdlxgf k|fKt ug{
;S5g\ . o;/L sf]l/ofdf g]kfnsf] lxt x]g{] s"6gLlt1 s]xL cg'ejL, ;lqmo
/ rgfvf] ePdf g]kfn sf]l/of ;DaGwnfO{ wfld{s, ko{6sLo, cfly{s, j}1flgs, z}lIfs,
k|fljlws ;DaGw lj:tf/ u/L cem k|efjsf/L / uf9f agfpg ;lsG5 .
sf]l/ofdf sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf sfd ug{] cg'dlt
lbg] k4ltsf] ;'?cft ;g\ @))% kl5 dfq ePsf] xf] . !((( df t sf]l/of cfly{s
;+s6n] u'h|]sf] lyof] . To;a]nf y'k|} pBf]ukltn] a}+ssf] C0f ltg{ g;sL xfg
gbLdf xfd kmfn]/ cfTdxTof;d]t u/]sf lyP . b]zdf cfly{s ;+s6 ePkl5 ;/sf/n]
sd{rf/Lsf] tna @)Ü 36fPsf] ;d]t lyof] . ;g\ @))) ;Dd sf]l/ofdf hfg / sfd
ug{ g]kfnL jf cGo gful/snfO{ cg'dlt lng'kb{}gYof] .
To;a]nf;Dd ;d'lGb|s jf xjfO{dfu{af6
sf]l/of k'u]sf g]kfnL k|yd k':tfsf j}w sfdbf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf]
;+Vof eg] guGo 5 . To;dWo] s]xL sf]l/og dlxnf;Fu lax] u/L pt} a;]sf
5g\ . g]kfnL k;n / /]:6'/]G6 To;dWo] s]xL dfq kfPsf] sfddf lrQ ga'emL jf
s[lif kmd{ jf df5f dfg{] sfddf ;d'Gb|df nfdf] ;do sfd ug{ g;sL 3/ kms{]sf cyjf
pt} sf]l/ofdf cj}w sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
o;/L sf]l/of k'u]sf sfdbf/n] l;s]sf sltko
;Lk cf}Bf]lusLs/0f gePsf] g]kfndf k|of]udf cfpg ;Sb}gg\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu
sf]l/ofdf sf/sf x]8nfO6 jf ;fO8 nfO6 agfpg] / To;df ;]tf] rlDsnf] /ª nufpg]
;fgf of demf}nf pBf]udf sfd u/]sf sltko sfdbf/ g]kfndf kms{]kl5 a]/f]huf/ eP/
a;]sf 5g\ . s]xLn] sdfPsf] k};f w]/}h;f] kl/jf/sf nflu nfpg vfgd} vr{
u/]sf 5g\ . s]xL ljnfl;tfn] a;]kl5 vrf{n' eP/ yf]/} k};f lkmS; P;]6sf]
¿kdf sf7df8f}+ jf t/fO{df hUufdf nufgL u/]sf u/]sf x'G5g\ . To;sf/0f :jb]z
kms{]kl5 a]/f]huf/ eO{ a:bf hLjg emg\ lvGg ePsf pbfx/0f klg 5g\ . lk|lG6ª
k|]; jf hflvdk"0f{ sfddf xftv'§f u'dfO{ ckf+u eP/ 3/ kms{]sf klg bfh'efO,
lbbLalxgL g]kfndf b]Vg ;lsG5 .
g]kfnsf] n'lDagLdf hGd]sf a'4sf] k|efj
rLg, hfkfg, sf]l/ofdf k|ToIf b]Vg ;lsG5 . ToxfFsf a'4 d"lt{ d+uf]lnog
cg'xf/s} 5g\ . …l;Nnf 8fOg]l;6Ú sf]l/ofsf] Oltxf;sf] :j0f{ o'u
dflgG5 . l;Nnf /fhfx¿sf] a]nf sf]l/ofsf]
/fli6«o wd{ a'l4Hd lyof] . To; a]nfsf] sf]l/og ;Eotf ;DkGgtfsf] gd'gf
Sof]h' ;x/df, a'Nu'S;f dlGb/b]lv sf]l/ofsf kxf8df lgld{t ;'Gb/td\ a'4 dlGb/ /
d"lt{df b]Vg ;lsG5 . sf]l/ofn] ;g\ @)!) df a}+sdfk{mt k7fPsf]
/]ld6\ofG; !) ca{ 8n/ 5 . To;sf] bzf+z dfq g]kfn leq\ofpg ;s]sf] eP
g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf 7"n} ;sf/fTds k|efj kg{] lyof] .
o; jif{sf] !% xhf/ sfdbf/ sf]6faf6
sf]l/ofdf 7"n} g]kfnL pkl:ylt x'g] b]lvG5 . 5';ssf] a]nfb]lv
jiff{Gt;Dd sf]l/ofdf sfdbf/ k7fO;s]kl5 klg sf]l/ofsf] sfdbf/sf] cfjZostf
k"/f x'Fb}g . clg, ;g\ @)!@ df yk $, % xhf/ sfdbf/ k7fpg sf]l/ofsf]
>d dGqfnocGtu{t s]Pnlk6Ln] csf{] efiff k/LIff lng]5 . To;f] eP/ yk %
xhf/ sfdbf/sf] cfk"lt{ g]kfnaf6} ePdf g]kfnn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt
ug{] kl/jTo{ ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g / sf]l/og ;fdfg cfoft ubf{ nfUg] nufgLnfO{
k|lt:yfkg ug{] ;Defjgf 5 . xfd|f] b]zaf6 sf]l/ofdf guGo dfqfdf ;fdfg lgof{t
x'G5g\ eg] sf]l/ofaf6 PnhL, ;fd;'ª, -sf]l/og efiffdf x'Gb]_ xf]G8fO{h:tf
dxTjk"0f{ pTkfbg g]kfnL pkef]Qmf / g]kfnL ;/sf/L kIf;d]tnfO{ cfsif{s
pkef]Uo cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg x'g\ . eL/ dfx'/Lsf] dx, k|fs[lts dx, g]kfnL vfB
kbfy{ g]kfnL /]:6'/]G6 tyf k;nsf nflu ;Lldt dfqfdf kl:dgf, s]xL of;f{ u'Daf,
3/a'gf cflb sf]l/og ahf/sf nflu hfg] g]kfnL pTkfbgsf j:t' x'g\ . k|To]s
jif{ sf]l/ofaf6 g]kfndf cfoft x'g] ;fdfgsf] dfqf a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ;f]xL
cg'kftdf g]kfnL j:t'sf] lgof{t gePkl5 sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf k7fPsf >ldssf] >daf6
cfh{g u/]sf] /]ld6\ofG; xfd|f] b]zdf ljnfl;tfsf ;fdfg cfoft k|lt:yfkg ug{
cfjZos k5{ . sf]l/ofsf] cy{tGq lgs} alnof] /x]sfn] ljZjdf cd]l/sL 8n/sf]
cl:y/tf x'Fbf, cd]l/sL cy{tGqdf u8a9L x'Fbf sf]l/ofsf] Ps sf]l/og a}+sn] dfq Ps
dlxgfcl3 @% 6g ;'g vl/b u/]kl5 ljZj ahf/df ;'gsf] d"No cfsflzPsf]
lyof] . !@) c/a 8n/nfO{ sf]l/ofn] ;'g jf cGo ljb]zL d'b|fdf ;6xL ubf{ ljZj
cy{tGqdf k|efj kg{ uPsf] lyof] . e"uf]ndf g]kfneGbf ;fgf] blIf0f
sf]l/ofsf] PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] ljZjdf pNn]Vo e"ldsf 5 . hals,
g]kfnsf] ljZj cy{tGqdf guGo jf k|efj} 5}geGbf klg x'G5 . ljZjs}
;aeGbf 7"nf sfuf{] l;k agfpg] x'Gb] l;k d]lsªb]lv x'Gb] x]eL OlSjkd]G6sf]
lgdf{0fdf kf]:sf]sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf] 5 .
यात्रा वृत्तान्त, २०६६
sf+gfd, lqlj / ;gd'g
ljZjljBfno eg]kl5 ;a}df lglZrt Ps¿ktf x'g'kg{] xf] . kf7zfnf, cWoog s]Gb|,
:s'n, db/;f jf u'?s'nsf] dfg] klg cWoog s]Gb| eg]/ lrlgG5g\ . cfw'lgs
ljZjljBfno k4ltsf] ljsf; qmdsf] rrf{ ubf{ lglZrt dfkb08 cfjZos ef}lts
k"jf{wf/, pknAw bIf hgzlQm, ljBfyL{ / k|zf;g ljZjljBfnosf k"jf{wf/
x'g\ . cfhsf lbg;Dd ljZjdf sltj6f ljZjljBfno 5g\, dnfO{ yfxf 5}g .
ljqmd ;Djt\ @)!^ ;fncl3;Dd xfd|f] d'n'sdf Pp6f klg ljZjljBfno lyPg . k|yd
ljZjljBfnosf] ¿kdf lqe'jg ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ePkl5 g]kfndf ljZjljBfnoLo Oltxf;
;'? ePsf] b]lvG5 . xfn kf}g] # s/f]8 hg;+Vofsf nflu dfq lqlj, g];+lj, sfljlj,
klZrdf~rn ljlj, k"jf{~rn ljlj / n'lDagL ljZjljBfno u/L hDdf ^ j6f
ljZjljBfno ;~rfngdf 5g\ . logLx¿aLr w]/} s'/fdf ;dfgtf kfOFb}g . cem}
lakL sf]O/fnf d]l8sn OlG66\Ro'6 w/fg, jL/ c:ktfn ljsf; kl/ifb\ klg
ljZjljBfno;/x dflgG5g\ . of]hgf, gLlt, lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjogdf :ki6tf,
k|lta4tf kSsf gePsf xfd|fh:tf /fhg]tf ePsf] d'n'sdf nx8df, ;'k, /fhlif{ hgs, s[lif
ljZjljBfno /fdk'/, dk ljZjljBfno ;'v{]t klg ah]6 efif0f jf /fhg]tfsf
d'vf/ljGbaf6 lgl;|t k/Gt' sfof{Gjogsf] cefjdf ¿dlnPsf] cj:yfdf 5g\ .
ljZjljBfnosf] Ps ;fwf/0f k|fWofks nfdf] wfld{s labfdf k"hfkf7, vfgkfg /
v]ndfn 5f]8]/ sf]l/ofsf] lghL e|d0fdf hfg kfpFbf e|d0fnfO{ b[Zofjnf]sgsf]
p2]Zodf ;Lldt g/flvsg sf]l/ofsf] z}lIfs If]qsf] ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L lng] ljrf/ eof] .
To;} qmddf d}n] sf]l/ofsf b'O{j6f ljZjljBfnosf] e|d0f u/]F . oL b'j}
ljZjljBfno lghL:t/af6 ;~rflnt x'g\ . ;fy} sf]l/of ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks
rf]o;Fu -OG8f]_ u+uf /]:6'/]G6 UjfFxfd'gdf nGr vfFbf sl/a ;f9] Ps 3G6f ePsf] jftf{nfkn] dnfO{ b]zsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] /
;aeGbf 7"nf] ljZjljBfnosf] k|fWofks ePsf]df uj{ dx;'; x'g ;s]g .
xfn sf]l/ofdf sl/a
% s/f]8 hg;+Vof 5 . Tof] hg;+Vofsf nflu @@) j6f ljZjljBfno ;~rfngdf 5g\ .
h;dWo] !*) k|fOe]6 ljZjljBfno, JolQm jf ;+:yfn] :yfkgf u/]sf / $) j6f ;/sf/L
:6]6 ljZjljBfno 5g\ . ;gd'g ljZjljBfnosf klxn]sf cfly{s dfldnf x]g{] / xfn
bz{g / ko{6g ljifosf k|fWofks of]l;g rf]o;Fu ;f]wk'5 ubf{ of] s'/f yfxf kfPF .
sf]l/ofsf ljZjljBfnodf ())) eGbf a9L ljBfyL{ egf{ x'G5g\ . ljZjljBfno
ljBfyL{sf] z'Nsaf6 k"0f{ ¿kdf rN5g\ . rNg] dfq xf]Og, jflif{s gfkmfdf
klg x'G5 /] Û s]xL d'gfkmfsf] /sd ljZjljBfnosf] vftfdf hDdf x'G5 .
sf]l/ofsf cfdfafa' cfhef]ln aRrf sd kfpg] jf gkfpg] ljrf/ ub{} 5g\ .
To;sf/0f ljBfyL{ gkfP/ sltko ljZjljBfno aGb ug{'kg{] cj:yf b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 .
sf]l/ofsf ljZjljBfnodf Go"gtd kfl/>ldsdf Ps¿ktf 5 . s'g} klg
k|fWofksn] xfd|f] h:tf] gfd dfqsf] sfd p:t} bfd kfpFb}gg\ . ljZjljBfnodf
k9fpFbf $))) 8n/eGbf dfly g} tna kfpF5g\ / sfd klg k"/f u5{g\ .
;a} :yfoL
k|fWofksn] k]G;g kfpF5g\, ;/sf/L, ;+:yfut jf lghL h:tf] ljZjljBfnodf sfd u/]
klg . egf{ ePsf ljBfyL{ ;fdfGotof km]n x'Fb}gg\ . g]kfnsf] lqljsf
dfgljsL, Joj:yfkg, lj1fg, lzIffh:tf lgsfodf egf{ x'g], k9\g] / kf; ug{] ;+Vof
sNkgf g} ug{ g;lsg] cj:yfdf km/s b]lvG5 . 8sl;g dlxnf ljZjljBfnodf e|d0f
ubf{ klg ljZjljBfnosf] jftfj/0f, ;'Gb/tf, :jR5tf, nugzLntfn] ljBfyL{nfO{ ;fFRr}
1fgcfh{g ug{] :ynsf] ¿kdf b]v]F] . dlxnf ljZjljBfnodf ljBfyL{n] u/]sf]
/fhgLlt jt{dfg /fi6«kltsf] gLltsf] kf]:6/, kDkn]6 / Aofg/af6 u/]sf] k|bz{gdf
lzi6tf lyof] . aGb, x8tfn, rSsfhfd / 6fo/ afNg] sfd x'Fb}g . k9\g
cfPsf ljBfyL{dWo] *)Ü ha dfs{]6df -gf]s/L jf Joj;fo_ ul/xfN5g\ .
ljZjljBfnosf]] cfsif{0f s'g ljBfnosf slt Uo|fh'o6n] /fi6«, sDkgL / Jofkfl/s
k|lti7fgsf] dxTjk"0f{ kb kfP eGg] s'/fn] lgwf{/0f u5{ /] .
ljZjljBfnodf
ljBfyL{sf] z'Ns dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . s'g ljZjljBfno slt dxTjk"0f{ 5
eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ;f] ljZjljBfnodf ljBfyL{sf] jflif{s z'Ns slt 5 eGg]
s'/fn] ;d]t lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . To;}n] t ;+o'Qm/fHo cd]l/sL ljZjljBfno xjf8{,
lk|G;6g, o]n / sf]g{]nh:tf ljZjljBfnosf] :t/Lotf dfkg ug]{ cfwf/ z'Ns,
dxTjk"0f{ 5fqj[lQ, k|rlnt, k|Voft ljifout k|fWofks, pTkflbt hgzlQmsf]
ahf/df vkt cflb ljifo dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ gls ljBfyL{ ;+Vof .
sf]l/ofs} ;fgf] /
gAa]sf] bzsdf :yflkt ;gd'g ljZjljBfnodf cG8/ Uo|fh'o6 -laP_ cWoog ug{]
ljBfyL{sf] jflif{s z'Ns &,))),))) jg sf]l/og d'b|f sl/a &,))) 8n/ nfUg]
/x]5 / -kf]:6Uofh'o6_ :gftsf]Q/ PdPdf cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{sf nflu jflif{s z'Ns
(,)))$ k5{ . xfdL
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf sfd ug{] k|fWofkssf nflu sltko s'/f a'‰g g} ufx|f] kg{] .
z'Ns dfl;s $) ¿lkofFaf6 !)) agfpg vf]Hbf x8tfn, rSsfhfd, s';L{ hnfpg] / SofDk;
aGb ug{] k4ltn] ljZjljBfnodf s] s;/L ;'ljwf lbg ;lsG5 < # nfv $@ xhf/
ljBfyL{ / @) xhf/ k|fWofks 5g\ lqljdf eGbf cg]sf}F k|Zg t]l;{OG5g\ .
ljZjsf s'g} klg ljZjljBfno e|d0f ubf{ s;/L rnfpg'x'G5 Tof] ljZjljBfno < Pp6f ljZjljBfno ;~rfng ug{ s]slt rflxG5 <
xfdLnfO{ nueu cGbfh ug{ ;lsG5, ;gd'g ljZjljBfnodf ())) hgf ljBfyL{ 5g\ . @#)
hgf k"0f{sfnLg k|fWofks / !)) hgf k|zf;lgs sd{rf/L 5g\ .
sf]l/ofdf /fhtGq
;dfKt ePsf] Ps ;o jif{ gf£of] . e/v/ dfq UjfFxfd'gdf sf]l/og /fhfsf] ;flns
jt{dfg /fi6«kltn] cgfj/0f u/] . sf]l/og gf]6df /fhfsf] kmf]6f] c+lst 5 .
sf]l/ofn] o;} jif{ dfq} %),))) sf] gf]6 ahf/df NofPsf] 5 . !))), %))), !))))
/ %),))) sf gf]6 sf]l/og a}+s gf]6 x'g\ . ! b]lv %)) ;Dd sf]l/og jg l;Ssfs}
¿kdf 5g\ . ToxfF xfd|f] h:tf] Ps ¿lkofFsf] !)) k};f x'Fb}g . jg
eg]sf] cfkm}df Ps sf]l/og d'b|f xf] .
यात्रा वृत्तान्त, २०६६
@)^^ ;fn cflZjg %
ut] tbg';f/ ;g\ @!, ;]K6]Da/ @))( sf lbg b;}+ labf dgfpg] ljrf/n] laxfg ;fdfg
tof/ kf/]/ ;f9] P3f/ ah] w'Daf/fxL ;'s]wf/f 3/af6 6\ofS;Ldf ljdfg:yntkm{ k|:yfg
u/]F . dnfO{ lqe'jg ljdfg:yn k'¥ofpg b'O{ hgf 5f]/f cfP . ljdfg:yndf
k'u]kl5 5f]/fx¿ leq hfg gldn]sfn] 3/ kms{] . dnfO{ nu]h hfFr / cWofudg ;'/Iff
hfFrsf] klqmof k"/f ug{ lgs} ;do nfUof] . cWofudg Sn]/]G; u/]kl5 8f]ª
ljg;Fu e]6 eof] . d}n] pgsf] sf]6 lbPF . d;Fu klxn] ;fk6 lnPsf] @ ;o
8n/ 8f]ª ljgn] dnfO{ kmsf{P . d}n] w]/}k6ssf] j}b]lzs ofqfdf hfFbf
cWofudgdf olt 7"nf] eL8 slxNo}
b]v]sf] lyOg\ . o;n] dnfO{ yfxf eof] g]kfndf ko{6s a9]sf /x]5g\ .
kf}g] Ps ah]
ljdfgleq of] 8fo/L n]Vb} 5' . sf7df8f}+df afbn nfu]sf] eP tfklg udL{ 5 .
ljdfg p8fgsf] k|tLIffdf 5' . ;Fu;Fu} sf]l/og Po/,
l;Ns Po/n] klg p8fg eg{] ePsfn] cfh k|:yfg sIf vrfvr / el/e/fp 5 . g]kfnsf] Ps dfq cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn
Jo:t / ;fgf] x'g k'u]5 . a+unfb]z ljdfg tof/Ldf 5 . kfls:tfgL xjfO{
;]jf ev{/ cjt/0f u¥of] . xfdLnfO{ Ps yk cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn cTofjZos eO;s]5 .
ljdfg:yndf s'/]sf]
sl/a cfwf 3G6f eO;Sof] . aNn cfO;Lsf] ljdfg wfjgdfu{df tof/L cj:yfdf
b]lvG5 . b'O{ ah]/ !# ldg]6 hfFbf;Dd ljdfg p8]sf] 5}g . uf]7f6f/kl§sf]
aflx/L efudf yf]qf xjfO{hxfh y'kf/L /fv]sf /x]5g\ . b]Vbf klg g/dfOnf]
nfUg] To:tf ljdfg y'kfg{'sf] ;f6f] st} 8lDkª u/] s] lau|GYof] xf]nf <
;jf b'O{ ah]kl5 aNn
xfd|f] ljdfg p8fg eg{ /gj]df lj:tf/lj:tf/ cl3 a9\g yfNof] . g]kfn
Po/nfOG;sf] ABO 6'Ogc6/ ljdfg ev{/}
cjt/0f u¥of] . l6hL klg l:k8 -j]u_ a9fP/ p8fgsf] k"0f{ tof/Ldf
b]lvof] .
d]/f] 38Ldf
lbpF;f]sf] @ ah]/ @@ ldg]6df aNn yfO{ Po/j]h cfsfzdf t}/g k'Uof] . vrfvr
3/}3/n] etfe'+u d]/f] /fhwfgL vfN6f] pbf+u b]lvof] . k|s[ltnfO{ s'¿k agfPsf]
Kof/f] ;x/ pkTosf 5f]8\b} PSs}l5gdf xjfO{hxfh afbn;Fu n'sfdf/L v]Ng k'Uof] .
pkTosfsf] b[Zo cf]em]ndf k¥of] . km]l/ b]lvof] pkTosf t/ pkTosfsf] aflx/L efu
xf]nf . kf}g] # ah]lt/ g'lgnf] abfd, h';, /S;L cflb cfof] . d}n] kfgL
/ jfOg dfq vfPF .
clxn] g]kfnL
;dofg';f/ % ah]/ !% ldg]6 x'g nfUof] . TG #@) sf] ljdfg a+}ss ljdfg:yn glhs k'Ug nfu]sf] PgfpG;d]G6
ljdfg kl/rfl/sfn] ul/g\ . ;a}nfO{ gp7\g / cfkm\gf] l;6a]N6 afFw]/ a:g
elgg\ . a}+ssf] aflx/L tfkqmd #) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]6 5 . ;'j0f{e"ld
-:j0f{e"ld_ Po/kf]6{df k'Ug} nfUof}F . clxn] v]tLkftLsf] ufpFaf6 ;x/lt/ lah'nL ;8ssf] rds klg b]lvg yfNof] .
-:j0f{e"ld_ Po/kf]6{df k'Ug} nfUof}F . clxn] v]tLkftLsf] ufpFaf6 ;x/lt/ lah'nL ;8ssf] rds klg b]lvg yfNof] .
a}+ss hfg]
/fhdfu{x¿ klg :ki6 b]lvg yfn] . d}bfgL efu ePsfn] ;Lwf nfdf / 7f8f ;8s
ndtGg k/]sf 5g\ . ca xjfO{hxfhn] cjt/0fsf nflu kf+u|faflx/ tfg]sf] :ki6
;'lgof] . a}+ss jl/kl/sf] u|fdL0f Onfsf klg ljB't\, ;8s / pBf]un] el/Psf
/x]5g\ . klZrdkl§ ;"of{:tn] afbn ;'Gb/ /ftf] / sfnf] ePsf] 5 .
lg:k§ cGwsf/ geO;s]sf] yfONofG8 v]tdf kfgL, ;8sdf aQL, /+uLr+uL a}+sssf]
dgdf]xs b[Zo ;fFRr} ;'Gb/ b]lvof] . ;'j0f{e"ld ljdfg:ynnfO{ ;'gf}nf]
/+usf] c:tfpFbf] ;"o{ ls/0fn] sfnf] afbnnfO{ ;'gf}nf] agfPsfn] ;fFRr}
;'j0f{do ePsf] 5 . olQs}df rf/n]gsf] ;8s b]lvof], ljdfg wfjgdfu{df cjt/0f
u¥of] . g]kfnL ;dofg';f/ ;fFemsf] % ah]/ @) ldg]6 uPsf] lyof] .
d ^ ah]/ %)
ldg]6df ;f]n ljdfg:yndf k'u]F . aflx/ lg:sg s]xL ;do nfUof] .
cWofudgaf6 aflx/ hfg]lalQs} dnfO{ :jfut ug{ cfPsf ;fyL e]6 eOnfNof] . clg,
;fdfg pxfFsf] sf/df /fv]/ xfdL ;x/lt/ nfUof}F . ;f]ndf klxn] d]/f]
d+uf]lnofdf ;xof]uL ePsf …h'ª ;fªÚ;Fu 3/df e]6 eof] . Ujfªj's Kofn]; glhs
-Kofn]; ufpF_ eGg] 7fpFdf To;} 3/df a;]F . 3'd3fd u/]kl5 dnfO{ lng cfPsf
hfg ;g\ vfgf vfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/ kms{g'eof] . d k}bn otfptf sf]l/og Do'lhod,
ahf/, kfs{, 3'd]F . a]n'sf nL;Fu e]6eof] . klxn] g]kfndf d]/f] 3/df
Ps dlxgfhlt a;]sf dfG5] . xfdLn] ;Fu} /fltsf] vfgf g]kfnL b'uf{ /]:6'/]G6df
vfof}F . vfgf vfPkl5 km]l/ 3'd3fd u¥of}F . dnfO{ lgGb|f nflu;s]sfn]
/flt ( ah] g} ;'tF] . laxfg ^M#) ah] p7]F / @# ;]K6]Da/ 8fo/Lsf] kfgfdf
sf]/sf/ u/]F .
cfh ;]K6]Da/ @#
tfl/v laxfg a|]skmf:6 vfP/ d ;fyL Joon h'ª
-h'g_ ;fª;Fu pxfFsf] xh'/a'afb]lv rlncfPsf] kmfpG8];gsf] clkm;df cfO{ sf]l/og ;dofg';f/ ( ah]/ !% ldg]6df of] b}lgsL n]Vg yfn]F . h'g ;fªsf] xh'/a'af !($* df Kof]ªofª pQ/ sf]l/ofdf PsLs/0fsf nflu jftf{nfk ug{ hfg'ePsf] kmf]6f] sf]7fdf e'mlG8Psf] /x]5 . blIf0f / pQ/sf]l/ofsf] jftf{ e+u ePkl5 sf]l/og u[xo'4 pQ/ blIf0fsf] n8fOF ;'?eP5 . pQ/ sf]l/of guP tfklg hf]g ;fªsf] pQ/sf]l/ofk|lt dfof /x]5 . k'Vof{}nL nufjsf sf/0f of] ePsf] xf]nf . pxfFsf] xh'/af cfls{6]Sr/ eP/ pQ/ sf]l/of hfg'ePsf] /x]5 . pxfF sf]l/ofsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / k|l;4 8\ofd lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg x'g'x'Fbf] /x]5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf of] P]ltxfl;s b/af/, xfn /fi6«klt ejg ePsf] 7fpF k'/ftflTjs / P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf] 7fpFsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s lqmofsnfk / ljsf;sf b[li6sf]0fn] xfg gbLsf] blIf0fL / k"jL{ efult/ Dof]ª8'ª If]q ;f]nsf] dxFuf] If]q xf] . of] 7fpF k'/fgf] b/af/sf] ufpF eP klg Dof]ª8f]ª hlt dxFuf] 5}g . ;'Gb/, zfGt, P]ltxfl;s 7fpF ePsfn] a:gsf nflu eg] of] 7fpF /fd|f] 5 . of] 7fpFsf] gfd …hf]ªgf]Ú xf] . of] 7fpFdf % gDa/sf] …;aj]Ú ;x/d'lg rNg] /]n cfpF5 . of] ufpF ;f]nsf] xfªsfª gbLsf] pQ/df cjl:yt 5 .
-h'g_ ;fª;Fu pxfFsf] xh'/a'afb]lv rlncfPsf] kmfpG8];gsf] clkm;df cfO{ sf]l/og ;dofg';f/ ( ah]/ !% ldg]6df of] b}lgsL n]Vg yfn]F . h'g ;fªsf] xh'/a'af !($* df Kof]ªofª pQ/ sf]l/ofdf PsLs/0fsf nflu jftf{nfk ug{ hfg'ePsf] kmf]6f] sf]7fdf e'mlG8Psf] /x]5 . blIf0f / pQ/sf]l/ofsf] jftf{ e+u ePkl5 sf]l/og u[xo'4 pQ/ blIf0fsf] n8fOF ;'?eP5 . pQ/ sf]l/of guP tfklg hf]g ;fªsf] pQ/sf]l/ofk|lt dfof /x]5 . k'Vof{}nL nufjsf sf/0f of] ePsf] xf]nf . pxfFsf] xh'/af cfls{6]Sr/ eP/ pQ/ sf]l/of hfg'ePsf] /x]5 . pxfF sf]l/ofsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / k|l;4 8\ofd lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg x'g'x'Fbf] /x]5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf of] P]ltxfl;s b/af/, xfn /fi6«klt ejg ePsf] 7fpF k'/ftflTjs / P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf] 7fpFsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s lqmofsnfk / ljsf;sf b[li6sf]0fn] xfg gbLsf] blIf0fL / k"jL{ efult/ Dof]ª8'ª If]q ;f]nsf] dxFuf] If]q xf] . of] 7fpF k'/fgf] b/af/sf] ufpF eP klg Dof]ª8f]ª hlt dxFuf] 5}g . ;'Gb/, zfGt, P]ltxfl;s 7fpF ePsfn] a:gsf nflu eg] of] 7fpF /fd|f] 5 . of] 7fpFsf] gfd …hf]ªgf]Ú xf] . of] 7fpFdf % gDa/sf] …;aj]Ú ;x/d'lg rNg] /]n cfpF5 . of] ufpF ;f]nsf] xfªsfª gbLsf] pQ/df cjl:yt 5 .
sf]l/ofaf6 ;f+3fO{
rLgsf] ofqf sf]l/og Po/df !&)$ rf/ lbgsf] vfgf xf]6n a;fO, ;f+3fO{sf] 6fj/ r9\g], km'6d;fh,
vfgf, :yfgLo e|d0f ;Dk"0f{;lxtsf] dfq !&) 8n/ kg{] cgnfOg Po/ l6s6sf]
lj1fkg b]v]F . ;fy} a}+sssf] p8fg #%) 8n/ rf/ lbgsf] xf]6nsf] af;, vfgf,
6\ofS;;lxtsf] ;:tf] ofqf % 3G6fsf] xjfO{ofqf Psftkm{ cft]÷hft] u/L s;/L ;Dej
x'Fbf] xf]nf < wgL dfG5]n] ;:tf]df ofqf ug{ ;S5g\ t/ ul/a dfG5]n]
k"/f k};f ltg{'k5{ . g]kfnaf6 a}+ss # 3G6fsf] xjfO{ b"/Ldf 5 t/
g]kfnLx¿n] of] ofqfdf hfFbf $ ;o 8n/eGbf a9L t ljdfgsf] ef8f g} ltg{'k5{ lsg
< sf]l/ofaf6 e|d0fdf hfg]x¿ rfOgf, xªsª, yfONofG8df ;d"xsf ;d"x
hfg] ePsfn] ofqf ;x'lnot b/df pknAw 5 t/ g]kfn hfg Tolt ;:tf] 5}g . of]
7fpFdf sf]l/og P]ltxfl;s ;+u|xfno 5 . cfh 8s;'ª dlxnf ljZjljBfnodf MOU ug{] ljifodf s'/f ug{ uPF .
ToxL ljZjljBfnosf] tkm{af6 Ps xf]6ndf nGr vfof}F . @ ah]kl5 ToxfFaf6
sf]l/ofsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] g]qxLgsf] ljBfno x]g{ uof}F . cTolws k|efj kfg{]
lsl;dsf] ljBfno ;'ljwf ;DkGg lyof] . 8s;'g ljZjljBfnodf klg %%)) ljBfyL{,
#%) k|fWofks, ^)Ü dlxnf, $)Ü k'?if k|fWofks /x]5g\ . ljBfyL{ /fhgLlt oxfF
klg x'Fbf] /x]5 . k/Gt' tf]8kmf]8 rSsfhfd 5}g . ;/sf/ lj/f]wL
pQ/sf]l/ofsf] ;dy{g . cd]l/sf hfkfgsf] lj/f]w ug{df ;+nUg 5g\ /] 5fqfx¿ .
8s;'g dlxnf ljZjljBfno / sf]l/ofsf] g]qxLgsf] ljBfno x]/]kl5 3/ kmSof+{} .
s]xL vfg]s'/f vfof}F / ^ ah]lt/ /fltef]h vfg b'uf{ gfdsf] g]kfnL /]:6'/]G6df
uof}F . tGb'/L lrsg, gfg / safa vfof}F . ToxfF cfTdxl/;Fu e]6eof] .
of] xf]6n DofUbLsf] dfG5]sf] /x]5 .
vfgf vfO{ a]n'sf
5+u]5glt/ 3'Dg hfFbf af6f]df ( jif{cl3 d}n] g]kfnL efiff l;sfPsf 8fS6/ oª;s
lnd;Fu crfgs e]6 eof] . lx+8\bflxF8\b} Psl5g ukm u¥of}F / 5u]5gsf] jfl/kfl/
lsgf/f 3'Dof}F . af6f]df x'Gb] ;f]gf6f gofF df]8nsf] sf/ k|bz{gdf /fv]sf]
b]Vof}F . To;kl5 3'd3fd ub{} 3/lt/ kmSof{}+ . /fltsf] !) ah] d ;'Tg
cfO{ 8fo/L n]Vg a;]F . 5+u]5g nfdf] ;dob]lv sf7df8f}+sf] 6's'rf / wf]jLvf]nfh:tf]
kmf]xf]/L lyof] /] . xfn ;kmf kfgL aUg], jfl/kfl/ k}bnofqf ug{] dfu{,
7fpF7fpFdf ljB'tLo ls/0fn] agfpg] /] ljDasf km"n / #)) jif{ klxn] sf]l/og
/fhfsf] kfnfdf agfOPsf] 9'+u] k'n;d]t x]/]F . emG8} aemfªsf] d]/f] 3/
glhs}sf] b'O{ 9'+ufn] ag]sf] df6] ;fF3'h:t} 7f8f] / t]];f]{ 9'+uf /fvL agfOPsf] .
s'g} a]nf elTsP hldgd'lg x/fPsf] k'nnfO{ ;aj] agfpFbf pTvgg u/L cfw'lgs ;f]n
dxfgu/n] k'/fg} ¿kdf k'glg{df{0f u/L oyfjt\ :yfgdf /fv]sf] /x]5 . To;sf/0f
sf]l/ofsf] ;x/sf] aLrdf P]ltxfl;s / cfw'lgs sf]l/of;Fu} b]Vg ;lsG5 .
;]K6]Da/– @$
cfh laxfg ^ ah]
p7]/ :gfg cflb u/L gjb'uf{sf] ;+lIfKt kf7sf] ;Demgf u/]F . * ah] k|ftsf]
vfgf vfPF clg k}bn 3'Dg uPF . af6f]df kg]{ DofUbLsf] ljgf]b s'Fj/sf] b'uf{
/]:6'/]G6df cfTdxl/nfO{ e]6\g uPF . Ps sk lrof vfO{ ukm;km u/] . ;f]ndf
klg g]kfnLsf y'k|} /]:6'/]G6 /x]5g\ .
snf ls unf g]kfndf
elgG5 . dflg;nfO{ afFRg ls snf rflxG5 cyjf unf rflxG5 . g]kfnL
snfsf/x¿ lht' g]kfn, c~h' kGt, gGbs[i0f hf]zL, lgdf ?Daf;lxt y'k|} g]kfnL
snfsf/ b;}+nuQ} sf]l/og 5';s -lkt[kIf_ sf] 7"nf] rf8df g]kfnL uLt, gfr /
k|x;g b]vfpg ;f]n k'u]sf /x]5g\ . cfh sf]l/ofsf] k'/fgf] Ujfªxfd'g -b/af/sf]
9f]sf_ sf] ufpF elgg] ;xl/of 7fpFb]lv An'xfp; -sf]l/og /fi6«klt ejg h;sf] 5fgf
gLnf] 5_ x]b{} k}bn OG;fbf]ª eGg] 7fpF;Dd k'Ubf, b]v]sf cTofw'lgs dxnx¿, Jofkfl/s
k|lti7fg, hldgd'lgsf] Jo:t ;x/L] ;aj] / :6];g;Fu} rf/}lt/ km}lnPsf] cG8/u|fpG8
ahf/ sf]l/og cfw'lgs lgdf{0f snfsf] gd'gf x'g\ . oxL lgdf{0f snfsf sf/0f
sf]l/og lgdf{0f Joj;foL cfkm\gf] b]znfO{ dfq cfw'lgstflt/ 8f]¥ofO/x]sf 5}gg\,
clkt' b'aO{, ;fpbL c/]laofh:tf d'n'sdf hxfF d?e"ldsf] pu|tfk 5, ToxfF !^)
tnf;Ddsf 3/ agfO{ k};f sdfO/x]5g\ . g]kfnsf] ljdfg:yn cfhef]ln aGb} u/]sf
cTofw'lgs ckf6{d]G6x¿ h;sf] Oltxf; xªsªaf6 ;'? ePsf] dflgG5 . To:tf r'/f]6sf
a§fh:tf cfsfzdfu{af6 b]lvg] t/ ;'ljwf;DkGg 3/ agfpg sf]l/ogx¿n] ;g\ !(^) sf]
bzskl5 ;'? u/]sf /x]5g\ . cfhef]ln ljZjdf hldg 36\b} uPsf] / dfgjsf] ;+Vof
a9\b} hfg] u/]sf] dfq xf]Og, ;+o'Qm kl/jf/eGbf Psn kl/jf/k|lt ljZjsf] gofF
k':tf cfslif{t ePsf sf/0fn] klg 3/sf] ;+Vof a9\bf hldg ck'u x'g' :jfefljs} xf] .
To;sf/0f @÷# tnfsf] ;f6f] @)÷ #) tnfsf ejg agfO{ ;f] 7fpFnfO{ s]xL xl/ofnL If]q;d]t
/fv]/ /d0fLo agfPsf] b]lvG5 . To;}sf] b]vfl;vL ljZjel/sf /fi6«n] ug{]
u/]sf 5g\ . ef/tsf] /fhwfgL lbNnLsf] d]6«f] xf]; ls d+uf]lnofsf] phf8 d?e"lddf
lgdf{0f ul/g] ckf6{d]G6, lgdf{0f snf / lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf;s} sf/0f
sf]l/ofn] dWok"j{, c:6«]lnof, blIf0f Pl;of, clk|msf, k"jL{ o'/f]k;lxt
Pl;ofsf y'k|} d'n'sdf cfkm\gf] snf k|bz{g ub{} yk wgf]kfh{gdf ;+nUg 5g\ .
of] sf]l/ofsf] lzIffdf ePsf] nufgL / d]xgtL kgfn] ;Dej ePsf] xf] . a"9f]
dfG5] clGtd t}of/Ldf ePh:t} dxFuf] 7fpFdf k'/fgf] ;:tf] 3/df ;~rfngdf /x]sf]
-b'uf{ /]:6'/]G6 ef/tLo / g]kfnL_ vfgf egL n]v]sf] ejg @÷# dlxgfleq 9Ng]
t}of/Ldf /x]5 . lsgls, of] e]udf cTofw'lgs cfsfz 5'g] 3/x¿n] 9fls;s]sf
/x]5g\ . k5fl8kl§ ejgx¿ eTsfO{ husf] t}of/L x'Fb} /x]5, clxn] d]/f] 38Ldf
lbpF;f]sf] ;f9] !@ ah] . sfddf Jo:t sf]l/og dflg; xtf/xtf/ /]:6'/]G6df uP/
lbjfef]h -nGr_ vfO{ sfddf kms{+b} 5g\ . drflxF ;8s 5]psf] ¿vd'lg 9'+u] cf;gdf
a;L of] 8fo/L sf]b{} 5' . cfhef]lnsf] df};d sl/a sf7df8f}+ h:t} /x]5 k/Gt'
oxfF uf8Lx¿ w]/} eP tfklg k|b"lift xfjf b]lvFb}g . k|b"if0f ug{]
uf8L ;8sdf rnfpg kfpFb}g xf]nf . zf/Ll/s ;'u7g ePsf lrl6Ss k/]sf o'jf, o'jtLsf]
cg'xf/ eg] cefjdf klg k|fs[lts xfF;f] xfF;]h:tf] g]kfnLsf] h:tf] pHofnf]
xFl;nf] cg'xf/ 5}g . ;fob sfdsf] af]emn] xf]nf ls k|lt:kwf{sf] lk/nf]n] .
;fob sfdsf] tgfjn] sfd af:gf klg x'Fb}g xf]nf . 7fpF ;'Gb/ 5, dfG5] vfOnfO
u/]sf b]lvG5g\ t}klg c¿ s]xL cefj 5, ;fob Tof] ;dosf] xf]nf .
b;}+ labfdf
k"hfkf7afx]s, tf;v]Ng] / df;'vfg] sfd ug{'eGbf sf]l/ofsf] cgf}krfl/s e|d0f
d}n] /f]h]sfn], of] ;8s k]6Ldf a;L uGygdGyg n]Vbf dnfO{ cfgGb nflu /x]5 .
cfh d}n] klg b'uf{d} vfgf vfPF, !!M#) ah]b]lv !M#) ah];Dd nGrsf nflu Jo:t x'g]
/x]5 . a]n'sf % ah]b]lv * ah];Dd . l8g/sf] ;do x'G5 sf]l/ofdf,
sf]l/ofdf k};f 5, To;eGbf klg sfd a9L 5 eg] cfTdxl/ s];Ln] . ;f]ndf hDdf
tLgj6f /]:6'/]G6;lxt r}g ckm /]:6'/]G5 agfPsf /x]5g\ DoflUbsf ;fx' ljgf]bn] g]kfnLnfO{
cf}krfl/s sfdsf nflu le;f kfOg] ePsfn] oxfF sfd ug{] dfG5] ;a} g]kfnaf6 cfPsf
5g\ . s's #, $, j]6/ cfkm} ;fx"x¿ tLg hgfsf] kf6{g/l;k u/]sf ljgf]bn]
:yfgLo sf]l/og dlxnf;Fu ljjfx u/]sfn] /]:6'/]G6 ;~rfng ug{, nfO;]G; lng ;lhnf]
eof] xf]nf . lelh6/ le;fdf cfP/ kl5 Jofkfl/s cg'dlt;lxtsf] le;f agfO{ a;]sf
5g\ oxfFsf kf6{g/x¿ .
a]n'sf sl/s ^ ah]
xfdL 5f]gfg, cf;fg ;gd'g ljZjljBfno k'Uof}F . xfdL # hgf sf/df ;f]nb]lv
5f]gfg k'Ug sl/a @ 3G6f nfUof] . ToxfF k'u]/ lkmnf];f]lk -bz{gzf:q_
k|fWofkssf] sIfdf k'Uof}F . pxfF xf/fªsf] lqmofsnfkaf/] ljBfyL{;Fu
&M#) ah] /flt;Dd sIffsf]7fdf 5nkmndf Jo:t x'g'x'GYof] . Psl5g xfdL
pxfFsf] clkm;df kVof}{+ . s]xLa]/d} pxfFn] xfdLnfO{ af]nfpg'eof] / lrghfg
u/fpg' eof] . pxfFsf % hgf ljBfyL{n] d;Fu w]/} k|Zg u/] . g]kfnL,
hLjg, 8]df]qm];L, c6f]gf]ld / zflGtsf] ljifodf nfdf] 5nkmn / lrghfg eof] .
To;kl5 u'? / ljBfyL{;Fu} l8g/ vfg uof}F . ToxfF n}+lus ;dfgtf lyof] !! ah]
/flt;Dd klg u'? / ljBfyL{;Fu} 5nkmn / vfgkfgdf lyP . l8g/ vfFbf klg ukm;km
eof] . /flt !! ah];Dd vfgf vfPkl5 g]kfndf Xjf/fª btf{ u/L sfd yfNg]
ljifodf uxg jftf{nfk eof] . To;kl5 lsd h'ª;fª …s] 6]S;Ú ;'k/ /]naf6 ;f]ntkm{
nfUg'eof] . xfdL k|fWofks cfjf;lt/
cfof}F, ;fdfg /fVof}F . cfwf 3G6f hlt SofDk; kl/;/df 3'Dof}F .
sl/a !@ aHof]] /flt ;'Tof}F . laxfg Ps hgf ljBfyL{n] ;f9] ;ft ah] dnfO{
vfhfvfg lng cfpg] eg]sf] lyof], pgL cfpFbf d e/v/ p7]/ :gfg ub{} lyPF .
dnfO{ tof/ x'g cfwf 3G6f hlt l9nf] eof] . cf7 ah] a|]skmf:6 vfg uof}F .
a|]skmf:6 vfPkl5 xfdL sf]7fdf cfO{ cf/fd u¥of}F . ljBfyL{ k9\g uP . k|fWofks
k9fpg uP . ;gd'g ljZjljBfnosf] SoflG6g, 5fqfjf;, kl/;/sf] ;/;kmfO pRr:t/sf]
5 . ;Fu} gofF cGt/f{li6«o 5fqfjf; lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] 5 . d of]
ljZjljBfnoleq k|ydk6s k|j]z u/]sf] jif{ ;g\ @))% eGbf clxn] @))( df y'k|}
kl/jt{g eO;s]sf] /x]5 . cfh lbpF;f] k|fWofks of]l;g rf]o;Fu ljz]if 5nkmn
ug{] sfo{qmd 5 .
;gd'g ljZjljBfnodf
jflif{s z'Ns &,)))$ 8n/ cG8/
Uo|fh'o]6 / (,))) 8n/ Uo|fh'o]6sf] 5 . ()$* hgf ljBfyL{ @$^ hgf k|fWofks
!)) hgf hlt sd{rf/L 5g\ . cfh b'O{ ah]/ !@ ldg]6df b]hfgf] eGg] 7fpFdf
k'u]F / j]s;g ldnfO{ e]6]F . e]6]kl5 Psl5g 3'Dg uof}F . 3'd3fd u/]kl5
ToxLFaf6 l8g/ vfg uof}F . %M#) ah]lt/ OG8f] /]:6'/]G6df l8g/ vfof}F .
To;kl5 ;'k/dfs{]6df k'Uof}F, ;fdfg lsGof}F . 8«fOlSngdf lbPsf] n'uf ;gld
j]sn] lnP/ cfOg\ . To;kl5 xfdLn] pxfFsf] 3/df cfO{ l6eL x]¥of}F / ukm;km
u¥of}F . /flt !! ah]lt/ d ;'Tg uPF . cfh kfgL k/]sfn] laxfgsf] vfgf
vfO{ Psl5g 6]lnlehg x]/]/ xfdL b]hf]gsf] /fli6«o ;]ldg/L lrxfg -;dflw:yn_ x]g{ uof}F .
ToxfF -b;}+df >f4_ u/]sf] x]¥of}F . km/s wd{ eP klg Pl;ofnLsf] ;+:s[lt
ldNbf] /x]5 . dL7f] vfgf agfP/ nfg] cyjf :6f]e nu]/ pt} ksfOjl/ lkt[nfO{
;DemL vfgf VjfPkl5, lkt[sf] k|;fb :j¿ksf] vfgf vfg] rng /x]5 . ToxfF Ps
hgf /fi6«kltsf] lrxfg klg /x]5, Head of the state …r] Uo'XjfÚ sf] ;]ldgl/ x]¥of}F .
;]gf, lghfdlt k'ln; / ;j{;fwf/0fsf lrxfgx¿ ;a} gSsnL t/ ;'Gb/ km"nx¿n]
;lhOPsf lyP . clxn] xfdL ufpFsf] af6f] -vfK;f_ eGg] ufpFdf k'Uof}F .
l;nfd -lt/s'nf]_ wfg, t/sf/L ;a} /fd|f kmln/x]sf 5g\ . oxfFaf6 xfdL Ujfªh'
eGg] 7fpF hfFb} 5f}F .
sf]l/ofdf h'g;'s}
wd{df ljZjf; u/] tfklg x/]s sf]l/ogn] dL7f]dL7f] vfgf ksfP/ NofO{ cfkm\gf
lbj+ut kl/hgx¿nfO{ k'iku'R5f r9fO{ vfgf lbO{ >f4 ug{] /x]5g\ . Tof] ;do
g]kfnLsf] b;}+tfsf kg{] /x]5 . Tof] kj{sf] gfd 5';s /fli6«o labfsf] ¿kdf
dgfpg] /x]5g\ .
xfdL clxn] ufK;f
eGg] 7fpFdf cfOk'Uof}F rªgfd k|f]leG;sf] g];n kfs{df cfOk'Uof}F . oxfF
3'Dbf;d]t yfxf kfOof] hfkfgn] sf]l/ofdfly a]nfa]nfdf cfqmd0f u/]sf] /x]5 .
cfh x]/]sf] dlGb/nfO{ klg hfkfgL ;]gfn] ;qf}F ztfAbLdf hnfP/ eid ePsf] /x]5 .
kl5 hf];g\ @# cf}F /fhfn] k'glg{df{0f u/]sf] / c7f/f}F ztfAbLdf km]l/ of]
7fpFdf ;f/]/ gjlgdf{0f u/]sf /x]5g\ . oxfF cjl:yt cldtfe a'4, zfSod'lg a'4
/ a'4sf d"lt{x¿ sf]l/og cg'xf/sf 5g\ . Ps k"0f{sbsf] 9'+ufsf]
a'4d"lt{ 5 . ls+jblGtcg';f/ k"jL{ Pl;ofsf] dxfdfl/sf] ¿kdf
km}lnPsf] /f]u lgsf] kf/]sfn] of] a'4d"lt{nfO{ k"hf ubf{ /f]u lgsf] x'g]
ljZjf; /x]5 .
To;kl5 xfdL ;kmf kfgLsf] tnfp -b]5ªcf]_ x]g{ uof}F, Tof] ;fFRr} ;kmf
/x]5 . jl/kl/sf kxf8df dfgj a:tL k|ltalGwt /x]5 / tfndf 8'+uf rnfpg;d]t
gkfOg] /x]5 . To;kl5 ^ ah]lt/ Totfaf6 kms{]/ xfdLn] OG8f] /]:6'/]G6df vfgf
vfof}F . Ps hgfsf] ;]6 vfgfsf] d"No ^),))) jg cyjf sl/a ^)$ /x]5 . vfgf dL7f] lyof], tGb'/L
lrsg, tGb'/L l;|+k -lemFu]df5f_ :6«j]/L n:;L, ldS; ;nfb, ;df];f, eft / ldS;
t/sf/L :jflbnf] nfUof] . vfgf vfPkl5 xfdL ld; j]ssf] 3/df cfof}F .
cfh lbgel/ sf]l/ofsf 8fF8fsfF8f, ufpF, ;x/ d]/f nflu 8«fleª u/]/ ld; j]sn]
7"nf] u'g nufpg'eof] . sf]l/ofsf ufpFsf 3/x¿ yf]qf eP/ tfnfaGbL eO;s]sf
klg b]Vof}F . gofF k':tf ;x/lt/ nfU5 /] a"9fa"9L d/]kl5 ufpFsf]
3/ a]jfl/;] ePsf] b]Vof}F . Pp6f 3/df PSn} a"9Lcfdf a:g] /lx5g\ .
pgsf ;Gtfgx¿ ;x/lt/} a:5g\ /] .
ljZjel/sf k'/fgf
ufpFsf] o:t} xfnt x'Fb} 5 . ;du|df cfhsf] b]hf]gsf] e|d0f, lemdlemd] kfgL
k/]sf] lbgdf Psbd ;'Gb/ /Xof] . cfgGb;Fu r];g6 tfTtftf] vfFb} kxf8df k}bn
ofqf u¥of}F . xfdLn] OG8f] /]:6'/]G6df vfgf vfof}F / /flt !) ah] ;'Tof}F .
r];g6 d}n] hLjgdf klxnf]k6s ;g\ !(*( df hd{gL / :jL6h/ n}08sf] ofqf ubf{ cS6f]a/sf]
hf8f]df vfPsf] lyP .
;]K6]Da/ @&
cfh laxfg} p7]F, g'xfOwf]O ubf{ %M#) aHof], To;kl5 cfh k|:yfg ug{] lbg ePsfn] ;fdfg t}of/ kf/F] . l6eL sf]7fdf a;]/ s]xL n]v]F .
lxhf]sf] /dfOnf] lbgsf] ;Demgf eof] . & ahf] a|]skmf:6 vfg yfNof}F .
ukm ub}{ a|]skmf:6 vfFbf ;jf cf7 aHof] . a|]skmf:6df dx / hfd;Fu kfp/f]6L,
bxL, ;nfb, c+u'/, s]/f, cf¿, -sf]l/og efiffdf vfd_ xn'jfa]b, lrof / cDn]6 vfof}F .
d]/f nflu eP/ kf]s{ / lakm gePsf] a|]s kmf::6 t}of/ ul/g\ a]sn] . Psl5g d}
pgsf] >Ldfg\n] sf/ lnP/ cfP / xfdL;Fu} /]nj] :6];glt/ nfUof}F . lsgeg]
pgsf] >Ldfg\sf] clkm; b]hf]gsf] ;'Gb/td cTofw'lgs / cUnf] dWosf] Ps clkm; ljlN8ª
sf]l/og /]nj]sf] clkm; :6];g;Fu} 5 . j]sn] cfkm\gf] clkm;df d cfh cln
l9nf] x'g] eP eGg] ;"rgf lbOg . :6];gdf k'u]kl5 pgsf >Ldfg\sf]
sf8{af6 d]/f nflu -;'k/kmf:6 /]n_ hfkfgsf] a'n]6 6«]g h:t} KTX sf] l6s6 a's ul/g\ / >Ldfg\nfO{
labf u¥of}F . pgL d;Fu d]/f] r9\g] /]nsf] l8Aaf;Dd ;Fu} cfP/ al;g\ .
cfh ! ah]/ %@ ldg]6df cf;fg 5f]gfg\ 6«]g :6];gaf6 s]6]S; /]ndf b]hf]gsf nflu
k|:yfg u/]F . b]hf]g / cf;fgsf] b"/L ^) lsld /x]5, s]6]S; b]hf]g
h'Ubf @ ah]/ !@ ldg]6 eO;s]sf] 5 . olb, g]kfndf klg olt 5f]6f] / olt l56f]
ofqf ug{ ;lsg] eP sf7df8f}+ x]6f+}8faf6 k]lgs sfd ug{ cfpghfg ;lsGYof] . To;}n]
b|'tdfu{ / ;'?ª dfu{sf] ;f]r cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 x]6f}8f hf]8\g . d}n] Sofd/fsf
nflu ;f]ndf @$()) jg df sl/a @% 8n/df d]df]/L sf8{ lsg]F . ;f]nsf] k'/fgf]
b/af/ glhs}sf] k;ndf To;sf nflu d}n] Ps ;o 8n/ ;f6]F . !)) 8n/sf] sf]l/og
jg a}+saf6 lnP/ d]df]/L sf8{ / Aof6«L lsg]F .
/]n cfpg] a]nf
eP5, s]l6PS; cfOk'Uof] . % gDa/ Kn]6kmfd{df d !# gDa/sf] l8Aaf jf r9]F .
7"nf] ;fdfg /fVg r9\g]lalQs} e¥ofª glhs b/fh h:tf] 7fpF x'g] /x]5 .
ToxfF j]sn] b]vfPkl5 d}n] ;fdfg /fv]F . d eg] 6f9f !@C gDa/sf] l;6df a:g uPF . ef/tsf]
/]ndf ofqf u/]sf] eP ;fdfg ufoa x'GYof] xf]nf . Psl5g /]ndf lgGb|f nfu]5 .
d r9]sf] bf]b]u' -k"jL{b]u'_ /]n t ( ah]/ !$ ldg]6df eGg] :6];gdf k'u]5 .
d}n] ;Fu} a;]sL sf]l/og sGofnfO{ ;f]w]F .
clg, t d ;'k/kmf:6 /]naf6 aflxl/g] a]nf eO;s]5 . aflx/ hfg]lalQs}
Psl5g ;'Gb/ k"mnn] ;hfPsf] /]nj] :6];gsf] kmf]6f] lvr]F . To;kl5 klAns
kmf]g sxfF 5 egL ;f]w]F . km]l/ ^ gDa/sf] :6];gsf] u]6leq uO{ 8f]ª ljgnfO{
kmf]g u/]F . p;sL cfdfn] d]/f nflu Ari ANA cl/cgf xf]6n a's u/]sL /lx5g\ . To;kl5 6\ofS;LnfO{
;f]w]F Pp6fn] d hfGg eGof] . kl5Nnf]n] -sl/a b'O{ 8n/_ d hfG5' eGof] .
;fdfg 6\ofS;Ldf /fv]/ ahf/lt/ nfu]F . 6\ofS;Ldf ld6/ 8fpg ubf{ @@)) jgaf6 ;'?
x'g] /x]5 . xf]6ndf k'Ubf ^ xhf/ & ;o ePsf] lyof] . d;Fu v'b|f
klg lyof] t}klg slt kf] lnG5 eg]/ d}n] !),))) sf] gf]6 lbPF . 6\ofS;L
8«fOe/n] dnfO{ $ xhf/ jg lkmtf{ u¥of] . 7Ug' xfd|f] ;+:s[lt xf]Og, 7Ug'
/fd|f] klg xf]Og . k/Gt' sf7df8f}+df ePsf] eP Tof] 6\ofS;L 8«fOa/n] s]
k};f lkmtf{ lbGYof] < dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . k]6«f]n kfOFb}g, 6f9f 5 cflb
axfgf u/L e/;s ;a} k};f /fVYof] . xf]Og eg] #))) eGbf s'g} xfntdf lkmtf{
ub{}gYof] xf]nf .
dnfO{ /dfOnf] /
;'/lIft nfUof] sf]l/ofsf] ofqf . /fx'n ;f+s[Tofogn] ofqf ub{}, efiff l;Sb}
#@ b]z 3'd]sf lyP . o;kfnL d klg sf]l/ofdf /x]sf cfkm\gf ;fyL;Fu a:b}, pgLx¿;Fu 3'Db} hg:t/sf] e|d0f ul//x]sf] 5' .
xf]6ndf k'u]kl5 a'lsª ePsf] yfxf kfPF . clg, l/;]K;gdf uO{ kmf/d e/]F .
cfkm\gf] gfd kf;kf]6{ gDa/ 7]ufgf, pd]/ cflb . kfFrf}F tNnfdf /x]sf] %))^
gDa/ sf]7fdf ;fdfg /fv]F . xftuf]8f 3f]PF / Psl5g cf/fd u/]/ ;'t]F .
p7]kl5 8fo/L n]Vg a;]F . sf]l/ofdf em/L k/]sf] ?Gr] lbg lxhf] cfh dfq}
d}n] dx;'; u/]F . x'g t d sf]l/ofdf ljleGgk6s rf/ dlxgfeGbf a9L al;;s]sf
5' . t/, o;kfnLsf] h:tf] o'/f]ksf] h:t} cfsfz gb]vL 3/L l;dl;d] 3/L cln
7"nf] kfgL k/]/ k"/f lbgg} afSs / lbSs nfUbf] eg] cfh} b]v]F .
sf]l/ofdf ;fj{hlgs oftfoft klg /fd|f] 5 . x/]s JolQm sf/df jf a;df hfg]
ePsfn] ;d:of 5}g . sf]7fdf P;L 5 . ;8sdf df]6/ 5 . ef]s nfu]vfgf
5 . sfdsf] ;d:of 5}g . work is worship sfd g} k"hf xf] eGg] ;+:s[lt ePsf]
d'n'sdf hLjg ;w}F k|ultkydf nflu /x]5 . 5';+8df]s gfd u/]sf] ;fgf] tfnsf]
jl/kl/ 3'Dbf dnfO{ nfUof] sf]l/ofdf ax'tn] ckf6{d]G6 agfP/ oxfFsf] jftfj/0f arfpg
sfd u/]sf 5g\ . ;fy} oxfF pknAw kfgLsf] ;|f]tn] dflg;nfO{ afFRg ;xh
agfPsf] 5 . jl/kl/ xl/of 8fF8fn] 9fs]sf] …r';sdf]sÚ tfnsf] kfgL /fgL kf]v/L
h:tf] kmf]xf]/ geO{ ;kmf kfgL 5 . rf/}lt/ k}bn ofqLsf nflu af6f] agfOPsf]
5 . s]xL xfF;sf] cfs[ltsf] 8'+ufdf ;d]t t}/b} 5g\ . k"j{ / pQ/df
7"n7"nf ckf6{d]G6 5g\ . blIf0flt/ ;'Gb/ xl/of] lxn 5 .
klZrdkl§ klg cfjf;, ejg lgdf{0f x'Fb} 5g\ . Ps lau|]sf] xjfO{hxfhnfO{ /]:6'/]G6df
kl/0ft u/L /flvPsf] 5 . jl/kl/ /dfOnf kxf8sf] aLrdf b]lvg] b]u' pkTosf
dnfO{ Psbd /dfOnf] nfUof] . dw'/ ;+uLtsf] w"g tfnsf] jl/kl/ /x]sf
vDafdf aHb} 5g\ . Ps hgf k|fljlws cfP/ cfk\mgf] Nofa6k sDKo'6/;Fu hf]8\b}
;a} vDafdf /x]sf Do'lhs l;:6dnfO{ b'?:t kf¥of] . ;fob Tof] dxfgu/kflnsfsf]
sd{rf/L xf]nf .
dnfO{ a:gsf nflu
/dfOnf] x'G5 xf]nf eg]/ xf]nf 8fS6/sL >LdtLn] ;x/aflx/ k|s[ltsf] sfvdf xf]6nsf]
Joj:yf ul/5g\ . of] 7fpFsf] gfd -;';ªdt_ tfnsf] glhs} af6f]df Ps ;fgf]
s's'/n] lb;f u¥of] . p;sL dflnsgLn] lb;f p7fOg / pgsf] >Ldfg\n] s's'/sf]
lb;f af]s]/ nUof] . s's'/nfO{ d'v / rfs k'5\g klg l6:o'k]k/ /x]5 .
;a} ;kmf u¥of] clg kf] ;Fu} /fV5g\ xf]nf ;–;fgf ;'Gb/ s's'/nfO{ .
b]u'sf] xf]6ndf laxfg
lgGb|f v'n] klg sfd gePsfn] 6]lnlehgdf Discorevy Channal x]/]/ klN6 /x]F . lj:tf/} p7]/
b"w / s]xL lkg6 vfP/ cf}iflw vfPF . km]l/ kN6]F, cf7 ah]kl5 g'xfOwf]O
u/]F . ( ah]kl5 a|]skmf:6 vfg tn /]:6'/]G6df uPF . ToxfF cd]l/sg
a|]skmf:6 vfPF . a|]s kmf:6sf] !#,))) jg cyjf !# 8n/ nfUof] .
a|]skmf:6 vfPkl5 sf]7fdf cfO{ b}lgsL n]Vg yfn]F . cfh a]n'sflt/ 8ªljg
cfpF5 xf]nf . To;kl5 p;Fu 3'Dg] / a]n'sf p;sf a'afcfdf;Fu l8g/ vfg]
sfo{qmd 5 .
cfh klg hfkfgL
pklgj]z ePsf] a]nfdf hfkgLåf/f lgdf{0f ul/Psf] kf]v/L jl/kl/ ;do latfpFb} 5' .
;dosf] kl/jt{g / b]z ljsf; ug{] qmddf b]u' dxfgu/kflnsfn] of] tfndf yk ;'ljwf,
cfsif{0f yk]5 . k|s[ltsf] sfvdf s[ltdtfn] ;'Gb/td agfPsf] kf]v/Lsf]
;'Gb/tfnfO{ km]jf tfn / j]ugf; tfn;Fu dgdg} bfhF] . dnfO{ nfUof] g]kfndf
ePsf] eP ;a}eGbf klxn] tfgfzfxL ljb]zLn]
agfPsf] tfn egL eTsfpg] sfd x'GYof] . cyjf kfls:tfgsf lxGb"
dlGb/ kl/;/nfO{ d'l:ndn] jl/kl/ kmf]xf]/ u/] h:t} rf/}lt/, kmf]xf]/ x'GYof] .
s'g} klg d'n'sdf ljsf; Ps /ftsf] pkh x'Fb}g . ljsf;sf nflu PsPs OF6 yKb}
hfg'k5{ . To;}n] t sf]l/ofsf] ld/fsn¿kL cfly{s ljsf;;Fu} ;x/L afl;Gbfsf
nflu rf}la;} 3G6f lj>fd:yn pknAw u/fPsf] 5 dxfgu/n] Tolt dfq} xf]Og dgf]/~hgfTds,
cfgGbbfoL ;'Gb/td tnfpsf] ¿kdf l;Fuf/k6f/ u/L gjb'nxLe}Fm ;hfPsf 5g\ . ;'ljwf ;DkGg rkL{, ljljw pd]/sf] v]Ng] 7fpF .
rf/}lt/ 3'Dg rf}8f af6f] . hlxn] klg ;/;kmfOdf tNnLg /fi6«;]js .
tnfpsf] dWoefudf cjl:yt nfO6 PG8 ;fpG8;lxtsf] kfgLsf] rdTsf/ ePsf] kmfpG6]g .
/fhx+;sf] gd'gfsf 8+'ufx¿ . kmf§km'§ hf]8f hf]8Ln] k}bn af]l6ª u/]sf] .
d]/f] cg'ejdf cfheGbf ;QfO{; jif{cl3 blIf0f ef/tsf] d};'/ ;x/df cjl:yt s[i0f
/fhf;u/ 8ofdsf] blIf0f efudf cjl:yt j[Gbfjg uf8{]gsf] kmfpG6]g 8fG; ;'Gb/ /
/dfOnf] nfu]sf] lyof] . Tof]eGbf klg w]/} u'gf ;'Gb/ / cfw'lgstf;fy
lgdf{0f u/]sf] b]u'sf] ;'Gb/tf ;fFRr} dgdf]xs lyof] . sf]l/ofsf] /fhwfgL ;x/
;f]nsf] d'6'df /x]sf] xfªsfª gbLdf ljZjsk km'6antfsf agfPsf] kmfpG6]geGbf klg
;'Gb/ of] tfndf lgld{t k|s[ltdfly s[ltdtfsf], cg'kd ;+of]u g} dfGg'k5{ .
o;n] tfnsf] ;'Gb/tf dfq yk]sf] 5}g, clkt' sf]l/og cfls{6]Sr/ / On]S6«f]lgs
lzNksf}znsf] ljsf; / ;DkGgtfnfO{ ;d]t emNsfPsf] 5 . ;Eo gful/s ljljw pd]sf
o; tfnjl/kl/ ;fOsn rnfpg ;S5g\ . k}bnofqf ug{ ;S5g\ . lsgf/df agfPsf
d]rdf cf/fd u/L a:g ;S5g\ . k|ft / ;fFem sfdaf6 km';{b kfPsf avt tfnjl/kl/
sl/a b'O{, tLg lsnf] ld6/sf] k}bnofqf ug{] /x]5g\ . rf}aL;} 3G6f hgtfsf]
;]jfdf /x]sf] tfnsf] kfgL ;x/sf] kfgLnfO{ l6«6d]G6 u/]/ klg /fv]sf] /x]5 .
s]xL kxf8af6 d"nsf] kfgL klg ld;fOPsf] /x]5 . ;fob of] tfn agfpg] a]nfdf
k|fs[lts vf]nfsf] kfgLnfO{ afFw h:tf] agfP/ agfOPsf] lyof] xf]nf .
kl5 kfgLsf] sdL
eP/ ;x/sf] kfgLnfO{ ;d]t l6«6d]G6 u/L ld;fPsf] x'g ;S5 . jl/kl/sf] xl/ofnL
cfFvfsf nflu slt /fd|f] ePsf] 5 . 7"n7"nf xfF;x¿sf hf]8fhf]8L
otfptf lxFl8/xsf, k/]jfx¿ af6f]df lgw{Ss cfkm\g} lsl;dn] lxF8]sf] b[Zon] ;dfhdf
Ps ju{n] csf{] ju{nfO{ b'Mv glbg] cfef; eof] .
a]n'sf nfO6 PG8
;fpG8;Fu} aLr tfndf af3 bu'/]sf], dfG5]n] df5f NofPsf], a]n] gfr]sf] / vfgf
kfPsf] ;a} hfb' h:t} nfO6sf] /+lugtfsf] sdfn of] tfnsf] ljz]iftf g} /x]5 .
d lxhf]b]lv al;/x]sf] xf]6nsf] gfd cl/ofgf xf]6n xf] . Ps /ft ;'t]sf]
!,#),))) sf]l/og jg / !#) cd]l/sL 8n/nfUbf] /x]5 . a|]s kmf:6 !# 8n/ Pp6f
skmL & 8n/, nGr / l8g/ !& b]lv $) 8n/;Dd nfUg] /x]5 . cNsf]xn
vfPdf c¿ yk kbf{] xf]nf . 7fpFrflxF kf]v/fsf] km"naf/L l/;f]6{
Pl/ofeGbf sd 5}g . labf dgfpg of]eGbf pQd 7fpF s] x'g ;S5 . a]n'sf sl/a
^ ah] 8f]ªljg d a;]sf] xf]6ndf cfOk'Uof] . clg, xfdL ;Fu} l8g/ vfg uof}F .
/]:6'/]G6df sf]l/og /fhfn] vfg] lsl;dsf] k/Dk/fut sf]l/og vfgf vfof}F .
sf]l/ogx¿ u0ftflGqs ePsf] ! ;o jif{ gf3] tfklg /fhlif{ 7fF6 dgk/fpg] /x]5g\ .
xfd|f sfd|]8 / sf+u|];n] e'hf Ho'gf/ u/]h:t} . d}n] p;sf] a'afnfO{ ;'Gb/
a'4d"lt{ / kl:dgf pkxf/ lbPF . To;kl5 d / 8f]ª ljg b]u' 8fpg 6fpg 3'Dg uof}F . ToxfF 3'd]kl5
csf{] lbg a';fg hfg] lgwf] u¥of}F . b]u' 8fpg 6fpg ahf/af6 6\ofS;Ldf xf]6n
kms{]kl5 d kfs{ / tfnlt/ 3'Dg uPF . /flt ;f9] !! ah] ;'Tg] t}of/L ubf{
a';fgdf l;4nfO{ kmf]g u/]F . l;4/fh hf]zL aemfËaf6 sf]l/ofdf cfP/ sfd
ul//x]sf] efO{ x'g\ .
cfh laxfg l5§} p7]F .
g'xfOwf]O u/]/ 6]lnlehg x]g{ yfn]F . ;f9] & ah] a|]skmf:6 vfg uPF .
!# xhf/ jgdf cd]l/sL a|]skmf:6 vfPF . ( ah]lt/ a';fg hfg] sfo{qmd ePsfn]
t}of/ eP/ a;]F .
( ah]lt/ 8f]ª ljgsf]
kmf]g cfof] / d emf]nf af]s]/ tn em/]F . xfdL 8f]b]u' eGg] /]n :6];g;Dd
6\ofS;Ldf uof}F . ToxfF k'u]kl5 PSs}l5g kv{]sf lyof}F /]n cfOk'Uof] .
clg, xfdL /]ndf a:of}F / k';fglt/ nfUof}F . af6f]df Sof]+h' pT;fg kg{]
/x]5 . d}n] sf]l/ofsf u|fdL0f If]qsf] kmf]6f] lvrF] . 8f]ªljg /]ndf
;'Tof] . sl/a kf}g] # 3G6fdf xfdL r9]sf] /]n x'Gb] :6];g a';fgdf k'Uof] .
ToxfFaf6 lxF8]/ xfdL ;d'Gb|L lsgf/f vf]Hb} lxF8of}F . kf}g] ! ah] Xo'Gb] lardf
k'Uof}F . of] 7fpF d klxn] klg tLgk6s k'lu;s]sf] lyPF . t}klg, x]g{
dg nfUof] . d klxn] sf]l/og ;/sf/sf] lgdGq0ffdf cfpFbf a;]sf] j]:6g hf];g
lar xf]6n / u|fOG8 xf]6nlt/sf] b[ZonfO{ Sofd/fdf s}b u/]F . To;kl5 h'Qf
km'sfn]/ ;d'Gb|L lsgf/df k}bn lx+8]F sf]l/of
hfg'sf] dHhf blIf0f ;d'Gb|df 5fnsf] cfgGb lng' klg Ps xf] . ef]s
nfu]sfn] Pp6f /]:6'/]G6df vfgf vfg uof}F . hfkfgL ;'l; xf]nf sfFrf] df5f /
z+v]sL/f, cS6f]k;, df5f / c¿ s]s] vfof}F yfxf 5}g . k};f ltg{] a]nf aNn
yfxf eof] b'O{ hgfn] vfPsf] !^% 8n/ k'u]5 . olt dxFuf] sNkgf ug{ klg
g;lsg] . uf]hLsf] k};f ;dfKt ePsfn] 8f]ª ljgn] cfkm\gf] qm]l86 sf8{;d]t
lbO{ k};f lt¥of] . dnfO{ vfgdf dHhf gcfP tfklg /fd|f] 5, dL7f] 5 eg]F .
vfgf vfO;s]kl5 km]l/ ;d'Gb|L lsgf/df 3'Dg uof}F . Psl5g 5fn cfPsf] x]/]/
a:ofF} / kmf]6f] lvRof}F . # ah]kl5 x'Gb] /]n :6];g ;f]Wb} lx+8\b} cfof}F
/ xfdLn] klxn] lsg]sf] l6s6 csf{] :6];gsf] ePsfn] /]nsf] l6s6 SoflG;n u¥of}F /
gofF l6s6 lnof}F . lsgeg], lxhf] of] :6];gaf6 l6s6 lyPg, cfh s;}n] SoflG;n
u/]5 / xfdLn] l6s6 kfpg] eof}F . lxhf] sf6]sf] l6s6 csf{] :6];gaf6sf] lyof]
ToxfF k'Ug km]l/ ;aj]df hfg'kYof{] / sl/a $)÷$% ldg]6 nfU5 csf{] /]ndf .
dnfO{ 3'dfpg] efO 8f]ª ljgnfO{ Tof] bf]xf]/f] rSs/eGbf a9L k};f k/] klg ot}af6
l6s6 sf6\g dg nfUof] . o; qmddf k};f t kSs} 3f6f nfUof] . t/,
bf]xf]/f] /]n r9\g' k/]g Joj:yf ;lhnf] eof] . ca ;jf $ ah]lt/ /]n cfpF5 /]
eg]/ xfdL Kn]6kmfd{sf] k|tLIffnodf klv{/x]sf 5f}F . /]naf6 b]u' kms{]kl5
xf]6ndf emf]nf /fvL d kfs{lt/ 3'Dg uPF . af6f]df Ps hgf ^@ jif{sf sf]l/og dfG5] e]6]F . Psl5g 6'6] km'6]sf]
c+u|]hL / sf]l/ogdf ukm;km u¥of}F . To;kl5 pgsf] 3/df uof}F .
d a;]sf] xf]6n glhs} /x]sf] pgsf] 3/ . pxfFsf] 3/df %* jifL{o >LdtL /
>Ldfg\ dfq /x]5g\ . 5f]/f sf]l/og cfdL{df 5 /] 5f]/L ;f]ndf l8hfOg/ sfd
u5{ /] . pgsf] 3/df kmn]sf] cgf/ / ahf/af6 NofPsf] cf¿, :ofp, ;'sfPsf]
xn'jfa]b, /fO;s]s / skmL vfPF . pgnfO{ g]kfn cfPdf d]/f] 3/df cfpg'xf]nf
egL lgDtf] lbPF .
pgsL >LdtL
k|fOd/L :s'nsf] lzlIfsf /lx5g\ . >Ldfg\ sf]l/og oftfoft dGqfnodf sfd
u/]/ e/v/ l/6fo8{ ePsf /x]5g\ . cfwf klg ga'‰g] efiffdf ukm;km u¥of}F .
Ps cS6f]a/ laxfg g'xfOwf]O, ;fdfg Koflsª u/]F . /]:6'/]G6df uP/ cd]l/sg
a|]skmf:6 vfPF / 6]lnlehg x]/]F clg kmf]g u/]F . OG6/g]6df s]xL d]n k7fPF
/ cf/fd u/]/ a;]sf] 5' . cfh !! ah] xf]6naf6 r]s cfp6 u/L 8f]ªljgsf]
a'afsf] c:ktfndf hfg] sfo{qmd 5 . To;kl5 vfgf vfO{ kf}g] # ah]lt/ ;f]n
hfg] sfo{qmd 5 . b]u'b]lv ;f]n;Dd hfFbf s] 6]S;df hfg] ePsfn] # 3G6f klg
nfUb}g xf]nf . ;f]ndf uP/ sxfF a:g] clxn] kSsf 5}g ;fob klxn] a;]s} 3/df
a:g ;S5' ls ToxfF Jo:t ePdf cGoq a:g'k5{ clxn] yfxf 5}g . sf/0f
cfhef]ln sf]l/ofsf] 7"nf] kfl/jfl/s kj{ 5';ssf] a]nf /x]5 . lbpF;f] !
ah] ;fDu]yfgdf, lhG;]ª / eft e/]sf] l;Fuf] s'v'/fsf] kl/sf/ vfof}F .
8fS6/sf] kl/jf/ / d}n] . To;kl5 pgLx¿n] d]/f] :jf:Yo df]6fO, af];f] /
dfgl;stfsf] hfFr u/]sf] l/kf]6{ ;'gfP . ;f]r, ljrf/ / -dfgl;s tgfj_ 5}g .
Psbd /fd|f] 5 -No stress_ ( lsnf] tf}n a9L
5 . d;ndf @ lsnf] c¿ tf}n rflxG5 . Tof] a9fpg Jofofd / v]ns'b cyjf
bf}8, lx+8fO ug{' hflt x'G5 eg]/ 8fS6/n] ;Nnfx lbP . b'O{ lsnf] af];f]
36fpg'k5{ To;}n] PS;/;fOh ug{' /fd|f] 5 eg] 8fS6/n] . To;kl5 dnfO{ pkxf/
lbP / 8fS6/ cfkm\gf] c:ktfnlt/ nfu] . pgsL >LdtLn] sf/ 8«fOe ul/g\ /
8f]ª ljg / d /]n s]6]S;;Dd ;Fu} uof}F . dnfO{ /]n r9fPkl5 8f]ª ljg 3/
kmSof{] . b]u'b]lv ;f]n;Dd k'Ug @ 3G6f klg nfu]g 6]«gsf] l:k8 @(*
lsnf]ld6/ k|lt3G6f /x]5 . ;f]ndf k'u]/ s]xL kmf]6f] lvr]F clg …hf+u;gÚ
nfO{ kmf]g u/]F . pxfFn] dnfO{ cfwf kf}g] 3G6f ToxL kv{g eGg'eof] .
d}n] To;aLr tLg÷ rf/ g]kfnL / sf]l/og ;fyLnfO{ kmf]g u/]F . t/, a:g]
Joj:yf x'g ufx|f] eof] . To;} a]nf hf+u;g a;af6 ;f]n :6];g cfOk'Ug'eof] .
To;kl5 xfdL ! gDa/sf]
d]6«f] ;aj]df b'uf{ /]:6'/]G6lt/ nfUof}F . ToxfF k'u]/ ;'6s]; yGSofO{
kNnf] 3/df ;fOj/ Sofkm]df uof}F / OG6/g]6df a:gsf nflu xf]6n vf]Hof}F .
u]:6 xfp; ls xf]6n, ;f]nsf] UjfFxfd'g If]q -k'/fgf] /fhb/af/_ df ;fgf] k'/fgf]
3/df OG6/g];gn u]:6xfp; kfPkl5 ;'Tg] ;d:of ePg . /flt *–( ah] b'uf{ /]:6'/]G6df
vfgf vfof}F / Psl5g 3'd3fd u/L !@ ah]lt/ d ;'TguPF . ef]ln b'O{ 7fpFdf
g]kfnLsf] ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd 5 /] . kl;{ ;'b"/klZrdsf g]kfnLsf]
;fwf/0f;ef 5 eGg] ;'g]5' .
! tfl/s k|ft &
ah] p7]F lgTolqmof ;s]/ skmL, kfp/f]6L dSvg / hfd vfPF . To;kl5 b'uf{ /]:6'/]G6lt/
uPF . t/, b'uf{sf] 9f]sf k"/f vf]n]sf lyPgg\ To;sf/0f Psl5g ;8sdf
3'd]/ Ps cUnf] 3/sf] ;Fu} /x]sf d]rdf a;]/ ;fgf] ;f]nsf] ;Demgf n]Vb} b"w
vfFb} 5' . clxn] ;f9] ( alh;Sof] . P3f/ ah] sf]l/og ;fyL hfg;ª cfpF5
/ d]/f] ;'6s]; h'g;fªusf] clkm;df /fVg hfG5f}F . To;kl5 xfdL k|f]km];/
rf]o, sf]l/of] ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks;Fu lbjfef]u -nGr_ vfg] sfo{qmd 5 .
lbpF;f]sf] !@ ahf] clxn] b'uf{ /]:6'/]G6df a;]/ lrof vfPF . sf]l/og
k|f]km];/nfO{ lbgsf] nflu Ps Kofs]6 g]kfnL lrof / Pp6f g]kfnL sfuhsf] 8fo/L
emf]nfdf /fv]F . s]xL ;fdfg xft]emf]nfaf6 ;'6s];df /fv]F . clg, !!
ah] hfg;ª cfpGh]n;Dd klv+{b} 5' . ef]lnsf] g]kfnL sfo{qmdaf/] lj:t[t
hfgsf/L lng] ljrf/ 5 . cfh tfdfªx¿sf] sfo{qmd 5 /] To;df klg ;s];Dd hfg]
ljrf/ 5 . sf]l/ofdf cfP/ klg g]kfnLsf] hftLotfn] ;+3Lotf;Fu} /fv]sf] dnfO{
/fd|f] nfu]g . /fHo lgdf{0fdf eflifs / hftLo cfwf/ dfcf]jfbLn] /fd|} /f]k]
h:tf] nfUof] .
cfh !@ ah] H.S. Choi k|f]km];/ sf]l/of
ljZjljBfnosf] k|fWofksn] nGr Vjfpg'eof] . UjfFxfd'gsf] u+uf /]:6'/]G6df d
/ d]/f] sf]l/og ;fyLnfO{ . Ps hgfsf] vfgfsf] ;Q/L 8n/ k¥of] lgs} dxFuf]
/x]5 t/ vfgf dL7f] lyof] . xfdLn] ToxfF b'O{ 3G6fhlt ukm u¥of}F . pxfF
ev{/} ;fpbL c/asf] /fh s'df/sf] gfddf lgld{t gofF cAb'Nnf, cAb'Nnf k|fljlws
ljZjljBfnosf] ;d'b\3f6gdf ;xefuL eP/ kms{g'ePsf] /x]5 . @@ c/a 8n/ vr{
u/]/ agfPsf] gofF ljZj ljBfnosf] ;d'b\3f6gdf !@ b]zsf /fi6«fWoIf Ps hgf gf]a]n
k'/:sf/ ljh]tf / ljZjel/sf y'k|} ljZj ljBfnosf k|ltlglw / k|fWofks af]nfOPsf
lyP /] . ;a} ;fpbL ;/sf/sf] vr{df Tof] pb\3f6g lgs} eJo lyof] /] . o;
lsl;dn] a'l4sf] ljsfz t x'G5 ls x'Gg k/gt' 7"n} vr{df Ps gofF ljZj ljBfno
d'l:nd /fHodf lgdf{0f eof] eGg'eof] .
lbjf ef]hsf] a]nf
xfd|f] lgs} jftf{nfk, 5nkmn / ljrf/ cfbgk|bfg eof] . pxfFn] of] jif{ lbuf]ljsf;
/ ljZj pi0fLs/0f ljifodf ljleGg ljZj ljBfnosf pks'nklt tyf ;/sf/sf k|ltlglwnfO{
;Fu} /fv]/ ef]lnsf] ljZjaf/] Ps a[xt\ uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf ug{ nfUg'ePsf] /x]5 .
g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;'/]z/fh zdf{nfO{ af]nfOPsf] 5 /] .
To; a]nf sf]l/og ljsf; r'gf}tL g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;Defjgf ljifodf s'/f u¥of}+ .
lqljaf/] ;d]t ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg u¥of}F . xfd|f pks'nklt dfwj zdf{;Fu s'/f
ug{]af/] klg s'/f] eof] . pxfFn] dnfO{ lkPr8L ug{] ljrf/ eP xfdL 5fqj[lQ
lbG5fF} klg eGg'eof] . sf]l/og Pc/nfO{ ljZjsf] ! gDa/ Po/
nfOg / bf];|f] gDa/sf] sfuf{]Kn]g xf] eGg'eof] . ukmug{] qmddf pxfFn]
eGg'eof] a'‰g'ef]Ú dnfO{ s]xL yfxf lyPg d}n] klg g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg;efdf ##Ü
dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] s'/f u/]F . To;f]eGbf s'g} klg Pl;ofnL d'n'ssf]
Joj:yflksf jf ;+ljwfg;efdf /x]sf] 7"nf] dlxnf pkl:ylt g]kfnsf] /fd|f]
/s]8{ b]lvof] . g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf] ;Defjgfaf/] klg s'/f eof] . d}n]
^)! hgf dWo !(& dlxnf 5g eGbf d]/f] gfs 7"n} eof] .
vfgf vfPkl5 pkxf/
cfbfgk|bfg eof] . To;kl5 d sf]l/ofdf g]kfnLx¿åf/f cfof]hgf ePsf] sfo{qmd
x]g{ 6\ofS;Ldf uPF . sfo{qmd /fd|f] lyof] sl/a Ps xhf/ hgfsf] pkl:ylt
lyof] . tfdfª ;dfhn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmddf c~h' kGtsf] uLt
w]/} /fd|f] lyof] . lgdf ¿Daf cGo snfsf/sf] k|:t'lt klg /fd|f] lyof] .
/fO{x¿sf] sfo{qmd cs{} 7fpFdf 5 /] g]kfnaflx/ klg hft eft / ljrf/ wf/fsf]
g]kfnL ljefhg oyfjt\ 5 . ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd x]/]kl5 bªb]d'gdf l8g/ vfO{ 3/
kms{+] . u]:6 xfp;df hfkfgLx¿;Fu lgSs}a]/ ukm u/L 8fo/L n]Vg a;]F .
cfhsf] lbg ;du|df /dfOnf] g} /Xof] .
;]K6]Da/ % k|ft
p7]/ g'xfOwf]O u/L Kofn]; len]hdf uPF . ToxfF h'g;fªsf] clkm;df n'ufkm]/]
/ (M#) ah] OG6/g];gn l8nS6 6\ofS;Ldf of]+lugl:yt sfªgfd ljZjljBfnolt/ nfu]F .
df};d /fd|f] ePsfn] af6f]df kmf]6f] lvRb} uPF . PsrfnL; lsnf] ld6/sf]
af6f] hfFbf cfpFbf / nGrsf] a]nfdf kv{g];d]t u/]/ @,!),))) -b'O{ nfv bz xhf/_
sf]l/og jg cyjf @ ;o !) 8n/ 6\ofS;L ef8f nfUof] . dnfO{ ToxfF e]6\g],
3'Dg] / k|]l;8]G6 ;gOn l;g;Fu s'/f ug{] ;do !! ah]b]lv # ah];Ddsf] /flvPsf]
lyof] . xfdL !% ldg]6cl3 g} k'u]sfn] 6\ofS;Lsf] 8«fOe/n] ;do latfpg skmL
vfg';\ eGof] . xfdLn] Ps k;ndf skL vfof}F / kmf]g u¥of}F . t}klg,
ljZjljBfnodf kfFr ldg]6cl3 g} k'Uof}F . ToxfF bf]ef;]sf] sfd ug{ ;f/f kfs{
a;]sL lyOg . b'O{ hgf k'?if k|fWofks b'O{ hgf dlxnfn] :jfut u/] .
sfªgfdsf] af/]df lel8of] k|bz{g ug{] sf]7fdf nu] . ;j{k|yd ToxfF xfdLn]
cf–cfkm\gf] kl/ro lbof}F . To;kl5 Ps 3G6fhlt sfªgfd ljZjljBfnoaf/] lel8of]
b]vfOof] . d}n] klg cd]l/sL ljBfyL{ / k|fWofksx¿n] lxdfnoaf/] cWoog ug{
cGgk"0f{ a]; SofDk;Ddsf] 6«]lsª -kbofqsf]_ l8le8L b]vfPF . ;fob
g]kfnL 6«]lsªsf] lel8of] k|bz{g dg k/]/ xf]nf ;a} hgfn] pT;'stfk"j{s x/] .
/fd|} eof], To;kl5 ljZjljBfno e|d0f u/L lbjfef]h vfg ToxL l8nS; 6\ofS;Ldf Ps
;fgf] ;x/sf] /fd|f] /]:6'/]G6df uof}F . vfgf vfPkl5 lk|l;8]G6sf] sf]7fdf uof}F .
sl/a kf}g] 3G6f bf]ef;]dfkm{t b'j} ljZjljBfnoaf/] s'/fsfgL eof] . efjL
sfo{qmdaf/] / d]/f] sf]l/of e|d0faf/] klg pks'nkltn] ;f]Wg'eof] . sfªgfd /
lqljsf] bz jif{] ;DaGwnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] / efiff cyjf l/on :6]6af/] gofF
;DaGw lj:tf/ ug{]af/] s'/f eof] . lqljsf pks'nklt dfwj zdf{;Fu s'/f
ug{'kg{] ljifodf klg jftf{nfk eof] . d a}+ss hfg] ePsfn] a}+ssdf /fhb't
gjLg ;/;Fu e]6]/ dL7f] ;Demgf elglbg eGg'eof] . clg, sf]l/of cfpg] sfo{qmd
eP xfdLsxfF kfNg'xf]nf eGg] va/ ul/lbg' eg]/ lk|l;8]G6n] dnfO{ eGg'eof] .
To;kl5 ;fd"lxs kmf]6f] lvr]/ pkxf/ cfbfgk|bfg ub{} d labf ePF . l8nS;
6\ofS;Ldf UjfFxfd'g cfPF . UjfFxfd'g cfO{ d]/f] emf]nf h'g;fªsf] clkm;df
/fv]/ ahf/lt/ nfu]F . hf]ªufs eGg] ;a:6];gdf hfg;ªnfO{ e]6L ;aj] /
6\ofS;Ldf u/L xfdL l8kf6{d]G6 :6f]/df 3'Dof}F . clg, ToxfF Ps ;fgf] Nofk6k
-gf]6a's_ sDKo'6/ $%) 8n/df lsGof}F . a]n'sf & ah] g} l8g/ vfO{ 3/lt/
kms{+bf Do'lhod glhs ;fªld;Fu e]6 eof] . Psl5gdf h+uuGxf] efO cfOk'Uof] .
Psl5g xfdL;Fu} slkm;kdf skmL vfof}F / enfs';f/L eof] . ;jf ( ah] xfdL
5'l§of}F . d d]/f] a:g] 3/df cfPF pgLx¿ cfkm\gf] 3/ uPF . 3/df cfP/
;fdfg Kofs u/]F . 8fo/L n]vL ;f9] P3f/ ah] ;'Tg] t/v/ ub{} 5' .
sfªgfddf @@) hgf k|fWofks &))) hlt ljBfyL{ 5g\ . Ps jif{sf] z'Ns :gfts
txdf k9\bf jflif{s ())) 8n/ nfUg] /x]5 .
^ tfl/v cS6f]a/ Ps
ah]lt/ a}+ss k'u]kl5 cWofudg / eG;f/ hfFr ug{ sl/a Ps 3G6f nfUof] . To;kl5
d kx]Fnf] 6\ofS;Ldf ;'j0f{e"ld ljdfg:ynaf6 g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf;lt/ nfu]F .
Po/kf]6{df g} 6\ofS;L lnFbf gDa/sf] kfnf]af6
hfg] 6\ofS;Ldf #) ef6 yk ld6/eGbf a9L lng] /x]5 . klxn]sf] eGbf
xfnsf] Po/kf]6{ g]kfnL b"tfj;af6 glhs /x]5 . ld6/df !*& ef6 cfP klg
l6K; lbg';\ eg]/ clg #) ef6 Po/kf]6{df ltg{'k5{ eg]/ yk dfUof] . dnfO{ klg
Tolt crfSnL nfu]g To;sf/0f @%) ef6 lt/]F . u]6 glhs 6\ofS;Laf6 cf]n{]kl5
g]kfnL b"tfjf;leq k;]F . u]6sf] rf}lsbf/n] dnfO{ s]xL g;f]lw d]/f] Aofu
af]Sof] / xfdL sDkfpG8leq dfq l5/]sf lyof}F,
d]/f] cufl8 Dof8d b]lvg'eof] . dnfO{ Psbd /dfOnf] nfUof] . d
leq sf]7fdf a;]kl5 6]lnkmf]g cfof] . g]kfnL /fhb"t gjLg k|sfzh+u zfx
;/n] cf/fd ug{' clkm;sf] sfd ;s]/ d ToxLF cfpF5' eGg'eof] . d}n] kfFr ah];Dd
sf]7fdf lrof vfO{ cf/fd u/]F . Dof8d;Fu s'/fsfgL eof] clg ;/ klg cfO{
k'Ug'eof] . Psl5g e]63f6 ukm;km u¥of}F . d]/f] k|sfz hË zfx a;fOsf]
;doaf/] s'/f ePkl5 d 3'Dg uPF . /flt (–!) ah]lt/ vfgf vfof}F / sl/a !! ah]lt/
d cltly ;bgdf ;'t]F .
^ cS6f]a/ sf]l/og
OG6/ g];gn l8nS; 6\ofS;L 8«fOe/n] @))( ;]K6]Da/ % sf lbg sfªgfd ljZjljBfno hfg]
a]nf af6f]df eGof] . a'‰g'eof], w]/} sf]l/og dfG5] cGo Pl;og a+unfb]zL,
yfO{, lkmlnlkgf], g]kfnL, kfls:tfgLnfO{ oxfF b]v]/ l/; u5{g\ . logLx¿ cfP/
xfd|f] /f]huf/L sd eof] eG5g\ . h'g s'/f 7Ls xf]Og . cfhef]ln pgLx¿sf]
>d gx'g] xf] eg] xfd|f] y'k|} sfd /f]lsG5 . Tolt dfq sxfF xf] / ;g\ ^)
sf] bzsdf zf/Ll/s >d ug{ hd{g, hfkfg, o'/f]k, cd]l/sfdf sfd / k};fsf] vf]hLdf
hfGYof}F . sf]l/ogx¿ cfhef]ln klg cfkm\gf] ckf6{d]G6 agfpg] ;Lk /
dWok"j{sf] w]/} sdfO b]v]/, ;fpbL c/a, b'aO{, stf/, Od/]6nufot y'k|}
d'n'sdf sfd u5{g\ . k]6«f]naf6 wgL ePsf d'n'sdf cfsfz 5'g] dxn agfpg
xfd|f] ;Lksf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 . ckf6{d]G6, Jofkfl/s s]Gb|, xf]6n cflb agfpg
%÷^ nfveGbf a9L sf]l/ogx¿ jif{]lg ljb]zLg] u/]sf 5g\ . km/s olt dfq xf] pgLx¿sf]
;Lk d]lzg/Lsf] pknAwtf / k|fljlws 1fgn] w]/} sdfpF5g\ . oxfF pgLx¿sf]
7fpFdf sfd ug{] cGo Pl;og oxfF cfkm' Plzofg ePklg Plzog eg]/ u/La /fi6« eGg
vf]h]sf] >ldsnfO{ xfd|f Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgn], Jofk/Ln], df5f dfg{]x¿n] dfq
dfl;s !))) 8n/ lbP/ ;:tf]df sfd nufpF5g\ . o:tf] s'/f tkfO+{ h:tf lghL
e|d0f eP klg ljZjljBfnosf pks'nklt -k|]l;8]G6_ / k|fWofks;Fu e]63f6 ug{] /
cfkm\gf] b]zdf uO{ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hfgsf/L lbFbf jf k9fpFbf o:tf ljifosf] klg
1fg lbg'k5{ . tfls, tkfO+{lt/sf sfdbf/nfO{ Unflg gxf];\ . of] t
xfdLn] sfdu/]/ u'g kf] nufPsf] /x]5 gls xfdLnfO{ s[kf u/]sf] eGg] s'/f a'‰g
;s'g\ . sfddf nufpg] dflns;Fu cfkm\gf] >dsf] d"No dfUg bfaL ug{
;s'g\ . Ps hgf 8«fOe/n] $! lsnf]ld6/sf] af6f] kf/ ubf{ u/]sf] jf:tljs s'/fn]
dnfO{ klg lgs} ;f]Rg nufof] . d}n] 3f]lTnP / ljrf/ u/]F– slt pQd ljrf/ clg
-OG5g OG6/g];gn Po/kf]6{df_ Kn]g klv{+bf n]Vg dgnfUof] .
sf]l/ofsf] dfof – …;f/f+x]
bf+l;l/g\ 5ªdfnf] ;f/f+x]Ú ;+;f/sf ;a} d'n'sdf dfoflk|lt ddtfsf] uLt ufOG5 .
;fob sf]l/ofsf] dflysf x/kmsf] dtna klg d dfof u5{' eGg] xf] . cfh 5}6f}Fk6s
sf]l/ofsf] cTofw'lgs / k|l;4 Po/kf]6{ OG5g\af6 g]kfnsf nflu p8fg eg{ yfO{
ljdfgdf k|j]z u/]kl5 dnfO{ ;fFRr} sf]l/ofsf] dfof nfUof] . !) ah] p8fg
ePsfn] UjfFxfd'g -Kofn]; len]h_ af6 OG5g cfpg sl/a ^) lsnf]ld6/ b"/L a;df !
3G6f a9L nfU5 xf]nf eg]/ d laxfg} $M#) ah] p7]F . g'xfOwf]O u/]F /
-lndf]lhg_ a;df Po/kf]6{ hfg] ljrf/ u/]sf] lyPF . d]/f] ljrf/df sl/a @))
ld6/ lx8]/ Po/kf]6{ lndfplhg a; kfOg] lyof] . To;df cfpFbf !),)))÷-bz xhf/_
jfg ef8f nfUYof] . To;}n], d}n] sl/a ##,))) jfg -sf]l/og ¿lkofF_ vNtLdf
afFsL /fv]sf] lyPF . t/, d t}of/ x'Fbf lsd h'g ;f+un] a|]skmf:6 t}of/ u/L
6]andf /flv;Sg'eP5 . b'j} hgfn] a|]skmf:6 vfof}F . pxfFsL >LdtL p7\g'ePsf]
lyPg . 3/ 5f]8\bf d}n] pxfFnfO{ gd:t] klg eGg kfOg . ;jf ;ft aHg
yfn]sfn] d]/f] ;fdfg lgsfn]/ xfdL hfgsf nflu t}of/ eof}F . lsd h'g ;fªn]
cfkm\gf] clkm;sf] 8«fOe/nfO{ af]nfO;Sg'ePsf] /x]5 . To;sf/0f pxfFn]
eGg'eof] d tkfO+{nfO{ k'¥ofpg hfG5' . d}n] eg], …lsg Tolt 6f9f cf]xf]/bf]xf]/
ug{' . sf]l/ofsf] lndfplhg ;]jf /fd|f] 5, d PSn} u} xfN5' .Ú pxfFn] eGg'eof],
…tkfO+{n] ;fdfg lnP/ lsg @)) ld6/ lx+8\g', d 5Fb} 5', d]/f] 8«fOe/ 5Ú clg t
xfdL ;'Gb/ dxFuf] sf/df a:ofF} . Ps 3G6fleq} OG5g\ Po/kf]6{ k'Uof}F .
sf]l/of]
ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks rf]on] eg]cg';f/ ut jif{sf] cfFs8fdf sf]l/og Po/ ljZjsf]
ofq' af]Sg] klxnf] / sfuf{] af]Sg] bf];|f] xjfO{ sDkgLdf k/]sf] 5 /] .
To:tf] …Pl;og xjÚ df k'u]kl5 lsd h'g ;f+un] ;fdfg r]s u/fO{ dnfO{ Oldu|];g;Dd
k7fpg d2t ug{'eof] / kms{g'eof] . d}n] klg cGofª 3f;]of], uD;fxflDgbf -wGojfb
eg]_ / labf ePF . leq uPkl5 Psl5g l8pl6lk|mdf 3'd]F . Psl5gkl5
Po/kf]6{leq rNg] ;6n6«]gdf !@$ gDa/sf] u]6lt/ nfu]F . ToxfF b'O{ cUnf
Plne]6/ -cfkm} lx+8\g] e¥ofª_ af6 tnlt/ nfdf] b"/Ldf k'u]/ cf]ln{of}F .
km]l/ p:t} @ j6f P:s]n]6/af6 dfly uPkl5 d]/f] yfO{ xjfO{ ;]jfsf] xjfO{hxfhaf6
hfg] !@$ gDa/sf] u]6 glhs k'u]F . ToxfFaf6 b]hf]gdf kmf]g u/L Ps hgf ;fyL;Fu
labf dfu]F . To;kl5 l8kfr{/ nfpGh eP/ ljdfglt/ nfu]F . dxFuf]
sf]l/ofsf] ;:tf] ofqf ubf{ :yfgLo 5fq5fqf, k|fWofks, ;/sf/L sd{rf/L / 8fS6/ ldqx¿sf] cflTdotfn] dfof emNsfpg] …;f/fx]Ú nfO{
kSs} ;lDemg] g} eof] .
xfjfO{hxfh aNn
/gj]lt/ lj:tf/} nfUb} 5 . sf]l/ofdf laxfgsf] ;jf bz alh;Sof] . df};d
;'Gb/ / ;kmf 5 . OG5gdf, lkmlg;, yfO{, Po/rfOgf, ljdfg, e]tgfd Po/nfOg / y'k|}
sf]l/og / cfl;ofgf Po/sf hxfh b]lvPsf 5g\ . dn]l;og, hfn, Po/ Sofg8f,
8«]uf]g Po/ cflb cflb klg 5g\ . cfhef]ln sf]l/ofsf] df};d Psbd ;'Gb/ 5 . g
w]/} udL{ 5 g hf8f] . ;f9] bz ah] xjfO{hxfhn] p8fg e¥of] . ca
;f9] kfFr 3G6fdf a}+ss yfO{ NofG8 k'U5 /] .
p8\g]lalQs} ;d'b|dfly k'Uof], Ps 6fk' b]lvof] . y'k|} kfgLhxfh
;d'b|df t}l//x]sf 5g\ . OG5g\af6 ;Lwf hfFbf a}+ss / sf7df8f}+sf] b"/L
p:t} kg{]/x]5 . clxn] k"j{lt/ sf]l/ofsf] hldg clncln b]lvG5, d'lg
klZrd / pQ/df kfgL dfq b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fob of] rfOgf ;L -rLg / sf]l/of aLrsf]
;d'b|_ xf]nf . km]l/ 6fk' b]vfk/], 6f9f6f9f ;fgf ufpF klg k"j{kl§
b]Vg ;lsG5 . xfd|f] xjfO{hxfhd'lg c¿ hxfh p8]sf] klg b]lvFb} 5 .
csf{] hldgsf] efu b]lvof] ;fob sf]l/ofsf] blIf0f klZrdsf] e"efu afFuf] eO{
rLglt/ kms{]h:tf] 5 . p8]sf] !% ldg]6df xjfO{hxfh km]l/ hldgdfly 5 .
tfn ;–;fgf ;'Gb/ kxf8, aLraLrdf 6fk' j/k/ km}lnPsf] ;8ssf] ;+hfn / ;–;fgf dfgj
a:tL 3gf xl/of jgx¿ x]bf{ k|ydk6s ;kmfdf};dsf] xjfO{ ;km/n] dnfO{ dGqd'Ub g}
kf¥of] . olt g} a]nf :df]s8«fO{ abfd -xf8] abfd_ / sfh', jfOg lnP/ yfO{ Po/
xf]l:6; cfO{ k'lug\ . d}n] jfOg lnPF / r'l:s;Fu} Ps 7"nf] ;x/ b]v]F .
sl/a @$ ldg]6df of] s'g ;x/xf]nf dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . wfg kfsL kx]Fnf] ePsf
Eoflndf /x]sf v]t, y'Dsf h:tf jgn] el/Psf kxf8 wfg sf6]sf v]t . Knfl:6ssf 3/df nufPsf] v]tL x]b{} ubf{
km]l/ ;d'b| glhs cfOk'Uof] .
laxfgsf] P3f/ ah]
clxn] ;fob xfdL sf]l/ofsf] k|l;4 ko{6sLo 6fk' h]h'bf]dfly 5f}F . pQ/
klZrddf xjfO{ u|fpG8 5 dWoefudf cUnf] kxf8 5 . kxf8sf] lz/df ;'s]sf]
kf]v/L h:tf] vfN8f] b]lvG5 . pQ/lt/ 7"nf] gu/ 5 6fk'sf] rf/}lt/ ;8s /
a:tL 5 . TolQs}df vfgf cfof] h]h'bf] uof] . km]l/ ;fd'lGb|s dfu{ ;'?
eof] . d lxGb'ldn vfgfvfg yfN5' . kf}g] af/ ah] lxGb'ldn lbpF;f]sf]
vfgf vfO;s]F . clxn] xjfO{hxfhsf] u|fpG8 l:k8 &%( lsld k|lt3G6f 5 /] . prfO #*%$) lkm6 5 .
xfdL ;u/dfyfsf] r'lnsf] xf/fxf/Ldf cfsfzdf TG df t}l//x]sf 5f}F . a}+ssdf ( ah]/ %$ ldg]6 eof] /] .
prfO !!^$) ld6/ 5 /] Pe/]:6eGbf lgs} dfly . To;}n] t xf]nf h]h'bf] sf6]kl5
vfgf vfpGh]n / clxn] klg xfdL afbns} ;+;f/df 5f}F . afbnafx]s s]xL klg
b]lvFb}g x/]s ofqLsf nflu JolQmut 6]lnlehg 5 . dg nfu]sf] sfo{qmd x]g{
;lsG5 . xjfO{hxfhsf] ult, prfO, 7fpF, tfkqmd;lxtsf] xjfO{ P/f]af6 sxfF
k'Uof] eg]/ b]vfpg] sfo{qmd . sd]8L ;f], l;g]df jf uLt . d]/f] cufl8
b'O{ hgf c;Eo hfkflgh ko{6s 5g\ . w]/} /S;L dfu]/ vfP / clxn] /fd|f] e'ld ePg
eg]/ jf cGo s]xL axfgf agfO{ /fd|L ;'Gb/L Po/xf]:6]h;Fu s/fpFb} 5g\ . pgL
cfO{ Pd ;/L ;/ Yof+so' kmf]/ cG8/ :6flG8ª ld eGb} xfF:b}, d':s'/fpg] gSsn ub{} l5g\ .
pgsf tLg hgf ;fyL cfP/ ;Demfpg yfn] . t}klg hfkflgh d'v{ a'9fx¿ a/a/fpFb} 5g\ .
leq /f]P klg ljdfg kl/rfl/sfn] xfF:g] cEof; ug{'kg{] /x]5 . ljdfg p8]sf] @
3G6f eO;Sof], 3fd nflu/x]5, ofqf ;'Gb/ 5 .
cem} d r9]sf]
ljdfg emg\ prfOdf 5 . sf]l/og ;dofg';f/ @ aHg nfUof] . sltko ;fgf] aQL
afn]/ klqsf k9\b} 5g\ . s]xL sDKo'6/df u]d v]Nb} 5g\ . ;a} ‰ofn aGb
u/]sfn] 6G6nfk'/ w"kdf ljdfgleq cGwfsf/ 5 . ;'t]/ dfq s] ug{] eg]/ d km]l/
;fgf] ‰ofn vf]nL n]Vg a;]F . clxn], sDaf]l8of / leotgfd kf/ eO;s]sf] h:tf]
P/f]n] b]vfpF5 . clxn] u|fpG8 l:k8 %#$ dfon k|lt3G6fsf] /km\tf/df yfO{
ljdfg ;fd'lGb|sdfu{ kf/ ub{ }5 . tTsfnLg prfO hldgaf6 -!@@$* ld6/_ $)!$$
lkm6 5 . u|fpG8 l:k8 *^% lsnf]ld6/, tfkqmd aflx/ %@ ;]lG6u|]6, xfjfsf] axfj
k'R5/lt/, rf/ lsld k|lt3G6f x]8 pOG8 pGgfO; lsnf] ld6/ k|lt3G6f 5 . a}+ssdf
udL{ 5 clxn] a}+sssf] tfkqmd ## l8u|L ;]lG6u|]6 5 . sf7df8f}+sf] j}zfv h]7sf]
pu| tftf] lbg h:t} t/ ;f]n, a';fg, b]u', b]hf]g, 5f]gg\ -cf;fg_ df eg] /dfOnf]
–gfltlztf]i0f_ sf7df8f}+hlQs} tfkqmd / ;'Gb/ ;kmf xfjf lyof] . hLjgdf
:j]R5fn] b;}+sf] hd/f /fvL j}b]lzs ofqfdf lg:s]sf] b'O{ xKtf Psbd /dfOnf];Fu
laTof] . cem} tLg, rf/ lbg a}+ssdf emg} /dfOnf];Fu latfpg] / ;fgf] lsgd]n
ug{] of]hgf 5 . sf]l/ofsf] 7"nf] ;'Gb/ ljdfg:ynaf6 p8fg e/]sf] klg
rf/ 3G6f bz ldg]6 eO;s]sf] 5 . olQs}df ljdfg kl/rfl/sfn] h';, cfO; / jf6/
lnP/ cfOg\ . d}n] b'j} vfPF / n]Vg a;]F . ca a}+ss k'Ug ;fob Ps 3G6feGbf
klg sd ;do nfU5 xf]nf . w]/}h;f] hfkg / sf]l/ofaf6 kms{g] qmddf d a}+ss
hfg] u/]sf] lyPF . To; a]nf sf7df8f}+–sf]l/of ;Lwf xjfO{ ;Dks{ lyPg .
To;}n] sf]l/og ;/sf/sf] lgdGq0ffdf hfFbf sf]l/og Po/sf] l6s6 x'GYof] .
sf7df8f}+–a}+ss -yfO{ Po/jh]_ TG
/ a}+ss OG5g\
-sf]l/og Po/_ KE ctM kms{g] qmddf /fltsf] xjfO{hxfhdf cfpg] ;do x'GYof] . tLgk6s hlt b'O{ tLg ah] a}+ssdf cjt/0f u/]kl5 d pHofnf]sf] kvf{Odf a}+sssf] ljdfg:yndf tLg, rf/ 3G6f s'/]sf] 5' . lsgeg], la/fgf] ;x/df /fltofqf ug{ cfkm"nfO{ Tolt ;'/lIft g7fg]/ xf]nf . x'g t a}+ssdf sf7df8f}+ h:tf] c;'/Iff 5}g / nf]8;]l8ªsf] ;d:of klg 5}g .
-sf]l/og Po/_ KE ctM kms{g] qmddf /fltsf] xjfO{hxfhdf cfpg] ;do x'GYof] . tLgk6s hlt b'O{ tLg ah] a}+ssdf cjt/0f u/]kl5 d pHofnf]sf] kvf{Odf a}+sssf] ljdfg:yndf tLg, rf/ 3G6f s'/]sf] 5' . lsgeg], la/fgf] ;x/df /fltofqf ug{ cfkm"nfO{ Tolt ;'/lIft g7fg]/ xf]nf . x'g t a}+ssdf sf7df8f}+ h:tf] c;'/Iff 5}g / nf]8;]l8ªsf] ;d:of klg 5}g .
5ª\u]5g\
k'u]sf 6's'rfjf;L
5ªu]5g eGg]
sf]l/ofsf] /fhwfgL ;x/ l;of]n -;f]n_ sf] aLrdf /x]sf] ;fgf] vf]nf] xf] .
cfheGbf sl/a #) jif{ cl3;Dd 5+u]5g\ g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL ;x/ sf7df8f}+sf] larf}+FaLr
/x]sf] 6's'rfh:t} lyof] . sf]l/og o'4df sf]l/ofn] y'k|} ef}lts lgdf{0f
u'dfof] . …xfg sfªÚ xfg gfd u/]sf] gbLdf agfOPsf gofF k'nx¿b]lv %,& gDa/sf]
;aj];Dd lgdf{0f eP . xfg gbLd'lgaf6 6g]n 5]8]/ jf/kf/ u/]sf] cfw'lgs ljsf;
b]Vg ;lsG5 . ljsf;;Fu} 6]s', z+sd"n, lqk'/]Zj/sf 3f6b]lv b]jfno, au}Frf
cflbnfO{ :jR5 /fvL ;+/If0f ug{ ;s]sf] v08df sf7df8f}+sf] dfq ;fg xf]Og ls
xfd|f] k|frLg ;Eotfn] klg ko{6snfO{ df]lxt ug{ ;SYof] . jfudtL, lji0f'dtL,
xg'dGt], wf]jL vf]nf xfd|f ;Eotf x'g\ . 6's'rf t k|tLs dfq g xf] . ;x/df
/x]sf ;–;fgf uGw] ;'s'Djf;L a:tL alg;s]sf vx/], 9n ePsf vf]N;fsf] ;kmfOlt/
:yfgLo ;/sf/ klg s]lGb|t eP5 . o:t} qmddf UjfFxfd'gb]lv b+b]d'g -d'g
eg]sf] sf]l/og efiffdf 9f]sf xf]_ b/af/sf] k"jL{, pQ/L, blIf0fL, cflb
k|j]z åf/nfO{ gfdb] d'g, b+b]d'g, UjfFxfd'g cflb elgG5 ;Dd km}lnPsf] vf]nf
Jojl:yt cleofg rn]5 .
olb, 5ªu]5gsf]
;kmfO ug{ ;lsPg eg] cfw'lgs / ljsl;t rdTsf/ ;f]nsf] kl/sNkgf;d]t ug{ ;lsGg eGg]
;f]r ljsl;t eP5 . clg, ;'s'Djf;L a:tLaflx/ Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;f/]/ kmf]xf]/
gfnfsf] ¿k lnPsf] vf]nfsf] s]xL JolQmn] ef]urng u/L Rofk]sf] efunfO{ ;d]t vfln
u/L d'Qm ug]{ sfd eP5 . To;kl5 vf]nfsf] If]qnfO{ km/flsnf] agfO{
UjfFxfd'gdf cG8/ u|fpG8 l8«lnª u/L kfgLsf] d"n / >f]t vf]Hg] sfd u/]5g\ .
;f]nsf] :yfgLo ;/sf/n] To;kl5 ;fO8df k]6L agfpg], udnf, km"n, af:gfbf/
nx/f nufpg] sfd u/]5 . Tolt dfq sxfF xf] / Tof] vf]tNg] qmddf nfdfnfdf 9'+ufaf6
#%) jif{cl3 tL;, rfln; lkm6 nfdf 9'+ufx¿af6
sf]l/og /fhfn] agfPsf] t/ eTs]/ k'l/O;s]sf] k'n klg km]nf k/]5 . clg, To;
k'nnfO{ klg P]ltxfl;s w/f]x/sf] ¿kdf oyf:yfgdf p:t} /fv]/ Oltxf;sf] uj{nfO{
phfu/ ug]{ sfd u/]5g\ . xfd|f] jfUdtL ;kmfO{ cleofgsf] ;'?jft h:t} .
kmf]xf]/ 5ªu]5g glhs
a:g g?rfpg] ;f]n af;L ca To;sf] jl/kl/ km';{bsf] ;do latfpg, a'9];sfnsf] ;do laxfg,
a]n'sL ;':t/L k}bnofqf ug{ ?rfpF5g\ . kfgLsf kmf]x/fsf] cfgGb lng
On]S6«f]lgs d]l;gn] a]n'sf agfpg] /+uLla/+uL km"n, jg:klt, hgfj/,
r/fr'?+uLh:tf rfdTsfl/s s/t't x]g{ klg 5+u]5gsf] ;]/f]km]/f]df hfg rfxG5g\ .
s]6fs]6LnfO{ ;Fu} af]s]/ cfdfx¿ k'/fgf] ;x/sf] dWoefudf /x]sf] 5+u]5gsf] b'j}
lsgf/fdf /fltsf] afx|÷Ps ah];Dd lgz+sf]r 6xNg ;S5g\ . ljb]zL kfx'gf, ko{6s
5+u]5g\sf] k'/fgf] kmf]6f]nfO{ b]v]/ gofFnfO{ ljZjf; g} ug{ ufx|f] dfG5g\ .
o;kfnL 7"nf] ;+Vofdf sf]l/of hfg] df}sf kfpg] g]kfnL sfdbf/n] of]
jf:tljstf x]g{] cj;/ kfpg] g} 5g\ .
of] jif{ sf]l/ofn]
leotgfdsf] sf]6f /2 u/L g]kfnnfO{ yk]sf] OlkP; sf]6faf6 sf]l/of hfg] g]kfnL
sfdbf/x¿, sf]l/of e|d0f hfg]x¿ ;/sf/L sd{rf/L sfg d]Da/, cWoogdf hfg] ljBfyL{ /
/fhgLlts p2]Zon] hfg] /fhgLlt sdL{n] 5ªu]5gsf] jt{dfg lrqnfO{ x]/]/ ljsf; ;Fu} xfn
gf/fo0f lx6Lsf] pQ/ k"j{b]lv lqk'/]Zj/;Ddsf] 6's'rfnfO{ ;kmfO u/L, k|1f
k|lti7fg, cd]l/sL /fhb"tsf] lgjf;–sdn s'~h x'Fb} kßsGof SofDk;;Dd ;'Gb/
agfpg ;s] s:tf] x'GYof] . kßsGof SofDk;sf] k"jL{ efu, dlxnf cfof]u,
alUu vfgf, aG8]8 jo/ xfp;, g]D;, e[s'6Ld08k, An'a8{, If]qnfO{ ;/;kmfO u/L c¿n]
Rofk]sf] hldg 6's'rfnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg nufO{, :jR5, ;'Gb/, x/fe/f, :j:y sf7df8f}+
agfpg ;s]sf] v08df OlkP;cGtu{t sfdbf/ k7fpg], / hfg]x¿sf] pkTosf jf;LnfO{
7"n} of]ubfg x'g] lyof] . h;/L /fhf dx]Gb|n] tt\sfnLg cljsl;t sf]l/ofsf
/fi6«klt kfs{ r'ª xLsf] l;df]n pNbf]ª cleofgnfO{ cfˆgf] sfo{qmd egL @)@$ ;fndf
ufpFkms{ /fli6«o cleofg g]kfndf nfu" u/]sf lyP . To:t} ¿kn] eP klg
b]vfl;lv u/]sf] geg]/ 5+u]5gsf] kmf]6f] skL 6's'rfnfO{ agfpg ;s] g]kfnsf] ko{6g
jif{nfO{ kSs} d2t k'Ug] lyof] . sf]l/of sf]l/of eg]/ hfg] dfq xf]Og, To;n]
u/]sf /fd|f sfdsf] cg's/0f klg ul/g'k¥of] clg dfq} sf]l/ofaf6 cfly{s nfe dfq
xf]Og, ljsf;sf] gd'gf klg xfd|f] d'n'sdf leœofpg ;lsG5 . To;f] x'g ;s]sf] v08df
g]kfnsf] ljsf; / g]kfn–sf]l/of ;DaGw cem k|uf9 x'g;S5 .
6's'rf, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn
5ªu]5g\,
;f]n, sf]l/of @) jif{ cl3 6's'rfh:t} kmf]xf]/ lyof]
6's'rfsf]
pbfx/0fnfO{ k|tLs dfq dfGbf, dgf]x/f, w/x/f, gf/fo0flx6L, ljleGg tfn / kf]v/L,
s'Dd]Zj/, s'n]Zj/sf kfgLsf wf/f, d7dlGb/ b]jfno, lzjfno, jfudtL lsgf/,
lji0f'dtL ;Eotf, :joDe"sf] kmf]xf]/sf] 8+u'/ ;kmf /fVg ;s] emG8} jftfg's"lnt
sf7df8f}+ pkTosf oxfFsf afl;Gbfsf nflu a:gnfos :j:y x'GYof] . cfuGt's
ko{6snfO{ k/Dk/fut z}nLsf o'g]:sf] ;+/If0f ;"rLdf k/]sf cfo{3f6b]lv
rfFu'gf/fo0f, xg'dfg 9f]sf, kf6g, eStk'/ b/af/ :jfo/ cem} ;'Gb/–dgdf]xs /
ko{6snfO{ yk cfsif{0f ug{] lsl;dsf x'g] lyP .
a9\bf] ;x/Ls/0f /
afSnf] a:tL ePsf uNnLdf vf]n]sf rr{n] h;/L sf7df8f}+ s'¿k aGb} 5 . To;nfO{
;'Gb/tf lbg xfd|f] k|s[lt, e"uf]n, uf]s0f{ ;kmfl/ kfs{, /Tgkfs{nufot
jfl6sf pBfg, gfufh{'g, afnfh' yfgsf]6 lqe'jg kfs{, uf]bfj/L klg ljgf;sf]
af6f]df /x] eg] efjL k':tfn] sf7df8f}+df xfnsf] xl/ofnL klg kmf]6f]df dfq kfpg]
5g\ . 5+u]5g\ k'glg{df{0f ug{] ;f]n ;/sf/sf] p2]Zo / sd{nfO{ sf7df8f}+
dxfgu/kflnsfn] klg 9Nsg nfu]sf] a]nfdf klg k'gM ljrf/ ug{ ;S5 . pkTosfsf] a:tLnfO{
Jojl:yt ug{ sd;]sd cfls{6]Sr/df lkPr8L u/]sf g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqLsf] Sofljg]6n]
sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/ kflnsfdf 3/ lgdf{0f ug{ !@ lkm6sf] af6f] k'u]sf] x'g'k5{,
kfgLsf] >f]t jf kfOk k'Ug] / kfgL cfpg] cj:yf x'g'kg{], 9n, lah'nL,
6]lnkmf]gsf] ;'ljwf ePsf] x'g'kg{] eGg] dfq kf; u/]df hlt;'s} ;fgf] cjlwsf]
;/sf/ eP klg /fxtsf] gfddf slgsf 5g{'eGbf s]xL pNn]Vo sfd efjL k':tfn] ;Demg]
lsl;dsf x'Gy] xf]nfg\ .
6's'rfnfO{ 5ªu]5g;Fu
t'ngf ubf{ ;du| dfgl;stf, kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ / ljsf;sf] kl/0ffd b]vfpg] p2]Zon]
o;kfnL ;f}efUoa; leotgfdsf] cj}w cfk|jf;L ;+Vof sf]l/ofdf a9]sfn] OlkP; sf]6f
/2 eof] . Tof] sf]6f g]kfnnfO{ lbP/ blIf0f sf]l/of h:tf] ldqn] u'g nufPsf]
5 . To;}n] g]kfnaf6 k7fpg] sfdbf/sf] ;+Vof j[l4 eO{ !%,))) sfdbf/
sf]l/ofdf kmfd{xfp; s[liftkm{, ;–;fgf, / d‰of}nf pTkfbgzLn pBf]u / df5f dfg{]
If]q u/L k|d'v tLg If]qdf sfd ug{ hfg] ePsf 5g\ . xfn *))) sf]l/ofdf sfd ul//x]sf j}w sfdbf/;lxt @#
xhf/sf] ;+Vofdf /xg] j}w / afFsL cj}w sfdbf/;d]t u/L ;g\ @)!@ ;Dd sl/a @%, @^
xhf/ g]kfnL sf]l/ofdf sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf /xg] 5g\ . pgLx¿ ;/b/ vfglkgafx]s klg
dfl;s Ps nfv sdfpg] 5g\ . o;n] g]kfnsf] /]ld6\ofG; ahf/df 7"nf]
of]ubfg ug{] 5 . s[lifnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f u/L cfhef]ln sf7df8f}+df jiff{df uf]ne]8f
;:tf] ePsf sf/0f klg sf]l/og, hfkfgL k|ljlw -lelgn xfp;_ Knfl:6ssf] 3/leq t/sf/L
v]tL ug{] k4lt ckgfPsfn] ;Dej ePsf] xf] . df5f cfotnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{
dT:o kfnglt/ nfuL 6«fp6nufot lr;f] kfgLsf dL7f df5f v]tL ug{ l;Sg]nufot, pBf]uwGbfdf
l;s]sf] ;LknfO{ g]kfn kmls{Pkl5 oxfF klg pkof]u ug{ ;s]df g]kfnsf] lbuf] ljsf;df
sf]l/ofdf sfd ug{ uPsf / hfg] JolQmsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg x'g ;SYof] .
;pnsf] dWo efudf
/x]sf] xfg sfª klg klxn] kmf]xf]/sf] 8+u'/ eO;s]sf] lyof] . xfn gf}sfog,
kfgLsf] @)) ld6/ cUnf] kmf]xf]/f, ljZjsk km'6an tfsf agfOPsf] lsgf/df /x]sf
dgf]/d b[Zon] %# tn] o's;fd 6fj/ / ;f]n 6fj/;DdnfO{ ;'Gb/tf k|bfg ug{]
ul//x]sf] 5 . yfkfynLdf h:tf] gfs y'Gg'kg{] cj:yf 5}g . xfgsfª jl/kl/
To;}n] t lsgf/sf nf]Tt] Sof;n cfjf; ejgx¿ sf]l/ofs} dxFuf ckf6{d]G6leq k5{g\ .
d'Vo ;rLj lnnfdl0f kf}8]nsf] cu|;/tfdf /x]sf] afUdtL ;/;kmfO{df jt{dfg sf]l/og
/fhb'tn] ;kmfO{df nufPsf] d]x]gtsf] k|z+;f ePsf] 5 g]kfnL ;dfhdf .
g]kfndf sf]Osf
g]kfn Ps ;fgf]
e"kl/j]li7t ljsf;f]Gd"v /fi6« xf] . ;g\ !(%) ;Dd g]kfnsf] ;DaGw ;Lldt /fi6«;Fu dfq} lyof] . !(%) sf] qmflGtkl5 g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs ;DaGwsf] 9f]sf
;a}sf nflu v'nf eof] . To;kl5 g]kfnn] ljZj /+ud~rdf cfkm"nfO{ kl/lrt
u/fpg] df}sf kfof] . ;g\ !(%% df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:o ePkl5 g]kfnn]
leGgleGg k|s[ltsf ldq/fi6«af6 ;xof]u Kofs]h k|fKt ug{ yfNof] . s'g}
/fi6«n] cf}Bf]lus If]qdf ;xof]u lbgyfn] eg] s]xLn] lzIff s[lif jftfj/0f cflbdf .
To; a]nf;Dd g]kfn / u0ftGq sf]l/ofsf] cfly{s cj:yf p:t}p:t} lyof] .
sf]l/of / g]kfnsf] ;DaGwdf a'4Tjsf] wfdL{s ;DaGwrflxF k|frLg sfnb]lv g} lyof] .
;g\ !(() df ;+o'Qm /fi6«sf] ;b:o ePsf] blIf0f sf]l/ofn] 5f]6f] cjlwd} ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3sf] dxf;lrj aGg] ;'j0f{ cj;/ k|fKt ul/;Sof] . g]kfn eg] ;'/Iff
kl/ifb\sf] c:yfoL ;b:oeGbf cufl8 a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g .
g]kfndf hgzlQm
ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s k|fljlws dfq xf]Og, bIf hgzlQmsf] dfWodaf6 a9L ;xof]uL l;4
x'G5 eg]/ ;g\ !(^@ b]lv cd]l/sg :jo+;]js ;+:yf lk;sf]/n] k~rfot ljsf; ;]jf,
lzIff / cGo If]qdf :jo+;]js k7fpg yfNof] . g]kfndf ;+ul7t ¿kdf j}b]lzs bIf
hgzlQmsf] lgMz'Ns kl/rfng To;} a]nfb]lv ;'? eof] .
x'g t Pshgf b'u{d
/fHosf aemfªL /fhf hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xn] tTsfnLg clel;lgof -xfnsf] Olyof]lkof_
df uP/ /f]uL, czQm ul/asf] ;]jf u/]/ :jo+;]jL g]kfnL efjgf bf];|f] ljZjo'4cl3
g} clk|msfdf b]vfO;s]sf lyP . dfgjtfjfb eg]sf] ;Ifdn] c;IfdnfO{ ;Sg]n]
h?/tdGbnfO{ d2t ug'{k5{ eGg] efjgfd} cfwfl/t s'/f xf] .
lu|s bfz{lgs
Kn]6f]n] dfgjnfO{ k"0f{tflt/ n}hfg cfjZos ;fwg;|f]t pknAw u/fpg /fHosf]
pTklQ ePsf] xf] eg]sf 5g\ . To;/L x]bf{;d]t /fHosf] bfloTj clwstd\ ;'v,
;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{ xf] . sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] kl/sNkgf ug]{x¿n] klg ;fwg;|f]t
ePsfn] ;fwg, ;|f]t gePsf jf eP/ klg k|of]u ug{ ghfg]sfnfO{ l;sfpg', pgsf] st{Jo
egL :jLsf/]sf 5g\ .
pk/f]Qm ljZjf;nfO{
v/f] ptfg{ ;f7Lsf] bzssf k|Voft cd]l/sL /fi6«klt hf]g Pkm= s]g]8Ln] leotgfd
o'4af6 abgfd cd]l/sfnfO{ k'gM zflGtlk|o k|hftflGqs dxfzlQm egL lrGxfpg ;g\ !(^@
df ljleGg d'n'ssf] ljsf; sfo{df ;xof]uL aGg lk;sf]/ :jo+;]jssf] cjwf/0ff cl3
;f/] . of] ;xof]u kfpFbf g]kfn / sf]l/of b'j}
/fi6«n] lk;sf]/ :jo+;]jssf] ;]jf lnPsf lyP . g]kfndf sfd u/]sf k|yd
;d"xsf lk;sf]/ :jo+;]jsdWo] Psn] g]kfn dg k/]/} xf]nf, gS;fndf dfOs
a|]skmf:6 gfdsf] /]:6'/]G6 rnfP/ cfkm"nfO{ ot} /fv]sf 5g\ .
h'g a]nf g]kfn /
sf]l/ofsf] cfly{s cj:yf p:t} lyof], To; tfsf cd]l/sg lk;sf]/n] b'j} b]zdf ;]jf
u/]sf] lyof] . sf]l/ofn] j}b]lzs ;xof]u / sf]l/ofnL sl7g >dsf] k|of]un]
tLg bzsdf oltla£g k|ult u¥of] ls clxn] cd]l/sfn] !(^@ df ;'? u/]sf] h:t}
:jo+;]js k7fpg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 . tLg bzsdf u/]sf] k|ultn] ;dfg cfly{s
cj:yfsf] sf]l/of k|ltJolQm @#,))) 8n/ sdfpg] eof] eg] xfd|f] b]zsf] k|ltjif{
cfo &%) 8n/df ;Lldt 5 .
Psftkm{ cfly{s
;DkGgtf / csf{tkm{ c¿nfO{ ;xof]u u/f}F eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ sf]l/ofnLx¿n]
klg sdhf]/ ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«nfO{ :jo+;]jsdfkm{t ;xof]usf] xftcl3 a9fP .
h;/L cd]l/sfn] :jo+;]js ;]jf ;+rfng u/L cfkm\gf gful/snfO{ ljZjsf] jf:tljstfl;t
kl/lrt u/fpg ;fwg / ;|f]t yfxf kfpg clg ljZjzlQm x'g cfkm\gf gful/snfO{ kl/rfng
u/]sf] lyof] . ToxL cg';/0f b|'tt/ j[l4 eO/x]sf] sf]l/ofnL cfBf]lus
pTkfbgnfO{ emg\ ahf/df kl/lrt u/fpg sf]l/og ;+:s[lt efiff, ;Eotf / kl/>dLkg
l;sfpg s]cf]le ;]jf () sf] bzsdf ;'? ul/of] . !(() df o'y :jo+;]jsaf6 ;'?
ubf{ k|yd $ j6f Pl;ofnL d'n'sn] Tof] ;]jf k|fKt u/]sf lyP– g]kfn, OG8f]g]l;of,
dn]l;of / lkmlnlkG; . df]6fdf]6L ¿kdf lzIff / k|ljlwdf ;lqmo :jo+;]js ;]jf
eP klg sf]Osfsf :jo+;]jsn] sf]l/og efiff tyf t]SjfGbf] b'O{ leGg If]qdf cGo
d'n'seGbf km/s ;]jf k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf 5g\ .
x'g t g]kfndf j}b]lzs
:jo+;]jsn] !(^@ b]lv xfn ;Dd ljljw If]qdf ;]jf k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . lk;sf]/ leP;cf] -la|l6; :jo+;]js_ hd{g :jo+;]js,
hfklgh :jo+;]js, -h]cf]l;le_ l;+ufk'/ :jo+;]js, PdP; -8]lg; :jo+;]js_ o'PgeL,
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 :jo+;]js, s]cf]eL cflb g]kfndf ;lqmo ¿kdf sfo{/t :jo+;]jL ;+:yf
x'g\ .
sltko b]zn] of] ;]jf aGb ;d]t ul/ ;s] .
g]kfndf of] ;]jf ;'?
ug]{ ;+:yf lk;sf]/n] ;g\ @))$ df dfcf]jfbLn] 1fg]Zj/l:yt cd]l/sg ;]G6/df
lj:kmf]6 u/]kl5 c;'/IfLt dx;'; u/]/ cfkm\gf] ;]jf cs:dft\ :ylut u/]sf] lyof] .
^@.^# sf] hg cfGbf]ng kl5 b]zdf k'gM zflGtk"0f{ jftfj/0f ePsf]n] ;g\ @)!@
b]lv k'gM lk;sf]/ s]cf]eLn] To;} jif{b]lv cfkm\gf :jo+;]jssf] ;+Vof bf]Aa/
agfof] . g]kfndf ljBdfg zflGt ;'/Iffsf] ;d:of b]vfO{ cd]l/sfn] b]zdf
;aeGbf k'/fgf] :jo+;]js ;]jf aGb ubf{ g]kfnsf] ljsf;df kg]{ k|lts"n k|efj sd
ug{ s]cf]eLsf] ;+VofTds j[l4 dxTjk"0f{ x'g]5 eGg] cf; ug{ ;lsG5 . Ps
bzsdf s]cf]eL ;]jf lj:tf/ eP/ xfn of] ;]jf ljZjsf sl/a #^ b]zdf ;+rflnt 5 .
g]kfn, rLg, o'qm]g, yfONofG8, dn]l;of, k]?, shfls:tfg, pHj]ls:tfg, kf/fUj],
Sofdf?g cflb o;/L zlQm /fi6« rLgb]lv ;fgf ul/a /fi6« sDaf]l8of, leotgfd,
nfcf];;d]tn] of] ;]jf k|fKt ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .
sf]l/ofsf] ahf/ lj:tf/nfO{
klg o;n] kmfObf g} u5{ xf]nf . ;fd;'ª x'G8fO{, lsof, kf]:sf] cflb Jofkfl/s
cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgn] sf]l/ofsf] ahf/ ljZjsf ;a} d'n'sdf sfod u/L ;s]sf] 5 eg]
sf]l/og :jo+;]jsn] To;dfly yk an k'¥ofpF5g\ xf]nf .
;Lko'Qm cfkm\gf]
hgzlQmnfO{ ljZjsf] jf:tljstf lrGxfpg / sdhf]/sf] ;]jf ug{ clek|]l/t ug]{
sf]l/ofnfO{ cw{bIf / cbIf sfdbf/sf] ;d]t vfFrf] ePsfn] ;f]
sdL k"lt{ ug{ g]kfn;lxt y'k|} /fi6«af6 hgzlQm cfk"lt{df ;d]t d2t
k'lu/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf !(() b]lv ;'?
ePsf] s]cf]eL ;]jfn] lgDg lnlvt If]qdf ;]jf k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . lzIff, sDKo'6/ lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;x/L ljsf; s[lif
kmnk"mn v]tL OlGhlgol/ª, /]zdv]tL sf]l/og efiff / t]SjfGbf] g]kfnsf] dfu
tyf cfjZostf sf]l/ofnL bIf hgzlQm pknAwtfsf] lx;fan] eljiodf s]cf]eL ;]jf cem lj:tf/
x'g] cf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
;'?sf jif{b]lv
xfn;Dd sf]l/og :jo+;]jsn] ljljw ef}uf]lns If]qdf sfd ul/;s]sf 5g\ . of]
jif{ sfo{/t :jo+;]js / ltgLx¿sf] sfo{ynf] lgDgfg';f/ 5 .
;d"x :jo+;]js
-u|'k ef]n]lG6P/_ s]cf]eLn] NofPsf] gjLgtd\ cjwf/0ff xf] . Ps 7fpFdf Pshgf :jo+;]jssf] ;f6f] ;a} sfddf ;+nUg x'g] u/L $÷% hgfsf]
;d"xn] ;]jf ug]{ . o;f] ubf{ vflkgsf] lx;fan] ;Fu} a:g ;lhnf] x'g] / ;d"xdf sfd ug{ /dfOnf] klg x'g] x'G5 .
g]kfnn] lng]
u/]sf] cfly{s / hgzlQmsf] d2t k"0f{ ;b'kof]u gePdf afn'jfdf kfgL xfn]
h:tf] x'G5 . sf]l/ofsf] Oltxf;af6 g]kfnn] klg ;sf/fTds / lgdf{0fd'vL ljrf/
l;Sg ;s]df w]/} lbg cg]sf}F b]zsf hgzlQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] b]zsf] ljsf;sf nflu u'xf/
dfUg' kb}{gYof] . To;a]nf g]kfn klg cfTd lge{/tfsf] af6f] c+ufnL ljsl;t
x'Fb} uO{ cfkm"eGbf sdhf]/sf] ;xof]u / ;]jfsf
nflu tTk/ eP/ cGo b]zdf :jo+;]js k7fpg ;Sg] cj:yfdf k'UYof] xf]nf .
To;f] ePdf cfh;Dd xfdLn] cGo b]zaf6 lnPsf] wg hgsf] ;xof]u ;kmn ePsf] dfGg
;lsGYof] .
sf]Osf / cGo ljb]zL :jo+;]js
;+:yfdf s]xL df}lns leGgtf 5 . cGo :jo+;]jL ;+:yfn] g]kfnnfO{ rflxg] bIf
hgzlQm @ jif{sf nflu pknAw u/fpF5g\ . sf]Osfn] :jo+;]js k7fpgsf cltl/Qm
;DalGwt d'n'ssf ;/sf/L, cw{–;/sf/L ;+:yfg;d]tsf sd{rf/L, k|fWofks, ljBfyL{
cflbnfO{ cfkm\gf] b]zsf] b|'t ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn b]vfpg] sfd;d]t u5{ . o;
qmddf !(() b]lv xfn;Dd sf]Osfsf] 5f]6f] / nfdf] cjlwsf] tflnddf sl/a !()) eGbf
a9L g]kfnLn] sf]l/ofsf] cjnf]sg cWoog e|d0f u/L ;s]sf 5g\ . o:tf] e|d0faf6
låkIfLo ;DaGw
lj:tf/ ug'{sf ;fy} cfkm\gf] 1fg / ;LknfO{ cfbg k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . oxL g}
sf]Osfsf] d"n nIo xf] . giving is living eGg] gf/fsf ;fy ;xof]u rflxPsf
clk|msf, Plzof, dWok"j{, k"jL{o'/f]k / blIf0f cd]l/sfdf ;]jf
k'¥ofpFb} sf]Osfn] k|l;l4 kfpFb} 5 .
k|wfgdGqLsf] rLg e|d0f /fhgLlts tLy{ofqf dfq ls
pknlAwsf] ;Defjgf klg
u0ftGq g]kfnsf
k|wfgdGqL dfwjs'df/ g]kfn cfufdL zlgaf/ hgjfbL u0ftGq rLgsf] e|d0fdf hfFb}
x'g'x'G5 . ;fdfGotof g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|d'vsf] x}l;otn] cf}krfl/s, /fhsLo jf
cgf}krfl/s j}b]lzs e|d0f ubf{ låkIfLo ;DaGwsf] ax'cfoflds cGt/;DaGw / cGt/lge{/tfsf
sf/0f ;j{k|yd ef/tsf] e|d0f x'g] rng Psk6s Tof] klg cf]nlDks v]nsf] ;dfkgsf]
cj;/ kf/L tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL dcf]jfbLaf6 k|ltlglwTj u/]sf / u0ftGq g]kfnsf] k|yd
k|wfgdGqLn] rLgsf] e|d0faf6 j}b]lzs e|d0f ;'? ug{'ePsf] lyof] .
xfn g]kfnsf]
d"n ;d:of ul/aL lgjf/0f, /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf, lzIff / ef}ltsk"jf{wf/
ljsf;;lxt ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf hgjfbL ;+3Lo ;+ljwfg ls, nf]stflGqs ;+3Lo ;+ljwfg
ljifodf g} 7"nf /fhgLlts bn aLr ;dembf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/sf] :j¿k
/ /fHosf] /fhgLlts ljefhg ;+3Lotf ;DaGwdf ;d:of /x]s} a]nf k|wfgdGqLsf] rLg
e|d0fn] g]kfn–rLg ;DaGwdf yk cfofd yKg]5 .
låkIfLo /fhgLlts
;DaGwn] cfk;L ;dembf/L a9fpg] / g]kfnh:tf] cNkljsl;t /fi6«nfO{ cfly{s ¿kdf s]xL
gofF If]qsf] ef}lts ljsf;df yk of]ubfg;d]t ug{] lglZrt 5 . g]kfnn] Ps rLg
gLltk|lt ;dy{g hgfpg] k/Dk/fut egfO k'gM bf]xf]¥ofOg] g} 5 . To;afx]s, aflx/L
l/ª/f]8sf] lgdf{0fdf rLgsf] k|lta4tfnfO{ sfo{ut ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg cg'/f]w ug{],
dWo kxf8L /fhdfu{sf] lgdf{0fdf rLgsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfgsf nflu cg'/f]w
ug{' dfwjs'df/ g]kfnsf] csf{] sfd x'g]5 . dfcf]jfbL gfdn] g} rLg;Fu
ufFl;Psf] dfq geO{ k|r08, cgGt, afbnsf] cf}krfl/s cgf}krfl/s e|d0fåf/f kf6L{ut
¿kdf rLgsf] lgs6 ;DaGwdf k'u]sf] dfcf]jfbLeGbf xfdL 6f9f 5}gf}F egL rLgsf]
ljZjf; / ;dy{g h'6fpg' klg k|wfgdGqLsf] csf{] cf;o x'g ;S5 . x'g t of]
s'/f sf]k]gx]ugaf6 lkmtf{ x'g] lbg g} k|wfgdGqL g]kfnn] rLg / ef/tn] dnfO{ g}
;dy{g u/L ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u?Gh]n /fd|/L sfd ug{ z'esfdgf / ;dy{g lbPsf 5g\
elg;Sg'ePsf] 5 .
To;afx]s klg rLgn]
g]kfn;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;dfg:t/df sfod u/]sf] b]vfpg h?/L 5 . To:tf] ;DaGw
b'j}ldq /fi6«sf] k~rzLnsf af}4 bz{gdf cfwfl/t ;DaGw xf] eg], /fhf 1fg]Gb|sf]
k|ToIf zf;gsf] a]nf /fhfsf] ;Lwf ;dy{g u/]afkt tt\sfnLg k//fi6« dGqL k|sfz rGb|
nf]xgLn] lrlgofF ko{6snfO{ g]kfn e|d0f ug{ cfpFbf le;f z'Ns gnfUg] u/]sf lyP .
rLgdf ePsf] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / rfdTsf/L ljsf; g]kfnLx¿nfO{ klg cfsif{0fsf] ¿kdf
/x]sf] 5 . ;f] ljsf; b]Vg, l;Sgnfos ljifo xf] . o; cy{df l5d]sLldq
/fi6«n] …/]l;k|f]snÚ b[li6n] klg g]kfnL gful/snfO{ nfUg] le;f z'Ns ldgfx lsg
gug{] < blIf0f lt/sf] l5d]sL ldq /fi6« ef/t;Fu ;g\ !(%) sf] zflGt tyf d}qL
;lGwcg';f/ g} b'j} b]zsf gful/snfO{ Pscsf{] b]zdf cfjfudg ug{ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;Ldf
v'nf /flvPsf] 5 . ctM To; ljifodf lrlgofF 8]:s x]g{] k//fi6« dGqfnosf]
lgsfo / g]kfnL /fhb"t 6+s sfsL{, k//fi6« dGqL / k|wfgdGqLsf] e|d0f bnn]
;DalGwt lrlgofF lgsfodf plrt ;dodf cfk"mnfO{ ;dfg:t/sf] /fi6«sf] x}l;otn]
Ph]G8f /fv]df g]kfnLx¿n] pQ/L leq /fi6«sf] e|d0f ubf{ nfUg] …le;f z'NsÚ 5'6
ug{' c;n ldqtfsf] k|tLs g} x'g]5 . To; ;Gb]zdfkm{t ;dfg:t/sf] ;DaGw
b]vfpg;d]t cfjZos 5 . ctM o;kfnLsf] k|wfgdGqLsf] rLg e|d0fn] pQ/L l5d]sL
/fi6«sf] e|d0fdf hfg] g]kfnL gful/snfO{ s]xL v's'nf] / ;dfg:t/sf] ;DaGw agfpg]
5 eGg] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .
jt{dfg cj:yfdf rLg
ljZjd} ;jf{lws j}b]lzs d'b|f ;+lrlt ePsf] d'n'sdf k5{ . cfly{s dGbLdf
u'h|]sf] cd]l/sL cy{tGqnfO{ ;d]t # ca{ 8n/eGbf a9L /sd C0f lbO{ ;xof]u ug{] dha't
cfly{s xfntdf ePsf] b]z ePsfn], gofF g]kfnsf] ljsf; nIonfO{ k"/f ug{ rLgn]
pNn]Vo d2t ug{ ;S5 . o;f] x'g ;s]sf] v08df cgflbsfnb]lv ;'? ePsf] c/lgsf]n]
3lgi7 agfPsf] ;DaGwnfO{ PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] l5d]sL d'n'ssf] 3lgi7 ;DaGwsf] ¿kdf
ljsl;t ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] hn;|f]tdf k|ToIf nufgL u/]/ g]kfnsf] / rLgsf]
cfly{s j[l4df nfdf] cjlwsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg ug{ klg rLgnfO{ of] cj;/
xf] . rLg o; If]qsf nflu ;DefJo Jofkfl/s ;fem]bf/L x'g ;S5 .
xfn g]kfnsf]
sfk{]6sf] ahf/ v:s]sf] / ufd{]G6 Wj:t ePsf] cj:yf 5 . kl:dgf g]kfnsf]
lgof{taf6 ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug{] dxTjk"0f{ pBf]u xf] . ;f]sf nflu
rflxg] sRrf kbfy{ kl:dgf wfuf]sf] pTkfbs rLg, d+uf]lnof eP klg sRrf kbfy{nfO{
t}of/L cj:yfdf k'¥ofO{ g]kfnsf] ahf/ lj:tf/df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] rLg g} xf] .
o:tf cGo yk If]qsf] ;d]t cf}Bf]lus k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;s]sf] v08df g]kfn–rLgaLr
/x]sf] Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ug{ d2t k'Ug ;S5 . xfn} lrlgofF k|fljlwsåf/f :ofª\hfsf]
;'Gtnfsf] u'0f:t/ / :jfb x]/L lrlgofF ahf/sf nflu pko'Qm 7x¥ofOPsf] b]lvG5 .
c¿ klg sltko g]kfnL s[lif pTkfbgn] rLg tyf ltAatsf] ahf/df k|j]z kfPdf s[lifdf
cfwfl/t cy{tGq ePsf] g]kfnnfO{ of]ubfg g} x'g]5 . ljljw If]qsf] ljsf;sf
nflu rLg–g]kfn d}qL ;DaGwnfO{ bf]xf]/f] kmfObf k'Ug] agfpgsf nflu ljsf; ug{'
d}qL e|d0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw x'g ;S5 .
rLg hlxn] klg
alnof] ;/sf/sf] kIfdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . sf/0f tLglt/ v'nf, l;dfgf ePsf],
;dfg efiff, vfgf / ;+:s[lt /x]sf] ef/t h:t} hg:t/sf] ;DaGw rLg;Fu 5}g .
pRr lxdfnn] rLg– g]kfn 3lgi7 l5d]sL elgP klg s]xL l;ldt ;DaGw /xg' :jfefljs}
xf] . g]kfndf x'g] ;–;fgfb]lv 7"nf pyn k'ynn] g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfjfudg
Pscsf{] b]zdf hg;+Vofsf] ef/ kg{] / /f]huf/Lsf] vf]hLdf hfg] cj:yf klg
g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGw;Fu a9L ufFl;Psf] rLgnfO{ yfxf 5 . To;sf/0f 6+sk|;fb
cfrfo{sf] kfnfdf cf}krfl/s s"6gLlts ;DaGw :yfkgf ePsf] rLgn] g]kfndf hlxn]
klg alnof] ;/sf/ ePsf] x]g{ rfxG5 . g]kfnsf k|yd hglgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqL
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] rLgsf] cf}krfl/s e|d0fn] g]kfn–rLgaLr ;DaGwnfO{ k|uf9
agfPsf] lyof] . pxfFs} k|wfgdGqLTjdf ef/tsf] cleJolQmnfO{ /fi6«jfbL kf/fdf
pQ/ lbPsfn] g]kfndf @)!& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts b'3{6gf 36]sf] lyof] . /fhf
dx]Gb|sf] sbdkl5 klg rLgn] g]kfnnfO{ 3lgi7td ldqsf] kl/ro / ;dy{g ub{} cfPsf]
xf] . rfx] ltAat;Fusf] ;Ldfaf6 ef/tLo r]skf]:6 x6fPsf] @)@$ ;fntfsfsf] k|wfgdGqL
sLlt{lglw lji6sf] kfnfsf] 36gf xf]; ls, c/lgsf] /fhdfu{ lgdf{0f u/L sd;]sd b'O{
ldq /fi6«nfO{ ;8s dfu{n] hf]8]/ dx]Gb|kynfO{ ;dy{g hgfPsf] xf]; . /fhtGq,
k~rfotL Joj:yf, k|hftGq / nf]stGq h]h:tf] tGq eP klg g]kfndf alnof] ;/sf/ xf];
eGg] rfxgf /fV5 pQ/L l5d]sL rLg .
o:tf] cj:yfdf 8an
l8lh6 cfly{s j[l4df /x]sf] / hg;+Vof lgoGq0fdf dxTjk"0f{ cu|;/tf /fv]sf]
b]zaf6 g]kfnn] w]/} l;Sg ;S5 . g]kfnn] of] e|d0faf6 kl/jt{gsf] ;+3f/df
/x]sfn] klg w]/} d2t lng ;S5 . o;
cy{df k|wfgdGqL dfwjs'df/ g]kfnsf] 6f]nLn] ;fOkfn–r}gk'/–aemfª hf]8g]
;'b"/klZrd g]kfnnfO{ ltAatsf] dfg;/f]j/ s}nfz hf]8\g] /fhdfu{ lgdf{0fdf
;xof]u dfUg ;S5 . o;} jif{ aemfªsf] ;b/d'sfd r}gk'/ k'lu;s]sf] ;8s
dfu{nfO{ !)) lsnf]ld6/eGbf klg sd lgdf{0f ubf{ jif{]lg xhf/f}F–nfvf}F ef/tLo /
g]kfnL wfld{s ko{6ssf] ¿kdf s}nfz–dfg;/f]j/–ltAat–rLgsf] ofqfdf hfg] lyP .
;'b"/klZrd g]kfnn] klg ltAatsf] g'g / lrlgofF j:t' ;:tf] d"Nodf vfg
kfpFYof] . l5d]sL ul/a jf ef]sf] ePdf s;}nfO{ klg v';L nfUb}g . xfn
rrf{df /x]sf] /;'jf–s]?ªsf] ;8s
hf]8g] cleofgnfO{ rLgn] ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . dWoklZrd /
;'b"/klZrdsf] lk5l8Psf] cj:yfnfO{ ;'wfg{ pQ/L dfu{sf] lgdf{0f cfjZos
eO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] 7"nf] e"–v08nfO{ kmfObf x'g] ul/ r}gk'/–;fOkfn–p/}n]s–e~Hofª ;8s v08sf nflu
;xof]u dfUbf k|wfgdGqLsf] e|d0fn] lk5l8Psf] g]kfnsf] cy{tGq psf:g / nf]stflGqs
g]kfnnfO{ ultzLn agfpg d2t u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
ljZj zlQmsf] ¿kdf
b]lvg nfu]sf] rLg g]kfndf klg Jofks rf;f] b]vfpFb} u/]sf] s'/f ut jif{ / of]
jif{ klg ePsf / x'g] u/]sf /fhgLlts, ;}lgs, s"6gLlts e|d0fsf] cfbfgk|bfgn]
klg emNSofPsf] b]lvG5 . cfkm\gf] k|efj lkmhfpg hg:t/sf] ;DaGw cfjZos 5,
To;sf/0f gofFlbNnLnfO{ g]kfn x'Fb} rLg;Fu hf]8g] lgs6td ;8sdfu{ klg p/}n]s–;fOkfn–r}gk'/–aemfª dfu{ ldq
/fi6« rLgsf] klg rf;f]sf] ljifo agf];\ n]vssf] sfdgf 5 .
rLg e|d0f
h'g– @@
cfh tLg 3G6f u]:6
xfp;df ;'t]kl5 g'xfOw'jfO sl/a !) ah] d rLgl:yt g]kfnL b"tfjf;sf] clkm;df
uPF . ToxfF k'u]/ cfˆgf] kl/ro lbPF .
k]lrªsf]
b"tfjf;df ;a} sd{rf/L;Fu e]6 u/]kl5 ;a} hgfnfO{ /dfOnf] nfUof] .
pgLx¿ ldng;f/ nfu] . l/;]K;gsL lrlgofF s]6L, ldlg:6/ sG;'n/, k|yd ;lrj;lxt
e]6 eP hlt :6fkm;Fu Psl5g ukm;km u/L ;do laTof] . klxnf] lbgsf] ef]hg sxfF
vfg] egL vf]Hbf b"tfjf;glhs} Ps OlG8og /]:6'/]G6 /x]5, Totf vfgf /fd|f]
kfOG5 eg]/ ToxfF hfg] af6f]af/] dnfO{ a'emfPkl5 d cfkm} vfgf vfg uPF . …OlG8og
lsrgdfÚ ;f]daf/b]lv z'qmaf/;Dd !!=#) ah]b]lv # ah];Dd ;a} lsl;dsf ef/tLo vfgf /
cfO;lqmd kmnkm"n;lxtsf] …akm]Ú :6fOnsf] vfgf #* xfn lrlgofF d'b|fsf] gfd
o'afg xf]Og RMB l/dljd lkg ofg]ls
lszfgsf] gf]6 xf] . RMB lrlgofF d'b|fdf
kfOFbf] /x]5 ToxL vfgf laxfg of ;fFem vfg] xf] eg] To;sf] bf]Aa/b]lv rf}a/;Dd
kbf{] /x]5 lsgeg] c¿ ;dodf x/]s cfO6dsf] cnu cnu d"No x'Fbf] /x]5 /
c8{/adf]lhd vfgf lbOg] /x]5 . b'O{
ah]lt/ Totf uP/ vfgf vfO{ #* RMB vfgfsf] d"No /
@ RMB l6K; lbPF . dnfO{ yfxf lyPg of] ;fDojfbL d'n'sdf l6K;sf] rng 5 ls
5}g . l6K; lbPkl5 kfgL NofOlbg] s]6L lan lnP/ hfFbf v';L ePsf] b]v]F .
ha d vfgf vfFb} lyPF, To;a]nf Ps x'n ef/tLo ko{6s cfP / cfkm"v';L
Kn]6df vfgf kl:sFb} lyP . /f]6L ;dfKt eO;s]sfn] pgLx¿n] egL xfn] s};f
OlG8og /]:6'/]G6 x} /f]6L a]u/sf, To;kl5 km]l/ tfttftf] /f]6L ksfP/ /flvlbof] .
o;/L rLgsf] /fhwfgL ;x/df ef/tLo gfdsf] eftn] ef]s d]6fPF .
@#– h'g
cfh laxfg} cf7 ah]
lrlgofF sd{rf/Ln] b"wlrof lnP/ cfof] . d}n] lrof / bfndf]7 clg
kmnkm"n vfPF . Ps 3G6f hlt g]kfnL b"tfjf; glhs 3'd3fd u/]F .
( ah]kl5 P;L nufP/ 8fo/L n]Vb} sdn nD;fnhLsf] k|tLIffdf a;]F . pxfF cln
l9nf cfOk'Ug'eof] . To;kl5 xfdL b'j} hgf a;af6 3'Dg uof}F . Ps a;af6
cf]n{]kl5 d}n] Temple of Heavan hfg] ljrf/ JoQm u/]F .
…xfdL cs{} 7fpFlt/ hfFb} lyof}F, tkfO+{n] 7Ls} ug{'eof] eg]/ nD;fnhLn] eGg'eof] .
xfdL csf{] a;df 6]Dkn ckm x]e]glt/ nfUof}F . af6f]df Ps ahf/df skmL vfof}F
/ s]xL df]tLx¿ lsgd]n u¥of}F . df]tL lsGbf Ps hgf dn]l;og dlxnf;Fu e]6
eof] . pgn] lrg]sL ;fx'gL;Fu df]tL lsGof}F .
Silk market /];d ahf/sf]
gfdn] k|Voft Tof] ahf/df ()Ü hlt ljb]zL u|fxs dfq lyP . tn cfP/
sf7df8f}+sf] hf8f]sf nflu Pp6f xfkm hfs]6 klg lsg]F .
ToxfFaf6 xfdL
csf{] ahf/df klg uof}F . Tof] ahf/sf] gfd xf]+5ofcf] kn{ dfs{]6 /x]5 .
ahf/df xfdLn] s]xL df]tLsf dfnf lsGof}F . Tof] ejgsf] e'OF tnfdf k]g8«fOe,
sf8{l/8/ / b'O{ lhaLsf] kmf]6f] d]df]/L sf8{ lsGof}F . To;kl5 xfdLn] 5tdf
uP/ 6]Dkn ckm x]e]gsf] kmf]6f] lvRof}F . Toltn] d]/f] lrQ a'em]g .
sdn nD;fnhL 6]Dknckm x]e]gleq ghfg] d'8df x'g'x'GYof] . d}n] eg]– otf cfP/
leq k:g] l6s6sf] nf]en] of] k|l;4 7fpF x]l/P eg] 3/ uPkl5 kZrftfk xf]nf .
clg, aNn nD;fnhL;Fu} Psl5g lx+8]/ 6]Dkn ckm x]e]g x]g{ uof}F .
a]n'sLkv #)
o'jfgsf] k|j]z l6s6 sf6]/ xfdL 6]Dkn ckm x]e]g
-lyogyg_ lrlgofF gfd x]g{ uofF} . xfd|f] 6'Fl8v]nsf] bzf}F u'gf ljzfn If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] lrlgofF /fhf dxf/fhfx¿n] xhf/f}F jif{b]lv /fd|f] km;nsf nflu k"hf ug{] aln lbg], k|fy{gf ug{] dlGb/ x]g{ uof}F . a"9fkfsfsf nflu lgMz'Ns k|j]z kf; / ko{6ssf nflu !% o'jfg k|j]z z'Ns / #% o'jfg leqL efusf] z'Ns ePsf] 6]Dkn ckm x]e]g x]/]/ kmSof}{+ . Totfaf6 (%* gDa/sf] a;df 8]9 3G6f;Dd uPkl5 sdn
nD;fnhL a:g] 7fpF /]l8of] k]lsª glhs a;af6 cf]Nof{}+ / /]:6'/]G6df uO{ vfgf vfof}F . vfgf dL7f] lyof] . ldS; t/sf/L, eft, s'v'/fsf]
df;'[ / ljz]if lsl;dsf] ;'k . vfgf vfO;s]kl5 xfdL !* tnfdfly
/x]sf] nD;fnhLsf] ckf6{d]G6df k'uL cf/fd u¥of}{+ . d cfh /flt ot} a:5' eGg] va/ /fhb"tfjf;sf rfh{ 8] Pkm]o;{ v'; gf/fo0f >]i7hLnfO{
klg u/]F .
-lyogyg_ lrlgofF gfd x]g{ uofF} . xfd|f] 6'Fl8v]nsf] bzf}F u'gf ljzfn If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] lrlgofF /fhf dxf/fhfx¿n] xhf/f}F jif{b]lv /fd|f] km;nsf nflu k"hf ug{] aln lbg], k|fy{gf ug{] dlGb/ x]g{ uof}F . a"9fkfsfsf nflu lgMz'Ns k|j]z kf; / ko{6ssf nflu !% o'jfg k|j]z z'Ns / #% o'jfg leqL efusf] z'Ns ePsf] 6]Dkn ckm x]e]g x]/]/ kmSof}{+ . Totfaf6 (%* gDa/sf] a;df 8]9 3G6f;Dd uPkl5 sdn
nD;fnhL a:g] 7fpF /]l8of] k]lsª glhs a;af6 cf]Nof{}+ / /]:6'/]G6df uO{ vfgf vfof}F . vfgf dL7f] lyof] . ldS; t/sf/L, eft, s'v'/fsf]
df;'[ / ljz]if lsl;dsf] ;'k . vfgf vfO;s]kl5 xfdL !* tnfdfly
/x]sf] nD;fnhLsf] ckf6{d]G6df k'uL cf/fd u¥of}{+ . d cfh /flt ot} a:5' eGg] va/ /fhb"tfjf;sf rfh{ 8] Pkm]o;{ v'; gf/fo0f >]i7hLnfO{
klg u/]F .
@$ tfl/v
laxfg cf7 ah]
p7\of}F / skmL vfP/ s[i0f s];LhLsf] ckf6{d]G6df uof}F . Psl5g lrghfg
ukmufkm u/]kl5 :yfgLo ahf/lt/ vfgkfgsf ;fdfg lsGg uof}F . d}n] ToxfFsf]
t/sf/L ahf/df ;a} lsl;dsf t/sf/Lsf] ;fOh cfs[lt 7"nf] ePsf] b]v]F .
rLgdf hg;+Vof w]/} ePsf] / ;a}sf] k]6 eg{sf nflu ;fob w]/} /f;folgs dnsf]
k|of]u eP/ xf]nf eG6fb]lv n;'g, Kofh, :ofp, km;L{, ;a}sf] ;fOh g]kfnsf eGbf
w]/} u'0ff 7"nf /x]5g\ . s]an sfFqmf]sf] ;fOh dfq} 36]sf] kfPF .
s]xL sfFqmfx¿ sfF8]bf/ / ;k{sf] cfs[lt ePsf nfDrf nfDrf b]v]F . ahf/af6
cfPkl5 vfgf vfof}F . bfneft, df;', t/sf/L vfO{ Ps 3G6f cf/fd u¥of}F .
To;} a]nf d}n] 3/df kmf]g;d]t u/]F . vfgf vfPkl5 Ps}l5g ;'Tof}F lsgeg] a]Olhªdf
lbpF;f] 3'Dg hfFbf lgSs} udL{ lyof] .
@$ h'g b'O{ ah]kl5
dfq sdn nD;fnhLsf] 3/ glhsaf6 a;df r9\of}F / csf{] a; abn]/ ;]tf] :t'kf c/lgsf]n]
agfPsf] dlGb/ x]g{ uof}F . ToxfF @) o'jfg RMB k|j]z z'Ns rflxg] /x]5 . t/, g]kfnL gful/ssf
nflu kl/rokqsf cfwf/df lgMz'Ns k|j]z lbg] rng /x]5 . clg t sdn nD;fnhLn]
g]kfnLsf] kl/ro b]vfpg'eof] . d}n] SofDk;sf] kl/rokq b]vfPF . Tolt eP
k|j]z lgMz'Ns eof] . ;]tf] Kofuf]8fleq y'k|} a'4 d"lt{ lyP .
To;sf] jl/kl/ /x]sf] kvf{nnfO{ hL0ff]{4f/ ul/+b} lyof] . glhssf] ;8s rf}8f
agfpFb} ;g\ @))* df x'g] cf]nlDks v]nsf] tof/Lsf nflu a]Olhªn] cfˆgf] :j¿k g}
kl/jt{g ug{ nfu]sf] cfef; eof] . Tof] dlGb/ b]v]/ . To;kl5 csf{] a;df
r9]/ ltgfgd]g :Sjfo/lt/ cfof}F . ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] :Sjfo/ x]g{ /
6]Dkn ckm x]e]g x]g{ a;af6 cf]n{]kl5 l/S;f r9]/ uof}F . Psl5g l/S;f r9]sf]
kGw| RMB lt/]/ k}bn klg lx+8]/
ltgfgd]g :Sjfo/;Dd k'Uof}F . ToxfF kfgL kl//x]sf] lyof] . Psl5g j/k/
x]/]/ kmf]6f] lvRof}F . Tof] a]n'sf v';gf/fo0f >]i7hLsf] 3/df l8g/ vfPF .
!*÷@) tNnfdf /x]sf] v';gf/fo0fhLsf] ckf6{d]G6 /fd|f] lyof] .
tLtf] ofqf, lrlgofF
k|j[lQn] l;sfPsf] kf7
k|j[lQn] l;sfPsf] kf7
ldq /fi6«, rLgsf]
af6f] eO{ d+uf]lnof hfg d}n] sf7df8f}+ l:yt lrlgofF /fhb"tfjf;sf] le;f
;]S;g gS;fndf le;fsf nflu cfj]bg lbPF . cfj]bg ;fy d+uf]lnofsf] lgdGq0ff
kq, d+uf]lnofsf] le;f ePsf] d]/f] /fxbfgL Pj+ SofDk;sf] l;kmfl/; kq;d]t k];
u/]sf] lyPF . ;f] kqdf d}n] d+uf]lnof hfg] ePsfn] ltAatsf] af6f] Nxf;f eP/
hfg'kg{] lyof] . d}n] le;f kmf/ddf bf]xf]/f] k|j]z le;f dfu u/]sf] lyPF .
;fy} d}n] pQm ;dodf d]/f] xjfO{ l6s6 lglZrt geO;s]sfn] a]Olhªb]lv pnfgaf6/
d+uf]lnof cfpghfg /]ndfu{ klg x'g ;S5 egL pNn]v u/]sf] lyPF . lrlgofF le;f
zfvfsf sG;'n/n] tkfO+{nfO{ Psn k|j]z le;fdfq eP k'U5 eGof] . ;f]xLadf]lhd
dnfO Psf]xf]/f] k|j]z le;f lbOof] . dnfO{ clns z+sf nfu]sf] lyof] .
ha d a]Olhªdf k'u]/ g]kfnL b"tfjf;df d+uf]lnofsf nflu xjfO{ l6s6 lng nfu]F .
To; a]nf klg s;}n] klg tkfO+{sf] 8an OG6«L le;f 5}g eg]g / d}n] ^^)$ ;f6]/ lrlgofF d'b|f RMB df d+uf]lnofsf] l6s6 lsg]F .
;f] l6s6 g]kfnL b"tfjf;dfkm{t lsg]F . olb, kl5 s]xL ;d:of ePdf
b"tfjf;af6 sfd ubf{ ;lhnf] xf]nf eGg] d]/f] ljZjf; lyof] . kfFr lbg a]Olhªdf
3'd3fd u/L d+uf]lnof k|:yfg ug{'cl3 dnfO{ z+sf nfUof] . d;Fu Single Entry Psf]xf]/f] k|j]z
le;f 5 . d t];|f] b]z hfFb} 5' . ToxfF s]xL ;d:of ePdf s] ug{] <
d]/f] dgdf pAh]sf] z+sfn] d}n] g]kfnL b"tfjf;sf ldlg:6/ sG;'n/ v';gf/fo0f
>]i7hL;Fu s'/fsfgL u/]F . pxfFn] eGg'eof], …rflxFb}g xf]nf .Ú
t}klg, dg dfg]g a]Olhªaf6 8an OlG6« le;f lng tLg lbg nfU5 /] To;sf nflu d;Fu
afFsL ;do lyPg . cflv/df dnfO{ nfUof] bf]xf]/f] k|j]z le;f rflxG5 eg]
g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf;sf] kq lnP/ hfFbf klg t xf]nf . Tof] ljrf/ u/]kl5 g]kfnL
/fhb"tfjf;n] Ps clwsfl/s kq lrlgofF /fhb"tfjf; pnfgaf6/ d+uf]lnofsf]
gfddf n]Vof] . Tof] kqnfO{ cfˆgf] ;'/Iff sjrsf] ¿kdf 7fg]F .
ha d d+uf]lnof
k'u]F . klxnf] / bf];|f] lbg ToxfFsf] b"/b/fhsf] u|fdL0f e]usf] hLjg,
gf]Dofl8s /xg;xg, ;kmf jftfj/0fdf /flt tf/f x]g{] sfd u/]F . t];|f] lbg d
/fhwfgL ;x/ pnfgaf6/ k'u]F . d}n] lrlgofF /fhb"tfjf; vf]Hg yfn]F .
To;sf nflu Ps hgf d+uf]lnog aflnsf gf/fn] dnfO{ lgs} d2t ul/g\ . nfdf]
nfOg nfu]/ lrlgofF b"tfjf;df le;f cfj]bg kmf/d e/]F / ;fydf g]kfnL
/fhb"tfjf;af6 n]v]sf] kq klg ;+nUg u/]F . Tolt dfq xf]Og, ;Fu}
d+uf]lnofsf] sfo{qmdsf] hfgsf/L, lgdGq0ffsf] kmf]6f]skL, d+uf]lnog / rfOlgh
le;f;d]t kmf]6f]skL u/]/ gTyLul/ lbPF . lrlgofF b"tfjf;sf dflg;n]
cfˆg} efiffdf s]s] s'/f u/] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . t/, xfd|f] sfo{qmdsf] ljifo,
nf]stGq, dfgjclwsf/ / zflGt;Fu ;DalGwt ePsfn] ltAatsf] af6f] o:tf dfG5] k7fpg'
vt/gfs x'G5 eGg] kf] nfUof] ls s] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g, cflv/df d]/f] lr7L leq cfkm};Fu
/fvL kf;kf]6{ / cfj]bg lkmtf{ u¥of] .
dnfO{ Psbd l/; p7\of] t/ s] ug{] ljb]zsf] dfdnf <
Tof] lbg d ufGwL
cf>d vfbL eG8f/sf] s'tf{ kfohfdf -ef/tLo n'uf_ nufP/ uPsf] lyPF . Tolt dfq
xf]Og, d;Fu dnfO{ le;f lng ;3fpg uPsL d+uf]lnog ;fyL gf/f klg ef/tLo
b"tfjf;df lxGbL efiff l;Sb} u/]sL /lx5g\ . pgsf] ef/tLo
/fhb"tfjf;sf] le;f ;]S;gsf sG;'n/ ld:6/ ;fx';Fu /fd|f] lrghfg /x]5 .
pgn] elgg\ x]/f}F ef/tLo b"tfjf;n] d2t ug{ ;S5 ls . lrlgofF b"tfjf;af6
xfdL glhs}sf] ef/tLo b"tfjf; k'Uof}F . ToxfF k'u]/ gf/fnfO{
b]Vg]lalQs} ;fx'n] elgxfn]– cfhsn Sof]+ gxL k9\g] cftL . pgn] klg elgg xd
Xjf/fªs] cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngd] y] . TolQs}df d}n] klg gd:sf/ eg]F / lrghfg u/]F .
d}n] eg]– P efO ;fxa cfk nf]u tf] g]kfns] a8] efO x}xL, d]/f k|f]And d s'5
s/kfo]+u] . pgn] dnfO{ clkml;oNnL d2t ug{ g;Sg] hgfP . t/, lghL:t/df
d sf]l;; u5{' eg] . pgn] dnfO{ eg], …olb cfk OlG8og xf]t] tf] xf cfks] lnP
kq lnvs] lrlgof]+;] afts/ ;St]y] k/Gt' cfk g]kfnL x} Sof s/]+ <Ú d}n] eg]– xfd|f]
b"tfjf; d+u]flnofdf 5}g, a]Olhªsf] clkml;on l;kmfl/; kqn] klg dfg]g, oxfF
xfdL g]kfnLsf nflu klg ef/tLo ldqn] d2t ug{ ;S5 eg] 7Ls x'GYof] egL cfPsf] x'F
eg]kl5 pgn] klxn] t kq n]v] . t/, l8l;Pdn] Tof] kq lbg ldNb}g eg]kl5 le;f
;]S;gdf sfd ug{] nf]sn :6fkm d+uf]lnog :6fkmdfkm{t 6]lnkmf]gdf d+uf]lnog /
lrlgofF efiffdf d]/f] ;a} j[tfGt eGg nufP . pgn] eg] hfg'; lrlgofF b"tfjf;df
km]l/ xfdL ToxFf uof}F . t/, pxL pQ/ cfof] . tkfO+{nfO{ @$ 3G6f le;f
rflxFb}g . ef/tLo b"tfjf;sf] kmf]gsf] sf/0f d]/f] g]kfnL b"tfjf;n]
lbPsf] kq h;nfO{ lrlgofFx¿n] cfkm};Fu /fv]sf lyP, lkmtf{ ul/lbof] . k¥of]
laTof; d km]l/ klg lrlGtt g} /x]F . cflv/df xfdL Po/
rfOgfsf] clkm;df uof}F / ;f]Wof}F . ToxfFsf] :6fkmn] eGof]– rf}aL; 3G6f
tkfO{+nfO{ le;f rflxFb}g lsgeg] tkfO+{sf] sg]S6L+ ˆnfO6 5 lrGtf gug{';\ .
clg, Tof] a]n'sf dnfO{ lgGb|f t nfUof] . ef]lnkN6 sf]l/og ;fyL sf]l/of
kms{g] lyP . Ps hgf sf]l/og ;xefuLn] d]/f nflu s]xL l6s6sf] /sd d2t u/]sf]
lyof] . p;n] olb tkfO+{n] le;f kfpg'ePg eg] tkfO{+nfO{ csf{] l6s6 sf6\g yk
k};f rflxG5 eg]/ #)) 8n/ yk lbPsf] lyof] . Po/ rfOgfsf] l6s6df ;d:of gx'g]
hfgsf/L kl5 dnfO{ lbPsf] #)) 8n/ d}n] pxfFnfO{ lkmtf{ ul/lbPF .
csf{] lbg d]/f]
g]kfnsf nflu p8\g] sfo{qmd lyof] . g]kfnaf6 cfPs} af6f]af6 lkmtf{
hfg'kYof{] pnfgaf6/ – a]Olhª, 5]Gb', Nxf;f / sf7df8f}+ . d]/f Ps hgf ldq
gfuL / d'lun] dnfO{ 6f9fsf] Po/kf]6{df k'¥ofOlbP . r+u]h vfF cGt/f{li6«o
xjfO{ c8\8f pnfgaf6/ ;x/af6 lgs} 6f9f /x]5 . Po/kf]6{ k'Ug sl/a @) 8n/
6\ofS;L ef8f nfUg] /x]5 . Po/kf]6{df ;fdfg hfFr eof], d]/f] nu]h leq uO;s]kl5
dnfO{ labf u/L d+uf]lnog ;fyL 3/ kmls{P . ha d cWofudg kf/ ug{ nfu]F ta
dnfO{ /f]lsof] . bf]xf]/f] k|j]z le;f gePsf] egL dnfO{ clGtd k|j]z laGb'af6
/f]lsof] . d]/f] 7fpFdf csf{] lrlgofF Jofkf/LnfO{ p8fof] . d}n] ;'g]cg';f/,
rLg / d+uf]lnofdf r/d e|i6frf/ x'G5 /] ;fob dnfO{ l8kf]6 u/]kl5 pgLx¿n] w]/}
3"; vfP/ Jofkf/LnfO{ p8fPsf] klg x'g ;S5 . d}n] hlt cg'/f]w u/]F klg
s;}n] ;'g]gg\ . d]/f] leq k7fO;s]sf] ;fdfg lkmtf{ u/L dnfO{ aflx/ lgsfNof] .
d]/f] hLjgdf klxnf] k6s p8fgaf6 l8kf]6 x'g] 36gf 36\of] . To;sf]
;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lrlgofF ;/sf/ jf Po/
rfOgfn] lng} kg{] xf] . olb o:tf] 36gf klZrdL k|hftflGqs d'n'sdf 36]sf] eP
d]/f] cf]e/ :6] ug{'k/]sf] lbgsf] vr{;d]t Ifltk"lt{ kfpg'kg{] lyof] .
d]/f] s'g} klg uNtL a]u/ a]vrL{ eO{ a;]sf] xjfO{ ofqLsf] l6s6 sfd gnfUg] u/L ca
rLgsf] af6f] hfg kfOFb}g eGg' slQsf] dfgjLo Jojxf/ xf] < To; a]nf d;Fu hDdf
@) 8n/ hlt d+uf]lnog k};f -6'u|v_ afFsL lyof] . To;sf] klg ;6xL rfh{ lt/L 8n/
agfO;s]sf] lyPF . ca k¥of] laTof; d Psbd b'MvL / lrlGtt ePF . ef]ln
laxfg sf7df8f}+ k'Ug] v';L b'Mvdf kl/0ft
eof] . ca sxfF hfg] k};f 5}g, a:g] 7fpF 5}g <
;+s6sf] a]nfdf
d}n] xf]; u'dfOgF . aflx/ cfO{ 6\ofS;Ldf ;fdfg /fv]F / ljrf/ u/]F .
xf]6ndf hfpF k};f 5}g clg t gf/fsf] 3/df hfg] ljrf/ u/]F . d;Fu p;sf]
km]fg gDa/ ePsf] lelhl6+u sf8{rflxF lyof] . af6f]df 6\ofS;LjfnfnfO{ sf8{
b]vfO{ kmf]g ug{ nufPF . gf/f;Fu s'/f eof] . xfdL pgsf] 3/df k'Uof}F .
pgnfO{ klg b'Mv nfUof] . t/, pgn] dnfO{ w]/} d2t ul/g\ . ;fdfg 3/df
/fv]/ Po/ rfOgfsf] clkm;df uO{ emu8f u/]F,
lgs} egfeg eof] . cflv/df bf]xf]/f] le;f gePsf sf/0f l8kf]6 u/]sf] eGg]
clkml;on kq agfpg nufof}F tfls k|of]u gePsf] xjfO{ l6s6sf] /sd l/kmG8 dfu ug{
;lsof];\ . To;kl5 Ps xf]6ndf uO{ vfgf vfof}F . ca d'Vo ;d:of eof] .
rLgafx]s s'g ?6 s;/L hfg] < xfdL pnfgaf6/ xf]6ndf uof}F . ToxfF /x]sf] Po/nfOG;sf]
clkm;df ;f]wk'5 u¥of}F . sf]l/og Po/sf] O–l6s6 pknAw eof] . clg, sdn
nD;fnn] cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf nflu d]/f] xftdf k7fPsf] /sdn] l6s6 vl/b u/]F .
d+uf]lnof–;f]n sf]l/of–sf7df8f}+ . Tof] l6s6 d]/f] xft k¥of] clg d 9'Ss
ePF . ca rLgdf gl5/]/ d g]kfn k'Ug] ePF eg]/ . csf{]lbg /flt !@
ah]sf] sf]l/og Po/sf] ˆnfO6 x'/L, xfjfsf sf/0f ! ah] /flt p8]/ laxfg ^ ah]
sf]l/of / @ ah] sf7df8f+} k'uL d]/f] sl7g xjfO{ ofqf k"/f eof] .
g]kfnn] /fhfsf]
k|ToIf zf;gsf] a]nfdf k|sfz rGb| nf]xgLn] lrlgofF gful/ssf nflu lgMz'Ns le;f
lbg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . s] g]kfn e|d0f ug{ cfpg] lrlgofF ofqL le;f z'Ns
ltg{ ;Sb}gg\ < lsg g]kfnL gful/snfO{ rLgdf le;f lbg klg ufx|f] ul/G5 <
Pp6} d'n's dfGg] rLgn] ltAatnfO{ cs{}, xªsªnfO{ cs{} / rLgnfO{ cs{} le;f lsg
dfU5 < g]kfnLn] ;of}+ jif{ /Iff u/]sf] xªsªdf ;d]t g]kfnLnfO{ le;f lbg
lrlgofF clwsf/L rf/k6s ljrf/ u5{g\ . ;dfg l5d]sL ;DaGw s;/L x'g ;S5
g]kfnsf] . ef/tdf xfdL :jtGq ¿kdf ljr/0f ug{ ;S5f}F . sfdsfh u/]/ a:g
;lsG5 . pQ/tL/sf] 3lgi6td ldq dfg]sf] rLgn] t xfnsf lbgdf a]Olhªsf] ;]tf]
Kofuf]8fdf ;d]t c/lgsf] g]kfnL jf:t'sf/n] agfPsf] egL n]v]/ /fv]sf] tfd|kqnfO{
d]6L gi6 u/L gofF kl/ro /f]v]sf] b]lvG5 .
dnfO{ le;f pknAw
u/fpg cGTodf d+uf]lnofsf] l/ef]lnpgl/ kf6L{sL sfof{no ;lrj dlxnfn] cg'/f]w ubf{
klg lrlgofF b"tfjf;sf sd{rf/Ln] 6]/k'R5/ nufPgg\ . d+uf]lnog l/ef]lnp:g/L
kf6L{sL ;lrjn] eg]sL lyOg– pxFf ;xefuL ePsf] ;Dd]ngdf xfd|f] klg ;xof]u 5 .
To;}n] pxFfnfO{ xfd|f] kfx'gf dfg]/ bf]xf]/f] k|j]z le;f lbg';\ k/Gt' s]xL;Lk
nfu]g . s;}nfO{ klg gk/f];\ j}b]lzs ofqfdf dnfO{, rLgsf] af6f]df k/]h:tf]
;d:of . g]kfn kms{]/ d}n] bfjf ubf{;d]t plrt Ifltk"lt{ kfPsf] 5}g .
xfd|f] k//fi6« dGqfnon] ;d]t kq n]v] tfklg lrlgofF b"tfjf; / Po/ rfOgfsf]
3}+6f]df 3fd nfu]sf] 5}g . ;g\ @))& h'g, h'nfO{sf] rLgsf] af6f]sf]
d+uf]lnof ofqfn] dnfO{ crDd kf¥of] .
;+u|xfno b/af/
of] ;+u|xfno
P]ltxfl;s / snfTds ¿kdf ;a}eGbf /fd|/L a'‰g ;lsg] lrlgofF ;+u|xfnodWo] Ps xf] .
o; ;+u|xfnosf] :yfkgf ;fd|fHojfbL b/af/sf] hudf ePsf] lyof] . o;nfO{ csf{]
zAbdf …kmf]la{8g l;6LÚ klg elgG5 . of] b/af/ b'O{ j+z -[ldª -!#^*–!^$) / lsª -!^$$–!(!!_] x¿sf] ;+:sf/ / cyfx ;DklQsf] s]Gb| jf
d'6'sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] .
o; ;fd|fHojfbL b/af/sf]
jf:tljs lgdf{0f ;g\ !$@) df k"0f{ ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] k"/f If]qkmn
!,))),))) :Sjfo/ ld6/ /x]sf] 5 h;df ejgx¿n] dfq !&),))) :Sjfo/ ld6/ If]qkmn
cf]u6]sf] 5 . olb, l8hfOg x]g{] xf] eg] dWo–pQ/L–blIf0fL efudf kg{] leqL /
aflx/L b/af/x¿ ;+j]bgzLn 5g\ . aflx/L b/af/sf ljz]iftfx¿df
;'lk|d–xfdf{]gL, ;]G6«n–xfdf{]gL / lk|hle{ª–xfdf{]gL k5{g\ . logsf aundf
…xn ckm ln6//L la|lnoG;\ / df;{n e]n/Ú 5g\ . oxL
g} ;d|f6\n] dxTjk"0f{ ;df/f]xx¿sf] ;efkltTj ug{] uy{] . leqL b/af/n]
…Kofn]; ckm x]e]GnL Ko'l/6L, xn ckm o'lgog, Kofn]; ckm cy{nL 6«ofªSjfln6L /
ODk]l/on uf8{gÚ nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . k"j{ / klZrddf u/L hDdf Ps
bh{g rf]s / 3/x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . leqL b/af/df ;d|f6\, ;fd|fuL, lelqgLx¿sf]
cfjf; dfq geO{, oxfF k|zf;lgs sfo{x¿sf nflu 7fpF klg x'GYof] . cem yk,
k"j{kl§sf] 6\ofªlSjn n+u]le6L–kl/;/ cjsfz k|fKt ;d|f6\sf lgldQ agfOPsf]
lyof] / klZrdkl§sf] Kofn]; ckm a]gf]ef]n]G6 6\ofªlSjln6L ljwjf ;fd|fuLsf lglDt
tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] . …kmf]la{8g l;l6Ú cfhsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / /fd|/L
;'/lIft b/af/ xf] . t[tLo ldª ;d|f6\ …e'm l8Ú b]lv clGtd lsª ;d|f6\
…km"O{Ú ;Dd, hDdf @$ ;d|f6\ afFr] / pgLx¿n] $(! jif{;Dd oxL b/af/af6 /fHo
u/] . ;g\ !(!! df u0ftflGqs qmflGtsf] sf/0f /fh j+zsf] ktg x'g k'Uof] .
…lsª u[xsf] plrt pkrf/Ú wf/fsf] cfwf/df …Ko'OÚ nfO{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf u2L Tofu]kl5
leqL b/af/df a:g lbOPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(!$ df aflx/L b/af/df …Gof:gn Uofn/L
ckm PlG6ls6LhÚ sf] :yfkgf u/L ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu v'nf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\
!(@$ df ;]gfsf sdfG8/ …km]gf o'lhofªÚ åf/f ul/Psf] ;Qf kn6df …Ko'OÚ nfO{
…kmf]lj{8g l;l6Ú af6 lgisfl;t ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !(@% cS6f]a/ !) df cfP/
dfq} leqL b/af/df ;+u|xfno b/af/ :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !($* df
…Gof:gn Uofn/L ckm PlG6lsl6hÚ nfO{ ;+u|xfno b/af/df uflePsf] lyof] . ;g\
!($( df hg u0ftflGqs rLgsf] :yfkgfkl5 g}, b/af/sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu 7"nf] kl/df0fdf
;+/If0f kl/of]hgfx¿ Nffu" ul/P . ;g\ !(^! Dff /fHo ;efn] …kmf]la{8g
l;l6ÚnfO{ rLgsf] ;a}eGbf klxnf] ;'/lIft :df/ssf] ¿kdf tf]Sof] / ;g\ !(*& df
o;nfO{ o'g]:sf] ljZj ;Dkbf :yn agfOof] .
;+u|xfno b/af/df ! s/f]8 %) nfv eGbf a9L j:t'x¿ 5g\ . ;+u|xfno
Uofn/Ldf df}lns b/af/sf] P]ltxfl;s sf]7fx¿sf ;fy} yk df6f]sf efF8fs'F8fx¿ lrqsnfx¿,
;'\Gb/ cIf/x¿ 9nf]6x¿, uxgfx¿, 38Lx¿, 9'+ufsf 8«dx¿ / xl/tdl0fx¿ k|bz{gLdf
/flvPsf 5g\ . oL Uofn/Lx¿Dff, c:yfoL k|bz{gx¿df dfq} ljz]if u/L ljifout
k|bz{gx¿ Ul/G5g\ .
hfkfgL k/Dk/f
/ g]kfnL rng
g]kfnsf lxdfnL ufp“x¿df k|foM :gfg ug]{ rng 5}g . kxf8L If]qdf
b}lgs :gfg ug{' afx'g afh]sf] sfd xf] eGg] rng klg 5 . cfhef]ln lah'nL /
;f]nf/sf] k|of]un] kfgL ttfP/ b}lgs tftf] kfgLdf g'xfpg' ;xl/of ;Eo hLjgsf]
k|tLs x'g nfu]sf] 5 . t/fO{df udL{ x'g] x'“bf lbgdf tLg÷rf/k6s;Dd zLtntfsf
nflu g'xfpg] ul/G5 . d]/f hfkfgL ldq ;f]dfsf] elthfn] …laxfgsf] ;do l5§} a|]skmf:6 vfO{
sfddf hfg'k5{, To; a]nf g'xfpg a:of] eg] sdfpg] ;do vr{ eOxfN5 . To;sf/0f
laxfg g'xfpg' cl;l4 xf] / laxfg g'xfpg] dfG5] cfk\mgf] wg–;DklQ p8fp“5 eGg]
oxf“sf] rng 5 .Ú eg]sf] s'/f ;'Gbf dnfO{ pT;'stf nfUof] . o:tf] lsg
elgPsf] xf]nf, egL d ud vfg k'u]“ . a'e\mb} hf“bf hfkfgdf afx'gg'xfO
x'“b}g /x]5 . a]n'sf sfd l;WofO{ yfs]/ cfPsf dflg; ;aeGbf klxn] kfx'gfnfO{
g'xfpg eGbf /x]5g\ . afy 6adf 6fpsf]afx]s hLp 8'afP/ a:g] rng /x]5 .
To;n] ubf{ lbgel/sf] ysfg klg d]l6g], z/L/ r+uf x'g] clg l8g/ vfP/ d:t;“u
lgbfpg klg ;lsg] /x]5 . …b]zcg';f/sf] e]if, lz/cg';f/sf] s]zÚ eg]em}“
dnfO{ hf8f] 7fp“df of] tl/sf /fd|f] nfUof] .
sfl;af/f
cfh a'4 dlGb/ sfl;af/fsf] cjnf]sg–e|d0fdf lgl:sof}“ . gf/faf6 Ps 3G6feGbf a9L ;dodf
k'lug] sl/a xfd|f] uf]bfj/Lh:tf] 7fp“df cjl:yt ;'Gb/ kxf8L b[ZofjnLsf] dWodfudf
/x]sf] lkslgs :yn;“u} Ol;a'tfO{ skmg 6'd'n;nfO{ klg xfdLn] x]¥of}“ .
cfh;Dd k|fKt hfkfgsf] k|frLg skmg egL lrlgPsf pQm skmg ;ft ;o O;fsf] ;dosf s'g}
/fhfsf] lrxfg /x]5 . Toxf“ ldnfP/ /flvPsf ljzfn tLgj6f 9'+ufx¿ To; a]nf
s;/L af]s]/ NofOP xf]nfg\ < ;fy} r6Ss kvf{n agfO{ ldnfpg / dflyaf6 5fgfh:tf]
agfpg k|of]u ul/Psf r§fgh:tf 9'+ufx¿ x]bf{ jt{dfg ;dodf qm]gnfO{ ;d]t ufx|f]
x'g] sfd tTsfnLg dflg;n] s;/L ;DkGg u/] x'g\ egL ;a} 5Ss / kSs k5{g\ . To;
a]nf nfvf}“ dflg;sf] >dn] ag]sf] xf]nf Tof] ;jf{lws k'/fgf] hfkfgL lrxfg .
Toxf“af6 lx“8\b} cfp“bf af6f]df kmnsf] Pp6f k;n b]lvof] . Toxf“
dfG5] sf]xL klg lyPgg\ . 8f]sf]h:tf] 6f]s/Ldf kmnk"mn /flvPsf lyP .
To;df d"No klg n]lvPsf] lyof] . ;fydf sfuhsf] v'q's]h:tf] k};fsf]
afs; lyof] . dg nfu]sf dflg; Tof] kmn lnGy], cfjZos k};f /fVy] / cfk\mgf]
uGtJolt/ nfUy] . ef/tsf] /]ndf of a;df ofqf ubf{ cfk"m;“usf] cfk\mgf]
;'6s]; rf]/L x'G5 ls egL kmnfdsf] l;qmLn] af“wL tfNrf nufPsf] b]v]sf] dh:tf]
dfG5]nfO{ To; k;nsf] gfd …g}lts k;nÚ eGg dg nfUof] . cfh} sfl;af/f
b[Zofjnf]sgsf] ;dodf blIf0f ef/taf6 NofOPsf ^^ s/f]8 o]g kg]{ u|]gfO6sf
lrxfgx¿sf tof/L gd'gf /fv]sf b]Vof}“ . hfkfgdf ef/tLo dfa{n / u|]gfO6sf]
7"nf] ahf/ /x]5 . ToxL 7fp“df xfdLn] ljzfnsfo a'4 eujfg\sf b'O{j6f
d"lt{x¿ Pp6f plePsf] / csf]{ ;'t]sf] b]Vof+}“ . Tolt dfq xf]Og,
agf/;sf] dfg; dlGb/df c+lst /fdnLnfh:t} To; 7fp“sf] dlGb/kl/;/sf leQfdf a'4sf]
hLjgLnfO{ 7"nf7"nf 9'+ufdf s'“b]/ agfPsf] /x]5 . tL dfa{n
ef/tsf] sgf{6saf6 Nofp“bf /x]5g\ . sl/a kRrL; jif{b]lv Tof] dlGb/ agfpg]
JolQm ef/tdf s'i7/f]uLsf] ;]jfdf klg ;+nUg /x]5g\ . Toxf“ laqmLsf nflu
/flvPsf ;fdfg klg ;a} cfu/f / hok'/df lgld{t x:tsnfsf ;fdfg lyP . To;
dlGb/sf] lgdf{0fn] hfkfg / ef/tsf] d}qLnfO{ d2t u5{ xf]nf . hfkfgsf]
/fhwfgL klxn] o;} 7fp“df lyof] /] † kl5 gf/fdf ;/]5 . s]xL ;o jif{
gf/fdf /x]kl5 hfkfgsf /fhfnfO{ rLgsf] Ps ;x/ dg k/]5 clg Sof]6f]nfO{ ;Lwf;Lwf
uNnLx¿df ljeflht u/L Jojl:yt ;x/sf ¿kdf /fhwfgL ;x/ agfPsf /x]5g\ . To;}n]
gf/f / Sof]6f]df y'k|} a'4, l;Gtf] dlGb/ /fhfåf/f lgld{t 5g\ . kl5
Jofkfl/s ;x/sf ¿kdf 6f]lsof]sf] ljsf; ePkl5 ;g\ !*^* b]lv hfkfgL /fhwfgL
6f]lsof]df ;¥of], h;nfO{ hfkfgsf] cfw'lgs o'u -d]OhL o'u_ dflgG5 .
kf“r k':tfsf] Ps kl/jf/
d}n] g]kfndf 7"nf] egL b]v]sf] lrg]hfg]sf] kl/jf/ las] >]i7
w'lnv]n u]:6 xfp;jfnfsf] kl/jf/ xf] . las] >]i7sf] ;uf]nsf] kl/jf/df
axQ/ hgf ;b:o lyP . hfkfgdf klg kf“r k':tf;Dd Ps;fy a:g ;S5g\ eGg] d}n]
sNkgf u/]sf] lyOg“ . g]kfndf ;jf{lws d'2f c+zd'2f x'g] u/]sf] s'/fsf ;fIfL
cbfnt 5g\ . c+z / j+zsf ;DaGwsf ljifodf ;dfg c+zsf] ;jfn ;a} cfcfkm\gf
7fp“df 5“b} 5g\ . d]/f] tfhf cg'ejn] kfl/jfl/s dfGotf / sfg'g slt k|an
x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . 6f]lsof]af6 pQ/lt/ -hfkfgsf] a'n]6 6«]g cyf{t\
l;GsfG;]gsf] ult @ ;o %) lsnf]ld6/ k|lt3G6f_ sf] tf]lruL eGg] ufp“df Ps 3/ 5 .
o; 3/sf dflg; tLgrf/ ;o jif{cl3 h+unsf aLrdf st}af6 cfO{ a;]5g\ / h+unsf ¿v
sf6]/ v]tLkftL u/L hLjg rnfpg yfn]5g\ .
kl5 lj:tf/} hldgsf] efuaG8fsf] ljifodf ;f]r]/ lgod agfP5g\ . of]
3/sf] ;DklQ / hldg h]7f] 5f]/fn] dfq kfpg]5 . clg, To;} a]nfb]lv sfd u/L
vfg ;dy{ gx'Gh]n dfq c¿ 5f]/fx¿ ;uf]nsf] 3/df a:g], hjfg ePkl5 cGoq hfg] /
h]7f]n] 3/sf] ;DklQ vfg] clg j+z rnfpg] rng a;fn] 5g\ . xfn ;f] kl/jf/df (@
jif{sL cfdf l5g\, &# jif{sf] h]7f] 5f]/f], ^*, ^@, $( jif{sf cGo 5f]/f 5g\ .
b'O{ 5f]/Lsf] ljjfx eO;s]sf] 5 . h]7f] 5f]/fsf] 5f]/f / gflt clg gfltgLsf]
b'O{ jif{sf] 5f]/f;lxt j+z rnfpg] / k'Vof}{nL
vfg] Tof] ;fgf] afnsnfO{ ;a}n] cflwsfl/s xsbf/ :jLsf/]sf 5g\ . p;sf] afa'n]
/fd|f] ljZjljBfnoaf6 PdP kf; u/]/ klg gf]s/L u/L ;x/lt/ a:g] OR5fnfO{ kfl/jfl/s
Ho]i7tfsf] lgodn] k"/f ug{ lbPg . 6\ofS6/, b"w, v]t / ufO{sf]
sfd ug'{ p;sf] lgTo sd{ xf] . ;of}“ la3f hldg, csf]{ ;of}“ la3fdf
w'kL;Nnfsf] h+un, b"w lbg] ;Q/Lj6f ufO{ -Pp6f ufO{n] Ps lbgdf krf; ln6/;Dd
b"w lbG5 _, cGo ;f“9], afR5fafR5Lx¿sf] sfdwGbf p;sf] lbgrof{ ePsf] 5 .
s]xL lbg labf lng'k¥of] eg] Ps hgf sfdbf/nfO{ lbgsf] #) xhf/ o]g lbP/ /fVg'k5{
/] † pQ/flwsf/Ln] cfk"mnfO{ ufp“df ;Lldt /fv]sf] t/ cfk"mn] klg
ca lrQ a'emfPsf] eGg] kgfltn] aHo};“u a;]/ vfgf vf“bf slt /fd|f] nfU5 †
efu u¥of] eg] hldg 6'lqmG5 . To;}n] xfdLn] cfk"mn] arkgb]lv of]
bfOsf] ;DklQ xf] egL ;'g]sfn] ;DklQdfly cf“vf uf8]gf}“ sfG5f, dflxnf, ;fO“nf
efOx¿n] eg] . ;/sf/L lgodn] t ;DklQdf ;dfg clwsf/ 5, t/ xfd|f] k'Vof}{nL
lgodnfO{ dfGb} d"n3/ h]7f]nfO{ lb“bf xfd|f] hGd:yn ;'/lIft ePsf] cg'ej
u5f}{“ egL cGo efOx¿n] eg] . ljz]if a]nf o;} 3/df hDdf x'G5f}“ egL
;a}hgf;“u e]6 u/L vfgf vf“bf dnfO{ klg hfkfgsf] ;'Gb/ u|fdL0f hLjg cfgGbdo nfUof] . ls;fg eP
klg kh]/f] / tLgj6f sf/, v]tLdf k|of]u x'g] y'k|} d]l;g 6\ofS6/ ePsf] o;
kl/jf/n] ;+o'Qm kl/jf/sf] gd'gfsf] ;f]efsf] kfl/jfl/s kmf]6f] /fVg] .
cfh;Ddsf] Psdfq hfkfgL k|wfgdGqLsf] e|d0f ;g\ @))) df lqe'jg
ljdfg:ynsf] lelecfOkL sIfdf .
xfdL cS6f]a/ !( tfl/v !M#) ah]lt/ t]Gb|L ljZjljBfnosf] u]:6 xfp;af6
lx“8\of}“, t/ Toxf“ emdemd kfgL kl//x]sf] lyof] . xfOj]sf] cUnf] af6f] eP/
hfkfgsf] sfG;fO{ xjfO{ d}bfg glhs /x]sf] c7f/ tnf cUnf] hfkfg kmfpG8];gsf]
clkm;df k'Uof}“ / df]afOnaf6 xfdL k'u]sf] hfgsf/L lbPkl5 Ps hgf dlxnf …cf]xfof]
uf]hfOdf;Ú, …sf]lGglrafÚ eg]/ cfOk'lug\ / Toxf“sf cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw x]g]{
xflsdnfO{ va/ ul/g\ . t'?Gt} tLg rf/ hgf :6fkm;“u lrgfhfgL eof] . clg
d}n] cfk"mn] nu]sf] pkxf/ / cfkm\gf] lelhl6ª sf8{ pgnfO{ lbP“ . To;kl5 d}n] lqe'jg
ljZjljBfnosf] cj:yf, ;+7g, ljBfyL{ ;+Vofsf] hfgsf/L u/fP“ . To;kl5
ljZjefiff SofDk;af/] tyf hfkfgL efiff sfo{qmdsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fP“ .
To;} a]nf g]kfndf hfkfgL efiff k|f]k]ml;oG;L 6]:6sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg]af/] ;d]t
lj:t[t s'/f eof] . To;kl5 hfkflgh :68L / hfkfgL efiff :gfts sfo{qmdsf]
;~rfngsf ;DaGwdf xfdLn] s'/f u¥of}“ .
a'n]6sf]
hDsfe]6
hfkfgsf] t]Gb|L ljZjljBfno / ljZjefiff SofDk;sf] b'O{ bzs nfdf] ;DaGw
5 . b'O{kIfLo ;DaGwnfO{ cf}krfl/s ;DaGw cfbfg–k|bfgsf] ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ug{
cS6f]a/ @$, ;g\ @))) df dnfO{ hfkfgsf] lgDtf] k|fKt eof] . cS6f]a/ dlxgfsf]
b;}“+ labfdf ;f]xL sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ hfkfg e|d0fsf] cj;/ dnfO{ k|fKt eof] .
sf7df8f}+–;fª3fO{–sfG;fO{sf] ljdfg dfu{af6 d]/f] hfkfg e|d0f ;'? eof] .
hfkfgsf] k|frLg /fhwfgLsf] gfd Sof]tf] xf] . Sof]tf] clxn] klg
Toxf“sf] ;f+:s[lts /fhwfgLsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . cfw'lgstf / k|frLgtfsf]
;Dk"0f{ ;lDd>0f oxf“ kfOG5 . kßsGof SofDk; / Softf]sf] Sof]tf]a'sf] ljZjljBfnoaLr nfdf] ;dob]lv
elugL;DaGw sfod x'“b} cfPsf] 5 . Sof]tf]sf] :j0f{ / /ht dlGb/ -ls+sfs'hL /
lu+sfs'hL_ Toxf“sf] /fhgLlts Oltxf;, aF}4 cEof; hfkfgL k/Dk/f tyf hfkfgL
;+:s[lt / jf:t'snfsf hLjGt gd'gf x'g\ .
Sof]tf]b]lv tf]lsof];Ddsf] b"/L % ;o %) lsnf]ld6/ 5 . of]
b"/L sf7df8f}+b]lv s}nfnL, cQl/of jf sf7df8f}+ sf“s8le§fsf] hlQs} x'G5 .
xfn g]kfnsf] ;f] b"/L kf/ ug{ sDtLdf klZrdkl§ b'O{ lbg Ps /ft ;fdfGo
ofq'a;df nfU5 . g]kfnsf] oftfoftsf] Psdfq ;fwg a; g} xf] . ef}uf]lns
ljljwtf, dfcf]jfbL ;d:of, ;8ssf] b'/fj:yf, ;'/Iff lgsfosf] cgfjZos hf“rh:tf
k|d'v sf/0fn] xfdLnfO{ kf“r ;o krf; lsnf]ld6/ kf/ ug{ b'O{ lbg Ps /ft nfUg] u5{ .
x'g t xfdL ef/t;“u ;Ldf hf]l8Psf g]kfnL xf}“ . ;Ldfsf] ;DaGwn] kmfObf a]kmfObf b'j}
x'G5 . bflh{lnªdf c+u|]hn] /f]k]sf] lrof / 3/ agfpg] z}nLsf] l;sf] u/]sfn]
Onfd …uof] Onfd vfof] l;nfd, kms{g] a]nf u'G6f lnnfdÚ elgg] 7fp“ geP/ g]]kfnsf]
;DkGg kxf8L lhNnfsf ¿kdf ljsl;t eof] . csf]{lt/ g]kfnn] klg /fhgLltdf
laxf/L z}nL leœofpgfn] !@ jif{df s] xljut eof], ;a}nfO{ yfx} 5 .
sf]l/ofn] l5d]sL hfkfgsf] l;sf] ubf{–ubf{ hfkfg hlQs} cf}Bf]lus ljsf;
ug{ ;Sof] . xfdLn] klg c+u|]hnfO{ /]n la5\ofpg lbPsf cgdf]n ;fnsf ¿v af]Sg
agFPsf /]nsf k6/LnfO{ dfq klg ljsf; ub}{ u/]sf] eP cfh ;'Svf aGb/ufx hf]8\g tyf
hgsk'/ hogu/nfO{ rfn' /FVg ef/ts} z/0f kg'{ kb}{gYof] xf]nf . xfdL klg
ef/tsf] h:t} Ps ;o tL; lsld ultdfg\ …;'k/kmf:6Ú /]n gkfP klg sDtLdf ;Q/L÷c;L
lsld ultjfg\ /]naf6 k"j{klZrd g]kfnsf] ofqf ul//x]sf x'GYof}“ xf]nf .
b]zsf] ljsf;sf] ult h:t} 5, Pl;ofnL b]zsf] /]nsf] ult . hfkfg
ljZjdf g} ljsf;sf] ultdf cu|ufdL /fi6«sf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . pQ/ blIF0f
;f“3'/f], t/ nfdf] d'n'snfO{ pQ/sf] xf]sfO8f]b]lv blIf0fsf] So';" hf]8\g]
oftfoft /]ndfu{ g} xf] . tf]lsof]b]lv Sof]tf];Ddsf] a'n]6 6«]g
-l;GsfG;]gsf]_ ef8f !$ xhf/ hfkfgL o]g 5 . tbg';f/ sl/a bz xhf/ g]kfnL
?lkof“ nfU5 . pQm /]nn] % ;o %) lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/L b'O{ 3G6fleq} ;lhn}
kf/ u5{ . oftfoft If]qsf] ultn] b]zljsf; / dfgl;s ljsf;nfO{ emNsfp“5 .
To;}n] xfdL e[s'6Ld08ksf] g]kfn–ef/t afn/]ns} ultdf /Dg] u/]sf 5f}“ .
xfd|f] b]zdf 6'Ogc6/ xjfOhxfhsf] ult klg ;fob l;GsfG;]g hlt 5}g . To;}n]
xf]nf b]zdf ax'bnLo Joj:yf cfudg x'“bf;Dd d hGd]sf] lhNnf aemfª;Dd ;Lwf
xjfO;Dks{ dfq lyof] . sf7df8f}+ aemfªsf] xjfO b"/L dnfO{ yfxf 5}g t/ %
;ob]lv ^ ;o lsldeGbf a9L kSs} 5}g xf]nf . @)#^ ;fntfsf sf7df8f}+ aemfªsf] #
;o #% ?lkof“ lyof] xjfOhxfhsf] l6s6 . )$^ ;fn;Dd ;f] ef8f ! xhf/ * ;o %)
?lkof“ k'u]/ aGb eof] /fhwfgL hf]8\g] ;Lwf xjfO{ ;]jf . hals lhNnf
;b/d'sfd ;8sn] 5'g ce}m slt jif{ kv{g'kg]{ xf] yfxf 5}g . To; a]nf sf7df8f}+b]lv
aemfª k'Ug xjfO{hxfhdf tLg 3G6f nfUYof] . g]kfnsf] klg clt b'u{d If]qsf
dfG5]nfO{ hfkfgsf] a'n]6 6«]g / kmf:6nfOkmn] crlDet gkfg]{ s'/} lyPg .
g]kfndf k|ltlsnf]ld6/sf] a;ef8f sl/a ;jf Ps ?lkof“ nfU5 eg] hfkfgsf]
a'n]6df sl/a @) ?lkof“ nfUbf] /x]5 . k};f dfq xf]Og ;dosf] dxŒj /
d"No klg ;f]xLadf]lhd km/s k5{ . To;}n] t hfkfgL, sf]l/og, lrlgof“x¿
o;} ztfAbLdf ;d'b| / kxf8 5]8]/ 6«fG; o'/]l;of /]ndfu{åf/f cfkm\gf] pTkfbg b'O{
lbgdf o'/f]lkog ahf/df k7fpg] ;femf /0fgLlt tof/ ub}{ 5g\ . xfdL k'n,
af6f], ejg / 6fj/ eTsfpg] sfddf Jo:t 5f“} .
;g\ @))) cS6f]a/ @^ tfl/vsf lbg d, d]/f] ;fyL ljZjefiff SofDk;sf
hfkfgL efiff lzIfs l;lr/f] ;f]df;“u hfkfgsf] d]OhL sfnb]lv ljsl;t cfw'lgs /fhwfgL
tf]lsof]af6 Sof]tf] kms{+b} lyof}“ . l;GsfG;]gsf] ofqfdf /]nsf] ult w]/} l56f]
ePsfn] glhssf] b[Zo /fd|f] b]lv“b}g . df};d 7Ls eP …k'mlh;fgÚ hfkfgsf]
;aeGbf cUnf] Hjfnfd'vL kljq kxf8 x]g]{ OR5f lyof] . t'jf“nf]sf] sf/0f ;f]
OR5f k"/f x'g ;s]g . ufp“, a:tL, lrofaufg, kxf8, ;x/ emNofs e'mn's
x]b}{ lyP“ . crfgs d]/f] cf“vf sf7df8f}+df sxL“ st} b]v]sf] h:tf] cg'xf/df
k¥of] . hfkfgL lzIfsnfO{ eg] of] dfG5]nfO{ d}n] sf7df8f}+df b]v]h:tf] nfU5 .
klxn] t pgn] xf]Og xf]nf eg] . ha 7DofP/ x]/] clg glhs uP/ hfkfgL efiffdf
clejfbg ub}{ e]6] .
tL JolQm /x]5g\, d':tfªsf] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t hfkfgL gful/s sf]Gbf] .
Ps bzs hfOsfdf sfd ubf{ g]kfn / g]kfnLaf/] yfxf kfP5g\ . clg, d':tfªsf]
ofqfaf6 k|efljt eP5g\ / kl5 af“sL hLjg d':tfªsf] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t ug]{ OR5f eP5 .
pgsL >LdtLnfO{ d':tfªdf a:g dg k/]g5 . To;kl5 d':tfªsf] dfof
>LdtLsf] eGbf a9L dxŒjk"0f{ 7fgL >LdtLnfO{ 5f]8]/ d':tfªdf a;L ;]jf
ug{ yfn]5g\ .
pgn] dflyNnf] d':tfªdf c:ktfn lgdf{0f u/]5g\ . d':tfªel/ cf7j6f
:s'n agfpg of]ubfg u/L pgL d':tfªsf] hghLjgdf 3'nldn eP/ a;]sf /x]5g\ .
pgn] eg], …d d':tfª / g]kfnsf af/]df k|jrg lbg hf“b} 5' .Ú …wfgsf] afnf
nl/j/L kfgL kl/k/LÚ . kfgL gkg]{ 7fp“ d':tfªdf kmnfPsf] wfgsf] afnf pgsf] xftdf
lyof] . pgn] eg] d rGbf ;+sng ug{ cfPsf] x'“ . b'O{ xKtfkl5 k]ml/
d':tfª kms{G5' . o;/L xfd|f] b]znfO{ ;f“Rr} dfof ug]{ sf]Gbf]h:tf slt
ljb]zL ldq 5g\ † xfn ltgLx¿nfO{ klg dfcf]jfbL / ;}lgs cleofgn] afwf
k'¥ofp“b} 5 ;]jf k|bfg ug{ . nfdf] b"/Lsf] 5f]6f] ofqfdf lrgfhfgL
ePsf] km'n]sf bf8L;lxt sf]Gbf]nfO{ e]6]/ dnfO{ cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt eof] .
w]/} g]kfnL j}w÷cj}w tl/sfn] hfkfgdf hfg / a:g rfxG5g\, t/ Ps hfkfgL g]kfns}
;]jfdf /dfp“5g\ . of] s:tf] ljlrqsf] ;+;f/ xf] <
dª\uf]lnof
k|j]z
cfh @^ h'g, d
;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL x'g pnfgaf6/ hfg] lbg . laxfg $ ah] p7]/ k|ftM lqmof
;s]kl5 % ah] lrlgofF kfn]n] lrof lnP/ cfof] . lrof vfO{ d+uf]lnofdf
6]lnkmf]g u/]F . kmf]g ul/;s]kl5 t}of/L u/]/ aflx/ lg:s]F . %=$) ah]
6\ofS;L lnP/ Po/kf]6{lt/ nfu]F . g]kfnL b"tfjf;af6 a]Olhª Po/kf]6{lt/
nfu]F . g]kfnL b"tfjf;b]lv a]Olhª Po/kf]6{;Dd k'Ug 6\ofS;Ldf sl/a #%
ldg]6 nfUof] . PS;k|]; ;8ssf] b'j}lt/ nx/] kLkn / cGo ¿v / ;hfPsf
km"nx¿ lyP . 6\ofS;Lsf] ef8f !)) RMB lrlgofF o'jfg nfUof] . cfh klg lgs} udL{ 5 .
laxfg} & ah] ;fdfg hfFrkf; u/]/ cWofudg kf/ u/]kl5 6ld{gnleq kl;gf, kl;gf
ePF . xjfO{hxfh ( ah]kl5 dfq p8\5 /] eg]sf] t Ps 3G6f c¿ l9nf kf] eof] .
a]Olhª–dª\uf]lnof
e|d0f
h'g–@^
Ps 3G6f l9nf] eP/ Po/ rfOgfsf] xjfOhxfhn] sl/a !@=!) ah] rGu]h vfF
cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yndf cjt/0f u¥of] . Po/kf]6{af6 aflx/ hfg]lalQs}
;Dd]ngsf ;xefuL cd]l/sL, sf]l/og, d+uf]lnog k|fWofks Pj+ ljBfyL{ d]/f]
k|tLIffdf aflx/ a;]sf] b]v]/ dnfO{ c;fWo} v';L nfUof] . ToxLF x\jf/fªsf ;+:yfks
k|f]km];/ rf]o / x\jf/fªsf ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuL;Fu e]6 eof] . dnfO{ Tof]
e]6n] w]/} v';L agfof] . Ps hgf s]6L Wofglt/ nfu]sL gd{bf gfd u/]sL d+uf]lnog
aflnsf;Fu e]6 eof] . pgL lxGbL l;Sb} u/]sL /lx5g\ . Tof] b]v]/ d w]/}
v';L ePF, lsgeg] o; d'n'sdf cfP/ klg Wofg, zfsfxf/L vfgf / lxGbLsf] k|of]u ug{
kfOg] eof] eg]/ . d}n] efiff tyf vfgfaf/] lrGtf lng' gkg{] eof] .
cfh} dGh'l;/ u'Daf
ePsf] ko{6sLo kj{tLo xl/ofnL;d]t ePsf] aL; lsnf]ld6/ rf/}lt/ km}lnPsf] 7fpFdf
3'Dg uof}F . ToxfF k'u]/ nGr vfPkl5 a;df xfdL, jf:tljs gf]Dof8 a:g]
kf/Dkl/s af6'n] 3/ -u]/_, afv|f, ufO{ / 3f]8f kfng ePsf] h]ldg, eGg] 7fpFdf
k'uL lrof vfof}F, ef]6] lrof h:t}, To;kl5 xfdLn] Ps d+uf]lnog v]n v]Nof}F .
a]n'sLkv sl/a ;a} hgf 3f]8f r9\g] sfd eof] . l8g/sf ¿kdf v;Lsf] pdfn]sf]
df;' vfof}F . pdfn]sf] v;LnfO{ 7"nf] efF8fdf /fv]/ xftxftdf rSs'
lbof] / g'g, v';f{gL /flvlbof] . clg, hlt dgnfUof] Tolt df;' / ef]6]lrof vfof}F .
Ps hgf :yfgLo o'jsn] h+unL 3f]8fnfO{ d+uf]lnogn] s;/L ;dfT5f}F egL 3f]8fsf]
ayfgaf6 Ps 3f]8fnfO{ nfdf] 8G8Ldf afFw]sf] 8f]/Ln] lgoGq0fdf lng] s;/t u¥of}F .
3f]8f ;dfpg] snf klg /dfOnf] / /f]df~rs x'Fbf] /x]5 .
@& h'g laxfg
p7]/ d}n] PSn} 3'd3fd u/]F . To;kl5 d'v wf]O{ xn'sf g]kfnL vfhf vfP/ 3'Dbf
Gofp/L d';f] jf cf]th:tf] ;fgf] hgfj/ b]v]F . ;ft ah] xfdL ;a}n] vL/ /
/f]6L a]|skmf:6 vfof}F . a|]skmf:6 vfPkl5 xfdLn] /flt a;]sf] 7fpF
jl/kl/sf] kmf]xf]/ ;kmf u¥of}F . sl/a !% lsnf] hlt uf/j]h hDdf u/]/
kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] 7fpFdf kmfNofF} . To;kl5 dGh'l;/ 8fF8fdf k}bn 3'Dg uof}F .
sl/a tLg 3G6f lx+8]/ k'u]sf] 7fpFdf a'4sf] dfg] /x]5 . ToxfF s]xL ;'g /
rfFbLsf efF8fx¿ klg lyP . ;'grfFbLsf efF8f wfld{s cf:yf x'g]n] r9fPsf]
xf]nf . s;}n] klg Tof] 7fpFaf6 To:tf ax'd"No j:t' rf]/L u/]/ glng]
/x]5 . ToxfFsf] lzv/df /x]sf] r§fgaf6 w]/} 6f9f;Dd rf/}lt/ w'kLsf] jg /
d?e"ld¿kL ljzfn d}bfg / d+uf]lnofsf] /fhwfgL ;x/ pnfga6f]/;d]t x]¥of}F .
y'k|} kmf]6f] lvRof}F . pnfga6f]/ b]lvg] u/L ;'gsf efF8fs'F8f ePsf] 7fpF /
;a} lbzflt/sf] kmf]6f] lvr]/ Kofs nGr vfof}F . Kofs nGrdf lakm ePsf]
x'gfn] d}n] vfOg . d}n] cf? / g]kfnaf6 nu]sf] gdlsg, abfd / e'lhof vfPF
s]xL c¿nfO{ klg lbPF . To;kl5 xfdL tLg 3G6f k}bn lx+8]/ lkmtf{ eof}F .
cfpg hfg u/]/ xfdLnfO{ sl/a ^ 3G6f nfUof] . clxn] kf}g] kfFr ah]sf] 5 .
sltko ;fyL cfOk'u]sf 5}gg\ . pgLx¿ k'Ug]lalQs} kfFr ah]lt/ xfdL pnfgaf6/ UB lt/ a;df hfg] ljrf/df 5f}F . ToxfF
xfdL 6ls{; xf]:6ndf a:5f}F /] . of] d]/f] d+uf]lnofdf bf];|f] lbg xf] .
cfh Psbd /dfOnf] eof] .
d+uf]lnofsf] uf]eL
d?e"lddf h+unL pF6 x'G5g\ /] . gofF aRrf kfpg] a]nf pF6sf] y'gaf6
cfkm} b"w r'lxG5 /] . e'OFdf k/]sf] b"w t'?Gt} hDg] ePsfn] ToxfF
3'Dg hfFbf, ko{6s / d+uf]lnogn] e'OFdf ;'s]sf] pF6sf] b"wnfO{ SofG8L h:t}
vfG5g\ /] Tof] ;f/} dL7f] x'G5 eg]/ gflu gfdsf d+uf]lnog k|fWofks ;fyLn] eg] .
d+uf]lnofsf] xfjfkfgL jftfj/0f sd b"lift ePsfn] ToxfFaf6 /flt ;'Gb/
tf/fd08n b]Vg ;lsG5 . d+uf]lnofsf] cfsfz k|of]u u/L, /l;og, la|l6;, hd{g,
8]lg; / o'/f]lkog xjfO{hxfh p8\g] eP/ xfd|f] jftfj/0f b"lift ug{ nfu]
To;}n] ut s]xL jif{b]lv jftfj/0fLo s/sf ¿kdf k|To]s xjfO{hxfh;Fu xfdLn] !)))$ xjfO{dfu{ k|of]usf] s/ lng] u/]sf 5f}+
eg] d+uf]lnog ;flyn] . Tof] /sd d+uf]lnofn] cfˆgf] jftfj/0fLo arfp ug{ vr{
ug{] u/]sf] 5 /] . g]kfndf klg kj{tf/f]x0faf6 cfPsf] /f]oN6L jftfj/0f
hf]ufpg, k|b"if0f x6fpg vr{ u/]df /fd|} x'GYof] . sltko k4lt ljZj df
Psn] csf]{af6 l;Sg] g} xf] .
dª\uf]lnof,
@))&
6ls{; xf]:6ndf
laxfg ^ ah] p7]F . g'xfpg] 7fpF vfnL gePsfn] kN6]/ a;]F . ^=$%
ah]b]lv n'uf w'g] / g'xfpg] sfd u/]F . cfh cfsfz 5n{+u 5 . $ ah]b]lv
g} 3fd nflu;Sof] . pnfgaf6/ ;kmf / ;'Gb/ b]lvPsf] 5 . lxhf] cln kfgL
k/]sfn] xf]nf . xfdL Pp6f sf]7fdf ^ hgf 5f}F . # hgf k|fWofks k|f]=
of]l;g rf]o -sf]l/of_, 8f= k|f] k|mu -xjfO{ ljZjljBfno cd]l/sf_ / d . tLg
hgf sf]l/og ljBfyL{ s]6fx¿ 5g\ . cd]l/sL k|f]km];/ ;aeGbf klxn] p7\g'x'G5
/ ;aeGbf klxn] ;'Tg' x'G5 . To;kl5 d p7\5' lsgeg] d klg l5§} ;'T5' .
clg, k|f]= rf]o p7]/ :gfg ul/;s]kl5 Ps hgf sf]l/og ljBfyL{ p7]/ :gfg u5{g\ /
To;kl5 kfn}kfnf] p7]/ g'xfpg] sfd x'G5 . cGTodf c¿ b'O{ hgf p7\5g\ .
* ah];Dd b'O{ hgf 3'/]/ ;'lt/x]sf 5g\ . ;fob pgLx¿ /flt w]/} a]/;Dd aflx/
a;] xf]nfg\ .
*=#) ah] a|]skmf:6
vfO{ xfdLn] ;dfkg ;df/f]xsf nflu hfg'kg{] ePsf] 5 . d;Fu rLgsf] le;f gePsfn]
cfh km]l/ (=#) ah];Dd lrlgofF /fhb"tfjf;df le;fsf nflu lgj]bg lbg Ps hgf d+uf]lnog
;fyL;Fu hfG5' . le;fsf] ljifodf
/fd|f] s'/f ePg . ( ah]b]lv !@ ah];Dd nuftf/ k|of; ubf{ klg
lrlgofFsf] dg kUn]g . To;aLr ef/tLo b"tfjf;sf] d2t lng uof}F .
ToxfF sG;'n/ ;]S;gsf] ld=;fx' eGg] JolQmnfO{ ;do lnP/ e]63f6 u¥of}F . pgn]
d+uf]lnog :yfgLo :6fkmdfk{mt lrlgofF b"tfjf;df kmf]g ug{ nufP t}klg
sG;'n/n] s]xL klg ;'g]gg\ . To;kl5 sGk|]mG; xndf cfof}F . sf]l/og / d+uf]lnog
sNr/ kkm{d]G; x]/]F . g]kfnaf6 d Ps hgf dfq uPsfn] d}n] g]kfnL ;+:s[lt
b]vfpg ;lsgF . sf]l/og ;xefuLn] cfˆgf] b]zsf] Oltxf;, /fhgLlt, wd{, /
;fdflhs cj:yfaf/] k|sfz kf/]/ @÷# nf]suLt ufP . TolQs}df sl/a Ps ah]
nGr vfg uof}F . nGr vfPkl5 d+uf]lnog l6dn] cfˆg} lsl;dsf] klx/gdf d+uf]lnofsf]
;f+:s[lts emfFsL b]vfof] . To;kl5 pkxf/ cfbfgk|bfg sfo{qmd eof] .
$=#) ah]b]lv ^=#) ah];Dd xfd|f]] ;lkª ug{] sfo{qmd ePsfn] ahf/lt/ uof}F .
;]ldgf/ xnaf6 Ps hgf d+uf]lnog;Fu #, $ hgfsf] b/n] km/skm/s 6f]nL agfO{ ahf/df uof}F .
ahf/ k'u]/ ;a}eGbf klxn] d}n] ;fDojfb ;'? ePsf] a]nf ;fob /l;og ;xof]udf a|]8 /
a6/sf nflu !(@! df agfPsf] State Department Store df uO{ bf];|f] tnfdf ! ;o 8n/ / ! ;o lrlgofF o'jfgaf6
d+uf]lnog 6'u|'v ;f6]F . TolQs}df a'nug d'/gsf] kmf]g cfof] .
d]/f] ;fyLn]
le;fsf nflu s]xL d2t ug{ ;S5 ls eg]/ . clg k|f]= rf]o / k|munfO{ Tot}
5f]8]/ gf/f / d 6\ofS;L lnP/ st} uof}F, lsgeg] clkm; 6fod l;l4g] a]nf eO;s]sf]
lyof] . To;}df klg z'qmaf/ ePsfn] bu'b{} leq k:of}F . ToxfF kfFrf}F
tnfdf l/ef]No';g/L kf6L{sf] clkm; /x]5 . l/ef]No';g/L kf6L{ eg]sf] d+uf]lnofsf]
;Qf;Lg s§/ sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ /x]5 . ToxFfaf6 Ps hgf eb| dlxnfn] lrlgofF
b"tfjf;sf] sG;'n/nfO{ kmf]g ul/g\ . w]/} s'/f eof] cfˆg} efiffdf
af]n]sfn] d}n] s]xL klg a'lemgF . cGTodf ToxL pQ/ cfof] rf}aL; 3G6f le;f
rflxFb}g, clg tkfO+{n] le;f lng'kb{}g . ltAat hfg] ePsfn] xfdL 8]df]qm];L,
zflGtsf] s'/f ug{]x¿nfO{ ltAatlt/sf] le;f lbg ufx|f] dfG5f}F .
d+uf]lnog dlxnfn]
elgg\ of] ;Dd]ngdf xfd|f] ;d]t ;dy{g / ;xof]u 5 . t}klg, le;fsf nflu s'g}
cf}iflw sfd nfu]g . cGtdf lg/fz eP/ xfdL ;]ldgf/ xndf kmSof{}+ .
To;kl5 xfdL /flqef]hsf nflu 6\ofS;Ldf uof}F . /fd|f] 7fpFdf /flqef]h eof] .
gfrufg klg eof] . To;kl5 csf{] 7fpFdf uO{ /fltsf] b'O{ ah];Dd …sf/fas]Ú
sf]l/og uLt ufpg] sfo{qmddf uof}F . ;a}n] uLt ufP . dnfO{ c+u|]hL
sf]l/og / d+uf]lnog s'g} klg uLt gcfpg] ePsfn] ;'g]/ dfq d:t ePF . Tof] /flt
b'O{ ah]kl5 dfq} sf]7fdf cfP/ ;'Tof}F .
#) tfl/v
k|ftM ^=#) ah] p7]F .
g'xfOwf]O ubf{ s]xL ;do nfUof] . To;kl5 a|]skmf:6 vfof}F . a|]skmf:6
vfPkl5 d / gf/f Po/ rfOgfsf] clkm;df uof}F .
ToxfF le;f / l6s6af/] ;f]Wof}F . cGTodf ;Gt'i6 eP/ 6\ofS;Ldf u]:6 xfp; kmSof{}+
/ sf]l/og ;fyLx¿nfO{ labfO u/L sf]7fdf a;L cf/fd ub{} 8fo/L n]v]F . clxn]
lbpF;f]sf] !@=#) alh;Sof] . ca sxfF hfg] s] ug{] ljrf/ ug{'k5{ .
lbpF;f] 3'Dg] / ;fdfg lsGg] eg]/ 6\ofS;Ldf :6]6 l8kf6{d]G6 :6f]/lt/ uof}F .
ToxfF d}n] Ps kmf]6f] lvr]F . Ps l5gkl5 xfdL ;fOa/ Sofkm]lt/ nfUof}F .
ToxfF 8f= k|munfO{ e]6\of}F . d}n] klg a]qfnfO{ / cfˆgf] kl/jf/nfO{
b'O{j6f Od]n k7fPF . ca ;do latfpg ufx|} eO;Sof] . ef]ln / kl;{ klg d+uf]lnofdf
a:g'k5{ tLg tfl/v dfq} d]/f] lkmtf{ hfg] l6s6 5 . Od]n u/]kl5 8fS6/n]
sf]7fdf hfG5' eGof] . To;sf/0f 6\ofS;L r9]/ xfdL sf]7fdf kmSof{}, tLg 3G6f
hlt cf/fd u/]kl5 d / gf/f, gf/fsf] 3/ hfg a;df r9\of}F . g]kfns} h:tf]
ldgLa;af6 gf/fsf] 3/df k'u]F . ;fdfg af]s]/ p;sf] ˆnf6df k'uL k':ts k9\b}
lrp/f vfFb} of] 8fo/L n]lv/x]5' . cfh sf]l/og, cd]l/sg ;fyL 3/ kms{]sfn] Gof;|f]
nfu]sf] 5 t} klg ef]ln / kl;{sf] lbg otflt/ latfpg} k5{ .
$ h'nfO{
rLgsf] ofqf c;Dej
eof] . ha h'nfO{ tLgsf lbg dnfO{ ;fdfg hfFr u/]kl5 ;fdfg aflx/ NofO{ dnfO{
rLgsf] af6f] hfgaf6 lkmtf{ k7fOof] . h'nfO{ rf/ tfl/vsf lbg eg] dnfO{ v';L
nfUof] . aNn 3/ hfg kfOg] cfzfdf clxn] ;fdfg r]s u/fO{ 8\o'l6k|mL ;kdf
a;]sf] 5' . cfh rf/ tfl/v laxfg lj:tf/} p7]F, lsgeg] cfh 3/ hfg] lbg xf] .
cfh t hfg kfpF5' h:tf] 5 . sf]l/og Po/sf] E-Ticket lnPsfn] 9'Ss a;]sf] 5' . laxfg (=#)
ah] lrp/f / bxL vfPkl5 cf/fd u/]/ !@ ah] dfq ahf/lt/ 3'Dg uof}F . a;df
ahf/df uPkl5 ge]Da/df sf]l/ofdf e]6]sf b'O{ hgf k|fWofks ;fyLn] Ps xf]6ndf nGr
vfg af]nfP . vfgf dL7f] lyof] /dfOnf] eof] . xfdL hDdf rf/ hgf
lyof}F . vfgf vfPkl5 a;df 3/ uPF . a]n'sf (=#) ah] gfuL / d'uL dnfO{
k'¥ofpg Po/kf]6{ cfP /ftsf] !) ah] 6f9fsf] Po/kf]6{df k'¥ofPsfn] dnfO{ Psbd
v';L nfUof] . Po/kf]6{df gfuLn] dnfO{ Ps af]tn r+u]h vfF ef]8\sf lsg]/
pkxf/ lbg'eof] . gfuL / d'uL b'O{ jif{cl3 x\jf/fªsf] bf];|f] ;Dd]ngdf
sf]l/ofdf e]6]sf d+uf]lnog ;fyL x'g\ .
@% h'g
cfh laxfg p7]/
g'xfOwf]O u/L Psl5g df]lg{ª jfs u/]F . To;kl5 rf}sLbf/n] NofPsf] lrof /
d}n] g]kfnaf6 NofPsf] vfgf vfPF . !)=#) ah] b"tfjf;df d]/f] l6s6af/]
;f]wk'5 ug{ nufPF . ;d:of 5}g /] eg]kl5 5f]/fnfO{ O{–d]n k7fPF .
To;kl5 cfh PSn} b"tfjf;;Fu}sf] /f]8 kf/ u/]/ !@) gDa/sf] a;df ltgfgd]g
:Sjfo/;Dd uPF . ToxfF kmf]la{8g -lgif]lwt ;x/sf] gfdn] k|Voft_ rLgsf /fhf
dxf/fhfx¿n] !$÷!% ;o jif{;Dd zf;g rnfpg] a]nfsf] b/af/, k6f+lugL, au}Frf sf]8{of8{
cflb cg]sf}F lsl;dsf 3/ ePsf] P]ltxfl;s / ljzfn /fhdxn x]/]F .
dfcf]T;]t'ªsf] kmf]6f] ePsf] ltgfgd]g u]6leq k;]kl5 kmf]lj{8g l;6L k|j]zsf]
l6s6 ^) MRB o'jfgdf lsg]F .
leq d PSn} ePsfn] o'/f]lkog, sf]l/og / cd]l/sg;Fu d]/f] kmf]6f] lvRg nufPF .
ToxfF Psl5g VIP cfPsf 5g\ eg]/
;]gfn] xfdLnfO{ aGbL h:t} agfof] . kl5 aflx/ lg:s]/ sl/a cfwf 3G6fhlt lxF8]/
km]l/ ltgfgd]g :Sjfo/lt/ cfO{ 3'Db} !!) gDa/sf] a;df /fhb"tfjf; lkmtf{ ePF .
d+uf]lnofdf @*
tfl/v !! ah] b]lv !@ ah];Dd d]/f] sfo{kqsf] k|:t'lt / k|Zgf]Q/ ;];g eof] .
k|Zgf]Q/ sfo{qmd sl/a Ps 3G6f yk eof] / /dfOnf] eof] . cd]l/sL k|f]km];/
k|mu / dnfO{ d+uf]lnog ;xefuLn] y'k|} k|Zg ;f]w] . sf]l/ofdf k|hftGq
:yfkgf ug{ wfld{s g]tf, /fhgLlts g]tf / ljZj ljBfnosf k|fWofkssf]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf ePsf] lyof] /] . g]kfnsf] af/]df s'/f ubf{
nf]stGq ;kmn agfpg ;fDojfbL ljrf/wf/fsf /fhgLlts bnx¿n] ;d:of ug{ ;S5g\ ls eg]/
pgLx¿n] k|Zg u/]sf lyP .
@* h'g
d}n] x\jf/fªsf]
ultljlwaf/] k|sfz kfb{} eg]F– ;fdfGo hgtfdf hfgsf/L u/fpg ;+ljwfgsf] dtna,
;+ljwfg;ef, gful/s clwsf/, dtbfgk4lt / k|lqmof cflb ljifodf ufpFufpFdf uP/
hfgsf/L u/fpg' d]/f] / g]kfnL Xjf/fªsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g ;S5 .
w]/} d'n'sn] d2t u/] tfklg g]kfnL cfkm}n] nf]stflGqs k4ltsf nflu t}of/ geP;Dd
b]zdf nf]stGq, zflGt / k|ult x'g ;Sb}g . xfd|f] d'n'sdf klg csf{] b]zsf
af/]df hfg]sf] k|f1 x'g'k5{ . clg, dfq xfdL c¿sf] ;d:of a'em]/ d2t ug{
;S5f}F . cfufdL hf8f]df d -of]l;g rf]o_ g]kfn hfg]5' / g]kfnsf] efjgfdf
;fy lbg] sf]l;; ug{]5' eg]/ sf]l/og k|f]km];/n] eg] .
;Qfdf a;]sfx¿
c¿nfO{ ;Qfdf cfPsf] x]g{ rfxFb}gg\ . To;}n] cd]l/sL /fhgLlt klg
k};fjfnfsf] s7k'tnL -v]nf}gf_ ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/f klg u/] cd]l/sL k|f]km];/ k|mun] .
d]/f] k]k/sf]
k|:t'tLs/0fkl5 nGr vfg uof}F . nGr vfPkl5 Xjf/fªsf] ljleGg b]zdf ul/g]
sfo{qmdaf/] x/]s ;b:on] cf–cfˆgf] /fo ;'gfP/ Ps xKtfel/ d+uf]lnofsf] a;fO /
;Dd]ngsf] d"Nof+sg ul/of] . To;kl5 k|f]km];/x¿sf] n sn]hsf /]S6/,
8]k'6L / ljb]z ;DaGw s]Gb|sf k|d'v;Fu cfk;L ;DaGwaf/] lj:t[t 5nkmn / ljrf/ljdz{
u¥of}F . cGTodf ;xefuLx¿af6 %÷% ldg]6sf] ;'emfj;lxt cfhsf] sfo{qmd
k"/f eof] . ;fFem ^ ah]b]lv &=#) ah];Dd d+uf]lnog ;f+:s[lts
sfo{qmd cjnf]sg u¥of}F To;kl5 ;d"x
kmf]6f] lnof}F / /fltef]h vfg uof}F . d+uf]lnog /]:6'/]G6df v;L / e]8fsf]
df;' / ;'k vfO{ (–#) ah] sf]7fdf kms{]/ 8fo/L n]Vb} 5' . d+uf]lnofdf ( ah]b]lv
^ ah];Dd clkm; nfU5 /] . !) ah] dfq cFWof/f] x'G5 . laxfg $=#) ah]
pHofnf] eO;S5 . laxfg % ah]b]lv /flt !) ah];Dd 3fd x'G5 .
;g\ !@@) df r+u]h
vfFn] cfˆgf] /fhwfgL xx{/L eGg] 7fpFdf agfpg nufP 5g\ . To;sf] s]xL
jif{kl5 cfˆgf] /fhwfgL a]Olhªdf agfP 5g\ / !)) jif{eGbf a9L rLg, sf]l/of;lxt
y'k|} klZrdL /fi6« klg d+uf]lnofsf] k|efj If]qsf] ¿kdf ljzfn ;fd|fHosf] efu
ePsf] Oltxf; /x]5 . To; tfsf s'ano vfFsf] ;fd|fHo lj:tf/ ePsf] /x]5 .
b'O{ h'gsf] lbg
laxfg 3/ glhs} :j]6/x¿ lsGg] sfd u/]F . s'jnovfF, aRof vfF, r+u]h vff h:tf
kfFr hgf vfFsf] ljz]if of]ubfg /x]5 uf}/jdo d+uf]lnog Oltxf; lgdf{0fdf
d+uf]lnofdf e]8fsf] pg eGbf h+unL pF6sf] pg lgs} dx+uf] / /fd|f] dflgbf] /x]5 .
To;}n] /Ëg/]sf] k|fs[lts /+us} s]dn pnsf b'O{j6f :j]6/ lsg] . Ps xfkm
cfkm\g} nflu / Ps km"n :j]6/ >LdtLsf] nflu dlGb/ x]/]/ vfgf vfPkl5 State university of Education df uP/ pNhL h/un
/ Tof] ljZj ljBfnosf] /]S6/;Fu d+uf]lnofsf] lzIffk4lt, k|fWofks, ljBfyL{
cg'kft, z'Ns cflbaf/] ;f]wk'5 u/L
hfgsf/L cfbfgk|bfg u¥of}F . cWoogkl5sf], /f]huf/L cflbaf/] klg s'/f u/]F .
To;kl5 rf/tf/] pnfgaf6/ xf]6ndf lao/ / r+u]h vfF ef]8\sf vfof}F . a]n'sf
w'dwfd u/]/ kmnkm"n lsg]/ xfdL 3/ kmSof+{} . cfh tLg h'nfO{ d+unaf/
xf] . To;}n] cfh d]/f] lgGb|f $ ah] g} v'Nof] . cfh d]/f] 3/lt/
kms{g] lbg xf] . ( ah];Dd d Po/kf]6{lt/ lx+8\5' xf]nf .
dª\uf]lnofdf
dlxnf
d+uf]lnofdf dlxnf
;zQmLs/0f M– r+u]h vfFsf] d'n'sdf dlxnf lzIff / ;fdflhs sfo{df ;xeflutf
pT;fxhgs kfOof] . x'g t xfd|f] t];|f] zflGtk|jfx Xjf/fªsf] cfof]hgf ug{]
k|d'v cfof]hs g} dlxnf lyP . pgsf] k]|dL pgLeGbf ;f]emf] t/ d]xgtL /x]5g\ .
lhDd]jf/LnfO{ av'aL k"/f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf Ps hf]8Lsf] ;lqmotfn] ;Dd]ng
;DkGg ug{ ;Dej eP5 .
d+uf]lnofsf] n
sn]hsL /]S6/;Fu s'/fsfgL x'Fbf s] yfxf kfof}F eg] pgsf >Ldfg\ ToxfFsf]
;+;b\sf ;efd'v /x]5g\ . d+uf]lnog g];gn o'lgel;{6Ldf e]63f6 ubf{ / d+uf]lnog
s[lif ljZjljBfnodf hfFbf k'?if kbflwsf/L / dlxnf k|fWofks Pj+ kbflwsf/Ldf p:t}p:t}
;xeflutf b]lvof] . ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL x'gcfPsf d+uf]lnog ;xefuL klg clwstd
dlxnf g} lyP .
clg, dnfO{ d+uf]lnofsf]
dlxnfsf] cj:yf s] /x]5 eg]/ hfGg dgnfUof] / ;f]lwxfn]F– d+uf]lnofdf dlxnfsf]
cj:yf s] 5 eg]/ . ;fob !), !% xhf/sf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf] d+uf]lnog ;]gfdf
dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt / ;+Vof sd 5, ;+;b\df hDdf 5 hgf ;f+;b\ dlxnf 5g\ . hDdf
&^ hgf d+uf]lnofsf] ;+f;b\ x'G5g\ .
d+uf]lnofdf a'9];sfndf
;/sf/n] k]G;g lbg] /x]5 . x/]s gful/snfO{ lbg] Tof] k]G;gdf ln+ucg';f/
geP/ slt aRrf hGdfPsf]df ;d]t km/s kg{] /x]5 .
nf]Ug] dfG5]n] ^)
jif{ k'u]kl5 dfq k]G;g kfpF5 eg] dlxnfnfO{ k]G;gsf] pd]/ %% jif{ / $ aRrf hGd
lbPsL cfdfsf] k]G;gsf] pd]/ %) jif{ sfod ul/Psf]n] klg d+uf]lnofdf dlxnf
;zQmLs/0fnfO{ Wofg lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
d+uf]lnofdf
e"ld w]/} hg;+Vof yf]/} 5 . g]kfneGbf b;f}F u'0ff 7"nf] /x]sf]
d'n'sdf hDdf @& nfv hg;+Vof 5 . To;df klg cfwf hg;+Vof /fhwfgL ;x/ pnfgaf6/d}
;d]l6Psf] 5 . ljzfn e"efusf] sf/0f ljZjel/sf sl/a @)$ /fi6«sf]
t'ngfdf x]bf{ d+uf]lnof ;aeGbf sd hg3gTj ePsf] d'n'sdf k5{ . d+uf]lnofdf
k|lt:Sjfo/dfon kfFr hgf dflg; a;f]af; u5{g\ . To;}n] xf]nf ljZjsf] ;jf{lws
hg;+Vof ePsf] d'n's rLgdf b'O{ aRrf kfpFbf tna ;'ljwf ;/sf/n] 36fpF5 eg] d+uf]lnofdf
Ps dlxnfn] w]/} aRrf hGdfPdf /fli6«o ;DDffg k'/:sf/ kfpg] /x]5 . * aRrf hGdfpg]nfO{
/fli6«o d]8n;lxt k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf /x]5 .
d+uf]lnofsf]
;/sfn] ;fob hg;+Vof a9fpg k|f]T;fxg ug]{ p2]Zon] xf]nf ljjfx ug{]nfO{ j}jflxs
vr{, aRrf kfpFbf !,)),))) Ps nfv 6'u'|v d+uf]lnog d'b|f kfOg] s'/f State Universityof Education sL k|fWofks pNhLn]
elgg\ . tLg aRrf kfPsfn] d k|ltdlxgf ;/sf/af6 ())) 6'u|'v eQf kfpF5' pgn]
ylkg\ . o;/L x]bf{ ;fob ljZjel/d} xf] cyjf Pl;ofdf t kSs} klg of] hg;+Vof j[l4
k'/:sf/ d+uf]lnog ljz]iftf g} nfUof] dnfO{ h] eP klg ;dfhsf] ;a} If]qdf
dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt, ;+Vof / ;xeflutf Pj+ g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf sf/0fn] klg d+uf]lnofdf
dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f k|of;nfO{ ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'j} b[li6n] x]g{ ;lsG5 .
rLgsf] ;ª\u|xfno
b/af/
of] ;+u|xfno
P]ltxfl;s / snfTds¿kdf ;a}eGbf /fd|/L a'‰g ;lsg] lrlgofF ;+u|xfnodWo] Ps xf] .
of] ;+u|xfnosf] :yfkgf lrlgofF ;d|f6\x¿sf] ljutsf] b/af/df ePsf] lyof] .
o;nfO{ csf{] zAbdf kmf]la{8g l;6L klg elgG5 . of] b/af/ b'O{ j+z ldª xf]
-!#^*–!^$$) / lsª -!^$$–!(!!_ x¿sf] ;+:sf/ / cyfx ;DklQsf] s]Gb| jf d'6'sf ¿kdf
/x]sf] lyof] . kmf]lj{8g l;6L eg]sf] g]kfnLdf eGbf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{
k|j]z ug{ gkfOg] x'gfn] lgif]lwt ;x/ elgPsf] xf] .
lrlgofF afbzfxsf] b/af/sf]
jf:tljs lgdf{0f ;g\ !$@) df k"0f{ ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] If]qkmn !) nfv
ju{ ld6/ 5, hxfF b/af/x¿sf] If]qkmn dfq} ! nfv &) xhf/ ju{ld6/ If]q
cf]u6]sf] 5 .
o;sf] lgdf{0fsf]
ljz]iftfdf leqL / aflx/L b/af/sf rf]s, k6f+lugL, lsNnf cflbdf ljeQm u/]sf]
kfOG5 . oL rf]sx¿ pQ/–blIf0f df]x8fdf km}lnPsf 5g\ . aflx/L rf]sdf
clGtd d]nldnfk jf Gofo lg¿k0f ug{] a}7s sIf lyof] . aflx/L rf]sdf ;'gjfO{
ug{], d]nldnfk, dWo:ytf u/fOg] / clGtd lg0f{o ;'gfOg];d]t ul/GYof] .
o;sf cun aundf
;]gfklt / ljåfg\x¿sf] ;Nnfx / ;Ddlt lnOGYof] . oxL
g} d'Vo ;df/f]x:yn lyof] . oxL b/af/sf] leqL rf]saf6 :ju{ h:t} au}Frf
-/fhf dxf/fhfx¿n] k"hf ug{] dlGb/;lxtsf] ;'Gb/ kxf8Ldf cjl:yt zfxL au}Frf_
k'lug] dfu{ 5 . b/af/sf] jl/kl/ k"j{– klZrd km}lnPsf Ps bh{geGbf a9L
;'/Iff lsNnfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . tL lsNnfdf ;/sf/L ;'/Iff sdL{ rf}aL;} 3G6f
kx/]bf/sf] ¿kdf a;f]af; u5{g\ . oxL g} ;d|f6\n]
dxTjk"0f{ ;df/f]xx¿ ;DkGg ug{] uy{] . leqL b/af/ b'O{j6f /fh3/fgfsf]
;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt / cyfx ;DklQsf] e08f/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] .
leqL b/af/df ;d|f6\, ;fd|f1L, lelqgLx¿sf] cfjf; dfq geO{ oxfF k|zf;lgs
sfo{x¿sf nflu 7fpF klg x'GYof] . cem yk k"j{kl§sf] b/af/sf] efu a'9];sfnsf]
nflu zflGt;Fu hLjg latfpg] :ynsf] ¿kdf -6\ofªlSjn n+ule6L_ cjsf; k|fKt ;d|f6\sf
lgldQ agfOPsf] lyof] . klZrdkl§sf] b/af/sf] efu ljwjf ;fd|f1Lsf lglDt tof/
kfl/Psf] lyof] . …kmf]la{8g l;l6Ú cfhsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] lrlgofF ;d|f6\sf]
b/af/ xf] . t[tLo ldª ;d|f6\ …em' 8LÚ b]lv clGtd ;d|f6\ …km'O{Ú ;Dd, hDdf
@$ ;d|f6\n] of] b/af/df /x]/ zf;g u/] . pgLx¿n] $(! jif{;Dd oxL b/af/af6
/fHo u/] . ;g\ !(!! df u0ftflGqs qmflGtsf] sf/0f /fhj+zsf] ktg x'gk'Uof] .
b/af/sf] plrt ;+/If0f u/]afkt u2LRo"t ePkl5 klg km'O{ ;d|f6\nfO{ s]xL jif{
To;} b/af/df a:g lbOof] . ;g\ !(!$ df b/af/sf] aflx/L efudf k|frLg j:t'sf]
/fli6«o ;+u|xfno v8f u/L ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu cjnf]sg v'nf ul/Psf] lyof] .
;g\ !(@$ df ;]gfsf sdfG8/ …km]gf o'lhofªÚ åf/f ul/Psf] ;Qf kn6df …Ko'OÚ nfO{
…kmf]la{8g l;6LÚ af6 lgisfl;t ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !(@% cS6f]a/ !) df cfP/
dfq} leqL b/af/df ;+u|xfno b/af/ :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !($* df k|frLg
j:t'sf] /fli6«o ;+u|xfno / b/af/nfO{ ;+u|xfnodf
uflePsf] lyof] . ;g\ !($( df hg u0ftflGqs rLgsf] :yfkgfkl5 g} a[xt\
;+/If0f kl/of]hgf ;'? eof] . ;g\ !(^! Dff /fHo ;efn] …kmf]la{8g l;6LÚ nfO{
rLgsf] clt ;+/lIft :df/ssf ¿kdf 3f]if0ff u¥of] . ;g\ !(*& df o;nfO{
o'g]:sf] ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ul/of] .
;+u|xfno b/af/df !% nfveGbf a9L j:t'x¿ ;+slnt 5g\ . ;+u|xfno Uofn/Ldf df}lns b/af/sf] P]ltxfl;s sf]7fx¿sf ;fy}
yk df6f]sf efF8fs'F8fx¿ lrqsnfx¿ x:tlnlvt u|Gyx¿, tfdfsf u/xgfx¿ ;';lHht u/L
/flvPsf 5g\ . oxfF xl/tdl0fx¿ k|bz{gLdf /flvPsf 5g\ . oL Uofn/Lx¿Dff
c:yfoL k|bz{gx¿df dfq} ljz]ifu/L ljifout k|bz{gx¿ ul/G5g\ .
dª\uf]lnof e|d0f, @))&
|
ca d]/f] af6f]sf]
xjfO{ofqf ;'? eof] . Po/ rfOgfsf] ljdfgaf6
sf7df8f}+ Nxf;f, 5]Gb';Dd Pp6f ljdfgdf hfg' kg]{ lyof] . d;Fu yk b'O{ hgf
;fyL hfg] sfo{qmd lyof] . sdn lji6n] clGtddf uP/ le;f lnO;s]kl5 cfk\mgf]
ofqf /2 u/] . g/]Gb| u'?ª a+nf]/ hfg] sfd k/]sfn] d+uf]lnof hfg gkfpg] eP .
To;}n] g]kfnaf6 Ps dfq ;xefuLsf] ¿kdf d dfq hfg] ePF . aNntNn b/af/sf]
pQ/kl§ /x]sf] Po/ rfOgfsf] clkm;af6 @) tfl/vsf
lbg l6s6 vl/b u/]kl5 dfq PSn} eP klg hfg] lgwf] ubf{ d;Fu k};f klg sdL lyof] .
xjfO{ l6s6 vl/b ul/;s]kl5 d}n] afFsL k};f klg hf]8\g'k¥of] .
sf7df8f}+af6 p8fg
u/]kl5 @)÷@% ldg]6;Dd 8Ddk/]sf] afbnn] 9fs]sf] jiff{ Ct'sf] g]kfnL cfsfz
b]lvGYof] eg] ;fob uf}/L z+s/ lxdfnaf6 pQ/lt/ kf/ u/]kl5, phf8, lg/; ltAat dfq
b]lvg yfNof] . obfsbf kf]v/L, tfn / cUnf 8fF8f / st}st} dfq ;fgf gbLh:tf
7fpFx¿ b]lvGy] . lxdfnsf] Zj]tkgf blIf0fflt/ xl/ofnL / pQ/lt/ ;'Vvf d?e"ld
dfu{ x'Fb} ;jf 3G6fdf xfd|f] xjfO{hxfh s]xL nx/] kLknaf6 xl/of] kfl/Psf] ;'Svf
ltAatsf] cTofw'lgs xjfO{ u|fpG8 Nxf;f ljdfg:yndf cjt/0f u¥of] . Nxf;f hfg]
dfG5] cf]ln{P, xfdLnfO{ klg Ps 3G6f 6«flGh6lt/ k7fO{ ;fob xjfO{hxfhleq ;/ ;kmfO
eof] . dnfO{ 6f9}af6 eP klg kf]6fnf b/af/ x]g]{ OR5f lyof] . t/, Tof]
;Dej ePg . lsgeg], kf]6fnf b/af/ Po/kf]6{af6 lgs} 6f9f csf]{ pkTosfdf /x]5 .
ef]6]sf ;fgf a:tL sRrL ;8s, ;'Svf 7fpF emG8} g]kfnsf] d':tfªh:t} b]lvg]
ltAatsf] ljsf; lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ h:tf] nfUof] . t}klg, ;fEojfbL rLgn]
ljZjnfO{ b]vfpg eP klg ltAatnfO{ cfkm\gf] lgoGq0fdf /fVg ;lhnf] xf]; eg]/ eP klg
ljZjs} ;jf{lws cUnf] 7fpFaf6 /]n lgdf{0f u/L dxFuf] /]ndfu{n] a]OlhªnfO{
hf]8]sf] rflxF /dfOnf] nfUof] . sltko 7fpFdf t cUnf lkn/n] kxf8x¿nfO{
hf]8]/ 6fs'/f kmf]8]/ Un]l;o/nfO{ Kjfnkf/]/ e'OF;Dd lkn/ k'¥ofO{ agfPsf] /]ndfu{sf]
j0f{g ;'Gbf klg dnfO{ v';L g} nfUof] . s'g} lbg a]Olhªb]lv Nxf;f;Dd
/]ndfu{df hfg] ljrf/ d]/f] dgdf knfof] .
Ps 3G6fkl5
Nxf;faf6 p8]sf] ljdfg km]l/ To:t} phf8 ;''Svf / obfsbf r'r'/f]df lxpF ePsf]
7fpF / st}st} clncln xl/of] ePsf] 7fpFaf6 ;f9] @ of # 3G6f nufP/ rLgsf] blIf0f
k"j{lt/sf] 5]Gb' eGg] ;x/df k'Uof}F . 5]Gb' k'u]kl5 cGt/f{li6«o
ljdfg:ynaf6 cfGtl/s ljdfg:yndf hfg'kYof]{ . ToxfF pGr'n] cfˆgf] >Ldfg\
sdn nD;fnnfO{ k7fPsf] ;g\ lqmd / s]z sfnf] ug]{ uflgo/sf l;l;n] dnfO{ lgs} b'Mv
lbof] . of] nfu'kbfy{ xf] ls jf s] xf] eg]/ xf]nf Ps 3G6f hlt dnfO{
eG;f/df /f]s]/ s]/sf/ u¥of] . d}n] egF]– Tof] ;g\ lqmd xf], To;n] klg ePg .
l;n vf]Nof], $÷% hgfsf] l6dn] rkl:6sn] Tof] lqmd s'g} hfFr ug]{ d]l;gdf /fVof] .
d}n] xftdf nufP/ cg'xf/df nufO{ b]vfPF . t}klg, dfGb} dfg]gg\ . d}n]
eg]– ltd|} b]zdf sfd u/]sf] dfG5]sf] xf] . kmf]g u/]/ ;f]w . t}klg,
dfg]g . cGTodf /ftf] kf;kf]6{ b]vfPF, To;kl5 rfOlgh efiffdf s]s] s'/f
u¥of] . To;kl5 aNn dnfO{ 5f]8\of] . Tolt dfq xf]Og, d}n] cfkm\gf nflu
nu]sf] l;tf]knflbr"0f{ klg lrlgofF si6d clkm;/sf] 6fpsf] b'vfO eof] .
d}n] ;f]sf] l;n vf]n]/ vfP/ b]vfPkl5 aNn aflx/ hfg kfPF . dnfO{ a]Olhª
hfg] xjfO{hxfh 5'6\g] 8/ eO;s]sf] lyof] . d'l:snn] cfGtl/s ljdfg:yn k'u]F .
k|fljlws sf/0fn] xfd|f] p8fg /2 eP5 . Ps 3G6fkl5 csf]{ ljdfgdf k7fpg]
lgwf] u/]5g\ . l9nf ePsfn] dnfO{ ;d:of ePg\, 5]Gb'b]lv a]Olhª;Dd sl/a #÷$
3G6fsf] ofqf eof] . /fltsf] a]nf ePsfn] aflx/ s]xL klg b]lvPg . aNn
/flt ! ah] xfdL rLgsf] /fhwfgL a]Olhªsf] cfGtl/s xjfO{ c8\8df cjt/0f u¥of}F .
af6f]df @ hgf cGo g]kfnL;Fu e]63f6 eof] . Ps hgf 8f= a'nGb yfkf, csf]{ Ps
jL/ c:ktfnsL jl/i7 g;{ x'g'x'GYof] . pgLx¿ :jf:Yo;DaGwL tflndsf nflu a]Olhª
hfFb} lyP . af6f]df pgLx¿;Fu lrghfg, ukmufkm ePsfn] dnfO{ Po/kf]6{b]lv
ahf/;Dd pxfFx¿nfO{ lng cfPsf xf]6nsf sd{rf/L;Fu} d klg ;f]xL xf]6ndf k'u]F .
ToxfF xf]6ndf a:g] 7fpF /x]g5 . dnfO{ lsg ;Fu} NofPsf] eg]/ Dofg]h/
lrlgofF efiffdf l/;fof] . tL dlxnfn] dnfO{ lnˆ6 glbPsf] eP, dnfO{
7"n} ;d:of kYof]{ . h] eP klg cflv/df Tof] xf]6nsf] d]g]h/n] d]/f] @)
8n/ ;f6]/ !^) o'jfg MRD lbof] . d}n] g]kfnL b"tfjf;sf]
7]ufgf b]vfPkl5 lrlgofF efiffdf n]v]/ 6ofS;L 8«fOe/nfO{ lbof] . clg, t sl/a
@ ah] 6\ofS;L 8«fOj/n] klg ;fgnL y'g eGg] 7fpFdf /x]sf] g]kfnL b"tfjf;aflx/
;8sdf k'¥ofOlbof] . @) o'jfg 6\ofS;L ef8f nfUof] . ;f}efUoj; Tof]
;:tf] g} k¥of] . olb, d Po/kf]6{af6 6\ofS;Ld} cfPsf] eP gfO6 6\ofS;L @))
o'jfgeGbf a9L g} nfUYof] xf]nf . g]kfnL b"tfjf; k'u]kl5 aflx/ a;]sf]
lrlgofF ;]gfsf] ;'/Iffy{ vl6Psf] hjfg;Fu s'/f ug]{ sf]l;; u/]F . t/,
p;nfO{ c+u|]hL af]Ng cfpFb}g /x]5 . p;n] dnfO{ ID b]vf eGof] . d}n] kf;kf]6{ b]vfpFbf
dfGb} dfg]g . clg, d}n] SoflG;n ul/;]s]sf] /ftf] kf;kf]6{ klg af]s]/ uPsf]
lyPF, Tof] b]vfPkl5 p;n] dnfO{ leq k:g cg'dlt lbof] . ;fob s]s] eGof]
t]/f] b"tfjf; xf] hf eg]h:tf] nfUof] . leqkl§ hfFbf sf]xL klg b]lvg .
kfn] ;'lt;s]sf] /x]5 . To;kl5 b"tfjf;sf] clkm;lt/sf] leq hfg] u]6sf]
k|j]z dfu{df /x]sf] v'§fk'5\g] 8f]/Dof6df a;]F . dnfO{ 7"n7"nf
dR58n] 6f]s] . km]l/ Pskl5 aflx/lt/ uP/ jl/kl/ 3'd]F . /ft sf6]kl5
laxfg s]xL aGbf]a:t eOxfN5 xf]nf eGg] d]/f] ljrf/ lyof] . km]l/ lgGb|f
b]jLn] 5f]l8gg\ lsgeg] d nfdf] ofqfaf6 cfPsf] lyPF . clg, km]l/ %=#)
ah]lt/ ;'6s];nfO{ l;/fgL u/L af6'nf] eP/ vf8Lsf] s'tf{ cf]9]/ ;'Tg k'u]5' .
dnfO{ g]kfnsf] /fhb"t eP/ hfg] OR5f 5 . To;sf nflu ljut s]xL jif{b]lv
jftf{;d]t rln/x]sf] 5 . rLgsf] g]kfnL b"tfjf;df @! tfl/vsf] /ft
aflx/sf] kmf]xf]/ Kjfn k/]sf 8f]/Dof6df latfpg' kbf{ d}n] ;DemF]– lgo'ltm ePsf]
eP d /fhb"t eO;]sf] x'Gy]F t/, clxn] PDAof;8/ 8f]/Dof6df ;'lt/x]5 .
laxfg eP 5 rf}sLbf/ p7]/ cfP5 . clg, p;n] dnfO{ O;f/f u/]/ u]:6xfp;
b]vfof] / Po/ slG8;g vf]lnlbof] . kfx'gf
sf]7fdf d ;'Tg k'u]F . o;/L d]/f] d+uf]lnofsf nflu ul/g] ofqf rLgsf]
/fhwfgL a]Olhªsf nfdv'§];Fu ldqtf ub{} ;'? eof] .
dª\uf]lnofb]lv
sf]l/of;Dd
d+uf]lnof ljZjsf
:jtGq /fi6«x¿df la|l6; ;fd|fHo lj:tf/ x'g'cl3 ;Dd ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;fd|fHo lj:tf/
u/]sf] /fHo lyof] . r+u]h vfFn] ;g\ !@!% df cfkm\gf] /fhwfgL xx{/L
d+uf]lnofaf6 rLgsf] a]Olhªdf ;fbf{;Dd d+uf]lnofsf] cfsf/ j[l4 eO;s]sf] lyof] .
Ps hgf la|l6; cg';Gwftfsf cg';f/ a]nfotn] …jf/ :6fl6lhÚ r+u]h vfFsf] o'4
z}nLaf6 l;s]sf] lyof] . xfnsf] O/fssf] aubfb;Dd k'u]sf] d+uf]lnofsf] ;}Go
zlQm ck|ltd -clåtLo_ lyof] .
ToxL d+uf]lnofsf]
xfnsf] cfsf/ g]kfnsf] cfsf/eGbf bz u'0ffn] 7"nf] 5 . hg;+Vof eg] bz u'0ff
sd 5 . ToxfFsf] hg;+Vof hDdf #! nfv 5 . d+uf]lnofdf cem} rf}jfnL;
k|ltzt hg;+Vof PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLdf klg g]kfnsf /fp6] h:t} 3'dGt] gf]d]l8s hLjg
latfpF5g\ . pgLx¿ r/g ePsf] 7fpFdf b'O{b]lv $ dlxgf;Ddsf nflu cfˆgf kfNt'
hgfj/ 3f]8f, pFm6, e]8f, ufO{j:t', lnP/ hfG5g\ . km/s Tolt xf], pgLx¿sf]
kSsL 3/ geP klg sltkosf cfˆgf 6f]o6f, k|f8f] x'G5g\ . k|f8f]df kfnsf] 3/
6'qmf6'qmf u/L /fv]/ csf]{ pkTosfdf n}hfG5g\ . ;fx|} vfOnfUbf uf]/f,
df]6f3f6f, z/L/n] x[i6k'i6 b]lvG5g\ . ;fob pmF6sf] b"w / 3f]8fsf]
df;' vfg ?rfpg] ePsfn] pgLx¿ To;af6 a9L kf}li6s tTj kfpF5g\ xf]nf .
k]6«f]n, Uof;, vgLh,
h+unL hgfj/, jg, ljzfn e"efu / /0fgLlts cjl:ylt rLg / ?;sf] aLrdf ePsfn]
d+uf]lnofdf g]kfndf eGbf a9L /fhb"tfjf; 5g\ . ;g\ !(@! df g} sDo'lg:6
zf;g :yfkgf ePkl5 a|]8 PG8 a6/sf nflu ;f]leot o'lgogsf] ;xof]udf lgld{t …:6]6
l8kf6{d]G6 :6f]/Ú /fhwfgL ;x/ pnfgaf6/sf] sl/a dWoefudf cem} oyfjt\ 5 .
;g\ !(@! b]lv !(() ;Dd ;f]leot ;+3sf] lgoGq0fh:t} k|efjdf /x]sf] sDo'lg:6
Joj:yf ePsf] d+uf]lnofdf xfn rLgsf] k|efj a9L] b]lvG5 . To;}n] ToxfFsf]
zf;gdf !(() kl5 l/ef]lnp:g/L sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ zlQmdf /x]sf] 5 h+unL pmF6, ljzfn
uf]eL d?e"ld, ;a}eGbf nfdf] 3f]8r8Lsf] ofqf d+uf]lnofsf ljz]iftf x'g\ .
ljsf;] ;fem]bf/sf] ¿kdf blIf0f sf]l/of, hfkfg / rLg k|d'v ;xfof]uL d'n's x'g\ .
ToxL d'n'ssf] e|d0f ug{ hfFbf ef]u]sf] ef]ufO{ pNn]vgLo 5g\ .
d;Fu k};f lyPg,
sxfF a:g] < s] vfg], s;/L kms{g] ;a} ;d:ofs} ¿kdf lyP . t}klg, cfkt\
kbf{ x/]; vfg'x'Gg ;'ema'emn] sfd ug{'k5{ . d cfkm\gf] ;fdfg lkmtf{ a'em]/
Po/kf]6{aflx/ k'u]F . 6\ofS;Ldf ;fdfg /fv]F . 6\ofS;L af6f]lt/
nfu]kl5 Ps hgf d+uf]lnog ;fyLsf] d+uf]lnog efiffdf n]lvPsf] lelhl6ª sf8{ b]vfPF
/ ToxLF k'¥ofO lbg eg]F . To; a]nf d]/f] uf]hLdf 6\ofS;L ef8f ltg{] k};f
klg lyPg . olb, d+uf]lnog ldq gf/f 3/df ge]l6Psf] eP d 6\ofS;Lsf] ef8f
s;/L lty{+] < gf/fsf] 3/df k'u]kl5 9f]sfsf] 3G6L ahfPF pxfF aflx/ cfpg'eof] .
5Ss k/]/ s] ef]Ú lsg g]kfn hfg'ePg eg]/ ;f]Wg'eof] . d}n] ;a} j[QfGt atfPF
/ 6\ofS;L ef8fsf] k};f dfu]/ lt/]F . 3/df ;fdfg /fv]kl5 ;a} ;Defjgfaf/]
;f]rljrf/ u¥of}F / c¿ ;fyLnfO{ klg of] oyfy{ hfgsf/L 6]lnkmf]gaf6 u/fof}F .
To;kl5 :6]6 o'lgel;{l6 ckm Ph's];gsf l8gn] Tof] a]n'sfsf] l8g/ cfof]hgf ug'{eof] .
l8g/ vfg'cl3 lrlgofF b"tfjf; Po/ rfOgf
clkm;df ;f]wk'5 u¥of}F . s]xL ;Lk gnfu]kl5 k};fsf] hf]xf] u/L sf]l/og
Po/sf] l6s6 sf6\of}F .
sNkgf ug'{;\ tkfO{+
rLgsf] af6f] eP/ pnfgaf6/–a]Olhª, 5Gb'–Nxf;f xF'b} sf7df8f+}sf] p8fgsf nflu
/jfgf x'g'eof] . d+uf]lnofsf] /fhwfgL pnfgaf6/df /x]sf] r+u]h vfF cGt/f{li6«o
xjfO{ c8\8f k'Ug'eof] . 6\ofS;LnfO{ @) 8n/ hlt nfUg] b"/Ldf tkfO{+sf
d+uf]lnog ;fyLn] ;Fu} cfP/ k'¥ofOlbP . Po/kf]6{df ;fdfg hfFr eof] .
;fdfg leq uO;Sof] clg r]s hfFr ug]{ a]nfdf tkfO{+nfO{ lagf sf/0f cWofudg kf/
ug{ jl~rt ul/of] . clg, Tolta]/;Dd cfk"m;Fu ePsf] 8n/n] d+uf]lnog
pkxf/ s/d'Qm k;ndf lsg]/ afFsL ar]sf] 6'u|'v -d+uf]lnog s/]G;L_ / 8n/ l;WofO{
3/ hfg] lbgsf] k|tLIffdf a;]sf] a]nf l8kf]6 u/]kl5 d]/f] xf];\ xjf; p8\of] .
aLrdf ljzfn rLgn] 5]s]sf] x'Fbf a'4Tjsf] ;DaGw eP klg d+uf]lnof / g]kfn Tolt
glhs 5}gg\ . cfk;L ;DaGw, Jojxf/, e|d0fsf] cfbfgk|bfgsf b[li6n] .
xjfO{dfu{afx]s csf]{ dfu{ eP klg ;Dej 5}g, ltAatafx]s cfpg .
lrlgofF clwsf/Lsf]
lgb]{zgdf dnfO{ p8fg eg{ jl~rt u/fof] /] . dnfO{ cf}lw b'Mv / kL8f eof] .
;f]wk'5 ubf{ :ki6 pQ/ cfPg . olt dfq eGof] 8]df]qm];L, dfgjclwsf/ /
zflGtsf] s'/f ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngdf efu lnP/ cfPsfn] ltAatsf] af6f] hfg
kfpFb}g . hals d k}bn, /]n jf cGo oftfoftsf ;fwgdf hfFb} lyOgF .
xjfO{dfu{ Tof] klg Po/ rfOgf -rLgsf] xjfO{hxfh_ dfq rLgsf] ?6 6«flGh6 eP/ g]kfn
hfg'kg]{ lyof] . d]/f] le;f l;+un OG6«L lyof] . lsgeg], hfFbfv]l/
d]/f] a]Olhª x]g]{, 3'Dg] /x/ lyof] . ha d}n] lrlgofF b"tjf;df dlN6kn
OlG6«sf nflu le;f kmf/fd e/]sf] lyPF . lrlgofF clwsf/Ln] g} dnfO{ dlN6kn
rflxFb}g, l;+un OlG6« eP eOxfN5 egL pQ/ lbPsf lyP . sNkgf ug'{;\, olt
glhssf] ldq /fi6«df klg olt laWg ;f:tL v]Kg' s] s"6gLlts dof{bfsf] s'/fdf
k5{ xf]nf <
ljZjljBfnosf]
k|fWofks cem} rLg;Fu lgs6 ;DaGwsf sf/0f klg ePsf] ljZjefiff SofDk;df SofDk;
k|d'v eO{ sfd ubf{ b'O{÷rf/ b]zsf b"tfjf;;Fu cln a9L g} 3lgi7 ;DaGw x'G5 .
rLg, hfkfg, sf]l/of, k|mfG;sf /fhb"tsf] e]63f6, kf6L{ ef]hsf] pkl:ylt dfq
xf]Og, cfˆgf] efiff jf ;+:s[ltnfO{ a9fjf lbg'kg]{ pgLx¿sf] bfloTj klg x'Fbf]
xf]nf . To;}n] d]/f] c;n ldqkl§sf] v/fa Jojxf/ k6Ss} dg k/]g . d]/f]
xjfO{ l6s6 sfd gnfUg] eof] . h'g l6s6 d}n] tTsfnLg /fhb/af/sf] pQ/lt/
/x]sf] Po/ rfOgsf] clkm;af6 cfpg]÷hfg] l6s6
vl/b u/]sf] lyPF . d+uf]lnof–sf7df8f}+ cGo s'g} klg Po/nfOG;n] p8fg eb}{g .
pnfgjf6/–a]Olhª, gofFlbNnL hfg klg b'O{j6f Po/nfOg k|of]u ug'{kg]{ eof] .
To;sf nflu d;Fu Joj:yf ePg . cflv/df d+uf]lnofaf6 sf]l/og Po/sf] l6s6
lng'kg]{ Ps dfq ljsNk afFsL /Xof] . d}n] d+uf]lnog ;fyLsf] k};f C0f lnP/
sf]l/og Po/sf] l6s6 sf6]F .
b'O{ lbgkl5 dfq
p8\g kfOg] eOof] . tL b'O{ lbg d]/f] hLjgsf ;aeGbf nfdf lbg lyP .
ljgfsf/0f a]vrL{ eP/ a:g'k/]sfn] xf]nf . t}klg, kSs} g]kfn hfg kfOPnf t
eGg] z+sf lyof] . sf/0f d;Fu sf]l/ofsf] le;f klg lyPg . olb,
sf]l/ofdf 7Ls ;dodf p8fg ePg eg] s] ug]{ < le;flagf ;f]n ;x/leq hfg ;lsGg eGg]
s'/f] dgdf v]Nb} lyof] . eujfg\ e/f];f u/]/ a;]F . ca d]/f] c¿ s'g}
pkfo lyPg . ha sf]l/og Po/sf] xjfO{hxfhdf leq k;]F, dnfO{ t lahg]; Snf;sf]
l;6 kf] pknAw eof] . eujfg\nfO{ ;Dem]sf] klg sfd nfUof] . sf]l/ofdf %
3G6f kv]{kl5 csf]{ xjfO{hxfhdf sf7df8f}+sf nflu p8fg e/]kl5 t d]/f] v';Lsf]
;Ldf g} /x]g . ToxfF klg xhfO{hxfh el/Psf] x'Fbf dnfO{ t lahg]; Snf;df kf]
l;6 lbOof] . Sof dHhf cfˆgf] k};fn] Tof] Snf;sf] l6s6 lsGg] k|Zg}
p7\b}gYof] . 5 3G6fsf] p8fg /dfOnf] eof] . ;f]ndf sf]Osf g]kfnsf
slG6« 8fO/]S6/ ld:6/ sf]ª Do'xg;Fu e]6 eof] / Po/kf]6{df ukm;km u/L ;do latfpg
;lhnf] eof] .
hLjgsf ef]ufOdf
b'O{j6f P8e]Gr/; Oe]G6 ef]u]sf] 5' . klxnf] ;g\ !(() sf] j;Gt Ct'df
kj{tf/f]x0f bn;Fu ;Dks{ clws[t eO{ hfFbf wf}nflul/ j]z SofDk dfly eP/ /fpG8
wf}nflul/sf] af6f] wDa'h kf;, k|m]Grsf]ndf r§fg] cfO;df lrlKnof]ls Oxlnnf ;dfKt
eof] eGg] cj:yfdf rsf{] xfjf, x'/Lsf] /km\tf/n] ha d]/f] xftsf] n¶L g} p8fof] .
n¶Lsf] / v|Dkdsf] lagf ;xf/f kf/ ug}{ g;lsg] Tof] 8/nfUbf] af6f]df hLjg
bf];fF3df lyof] . Tof] r§fg] af6f]sf] afFsL lx:;f kf/ ug{ d;Fu ;fyL uPsf
el/ofsf] xftsf] ;fyn] hLjg lbof] . ha xfdL ofs vs{ k'Uof}F ta dfkmf{ b]lvg
yfNof] . clg, dnfO{ aNn hLjg afFsL /x]sf] af]w ePsf] lyof] . To; a]nf
d}n] dgdg} eg]sf] lyPF… cfoGbf kj{tf/f]x0fdf slxNo} hfg] 5}g . k/Gt',
cfly{s cefjn] lk/f]n]kl5 k'gM rf/k6s, dsfn', k'df]/L, cfdfbAnd lxdfndf ;Dks{ clws[tsf]
¿kdf sfd ug{ uPsf] lyPF . d+uf]lnof e|d0fdf klg ljgfsf/0f kfPsf] x¥of;d]G6
-x}/fgL_ n] ofqfdf kg{ ;Sg] csNkgLo ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf] pkfosf] vf]hL csf{] 36gf
eof] . hLjg ;+3if{sf] cgGt ofqfdf cfOk/]sf 36gfx¿df d+uf]lnof–sf]l/of–rLg
ofqf ;Demgf k6ndf cd/ /xg]5 .
hfkfg /
sf]l/of e|d0f M @)!$
hfkfg sf]l/of
;]ldgf/ / labfsf] 3'd3fd ;du| ¿kn] /dfOnf] /Xof] . !! h'nfO{ @)!$
sf7df8f}+ 5f]8]/ @% h'nfO{ km]l/ sf7df8f}+ hfFb} 5' . kl/jf/af6 b'O{ xKtf
6f9f a;fO eof] . p4j;Fusf] ofqfdf sxLF st} klg sfnf] cg'xf/ nufpg] jf
l/;fpg] cj:yf /x]g5 . ofqf ubf{ dg ldNg] a]nfa]nfdf /dfOnf] ukm ug]{ .
slxn]sfxLF dxTjk"0f{ ljifodf ljrf/sf] cfbfgk|bfg klg ug'{kg]{ /x]5 .
xfdLaLr /x]sf] pd]/sf] km/snfO{ ;fob 1fgsf] ;dtfn] ;fy lbof] xf]nf . Psbd
ldNg] ;fyL eP/ Ps /ft t Pp6} lj?t/fdf ;'t]/ -bª\b]d'g ;f]n sf]l/of_ sf] df]6ndf
latfof}F . r/}j]tL r/}j]tL e|d0fsf] dfgj hLjgdf Psbd dxTj 5, e|d0fsf]
ef]ufO / l;sfO sltko a]nfdf pbfx/0f lbg, l;sfpg / cEof; ug{sf nflu klg
dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ .
ca cfh !@M#) ah]
lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yndf pq]kl5, cfpFbfv]l/ x:tfIf/ gu/]sf] kf;kf]6{ egL
cWofudgn] kmsf{pFbf p7]sf] l/; klg ;dfKt x'g]5 . ;dod} Po/kf]6{ gk'u]sf]
eP cWofudgaf6} kms]{/ aflx/ cfO 6\ofS;L lnP/ l;l8cf] sfof{no k'u]sf] / ToxfF
lgj]bg n]vL x:tfIf/ u/fP/ km]l/ Po/kf]6{ cfpGh]n d]/f] dgdf ePsf] 9's9'sL klg
l;l4of] .
@)&! – # –
@&
/fxbfgLsf] x:tfIf/
cfh c;f/ @& ut] sf]l/og Po/sf] xjfO{hxfhdf hfkfgsf] of]sf]xfdf ;x/df
cfof]hgf x'g] ;dfhzf:qLsf] c7f/f}F ljZj ;Dd]ngdf efu lng hfg lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o
ljdfg:yn k|:yfg u/]F .
cfwf 3G6fsf]
kvf{Okl5 8f= p4j Kofs'¥ofn;Fu e]6 eof] . xfdL b'j} hgfn] ;fdfg r]s u/fof}F
/ ljdfg:ynsf] dflyNnf] tNnfdf cWofudg r]shfFrsf] l;nl;nfdf cWofudgsf] sd{rf/Ln]
eGof] . tkfO+{sf] /fxbfgLdf x:tfIf/g} 5}g clg t k¥of] ljTof;, p4j leqlt/
uP d eg] x:ofªkm:ofª ub}{ xjfO{ c8\8faf6 aflx/ lg:s]F . 6\ofS;L lnP/
l;l8cf] sfof{nolt/ nfu]F . l;l8cf] sfof{ndf !)^ sf]7f gDa/df hfg';\ eGof] .
klxn] sf]7f g+ !)% df k'u]F . d]/f] 6f]nsf sd{rf/L;Fu e]6 eof] . d}n]
pxfFnfO{ xtf/xtf/ cfˆgf] oyfy{ ;'gfPF clg t pxfFn] dnfO{ d2t ug{ cfˆgf] l;6sf]
Jo:t sfd 5f]8]/ !)^ sf]7fdf uO{ /fxbfgLdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ xflsdnfO{ x:tfIf/ ug{
eGg'eof] . t/, kf;kf]6{df x:tfIf/ ug]{ xflsdn] eGof] d ;?jf eO{ cfPsf]
w]/} ePsf] 5}g, tkfO{++sf] kf;kf]6{ ;g\ @)!# df ag]sf] /x]5 d s;/L x:tfIf/ ug{
;S5', clg d}n] eg] d ;]So'l/6L r]s hfFr ug]{ 7fpFaf6 kms]{sf] s] ug]{ t clg
pgn] eg] lgj]bg n]Vgf];\, d}n] eg]F, …dnfO{ xtf/ 5 xjfO{hxfh 5'6\g ;S5, d
lgj]bssf] x:tfIf/ ul/lbG5',Ú pxfFn] klg lgj]bg n]vL lbg'xf]nf . Toltn] sfd
u¥of] . pxfFn] /fxbfgLdf x:tfIf/ ug'{eof] / d xtf/xtf/ k'/fg} 6\ofS;Laf6
Po/kf]6{ cfPF . kf}g] !@ ah] aflx/ lg:s]sf] dfG5] kf}g] ! ah] k'gM
cWofudglt/ nfu]F . ;fdfg klxn] g} r]shfFr eO{ leq uO;s]sf] lyof] .
xft] emf]nf dfq af]Sb} leq k'Ubf 8f= p4j;Fu e]6 eof] . v';LofnL;Fu @ sk
Sofkm] NofQ] vfof}F . Psl5g\ cf/fd u/L clGtd ;'/Iff hFr kf/ u/L leq
k'Uof}F / d 8fo/L n]Vg nfu]F . xfd|f] ljdfg:ynsf] k|tLIff sIfdf P;L 5}g,
clt udL{ lyof] . sl/a ! ah]/ #) ldg]6df xfdL ;'/Iff kf;kl5 ljdfglt/ hfg]
a;df a:of}F / sf]l/og Po/ leq k:of}F . xfdL v'§f k;fg{ ldNg] Osf]gf]ld
Snf;sf] cu|efusf] l;6df a:of}F .
d}n] lxhf] kmf]g
u/]/ sf]l/og Po/nfOgsf] :6];g Dofg]h/;Fu ukmufkm u/]sf] lyPF . of]ªdfg
uf];Fu a;df r9\bf dfq e]6 eof] . pgn] eg] tkfO{+ / tkfO{+sf] ;fyLsf nflu
cufl8sf] l;6 Joj:yf eO;s]sf] 5 . sf]l/ofsf] cf/fd sIfsf] Joj:yf clxn] ug{
;lSbg .
h]xf];\ clxn]
cf/fd;Fu sf]l/og Po/df a;L of] 6«fenu n]Vb} 5' . xfd|f] xjfO{hxfhsf]
lgwf{l/t p8fg ;do !=%% ah] 5 . clxn] !=%) alh;Sof] . olb, d]/f] h:t}
36gf Ps a]lhNnfsf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] sfdbf/sf] ePsf] eP s] x'GYof] <
sf] lhDd]jf/ 5 < o:tf] sl7gfOsf] nflu . clxn] b'O{ aHg nflu;Sof]
xjfO{hxfh OlGhg rnfP/ p8fgsf] k|tLIffdf 5 . sf7df8f}+df laxfg kfgL k/]/
clxn] xNsf 3fd nflu/x]sf] 5 tfklg jiff{sf] sf/0f j/k/ afbn b]lvG5 .
pkTosfsf kxf8x¿ a'sf{ nufPsL d'l:nd aflnsfh:t} b]lvFb}5g\ . p4j v'§f
k;f/]/ d:t a;]sf 5g\ . ljdfgleq sf]l/og efiffdf s]s] pT3f]if x'Fb} 5 yfxf
5}g, sD;fldbf -wGojfb_ eg]sf] eg] d}n] a'em]sf] 5' .
b'O{ah]/ kfFr
ldg]6 eO;Sof] ljdfgsf] p8fgdf ljnDa ePsf] 5 eg]/ c+u|]hLdf PgfpG; eof] .
sf7df8f}+af6
ljdfgn] p8fg e/]sf] sxL a]/d} klxn]sf] sf]Osf :jo+;]ljsf g]kfnL gfd /Lgf;Fu e]6
eof] . pgL d]/f] l;6;Fu}sf] l;6df a:g cfOg\ . Psl5g ukmufkm,
enfs';f/L u¥of}F . pgL g]kfndf Jofkf/ u/]/ a;]sL /lxl5g\ . ;]p8\ldgrf
sf]l/og gfd (*!*^)^^(( sf7df8f}+ / )!)$^$^&&!% sf]l/of .
/flqsf] ;dodf OG5g
6ld{gnleq cf/fd ug]{ s';L{df ;'Tg] sf]l;; u¥of}F . t/, dnfO{ lgGb|f nfu]g .
p4j eg] #÷$ 3G6f ;'Tg ;kmn eP . d}n] j/k/ 3'd3fd u/]F / ;do latfPF .
laxfg p7]/ bfFt dfe]m/ d'v wf]O{ tNnf] tNnfdf /x]sf] 8\o'l6lk|m k;n / l8kfr{/
u]6 ePlt/ nfUof}F . bz bz 8n/ lt/]/ Ps ;]G8lar lrs]g :jfbsf] / x6 rsn]6
vfof}F . cf/fd u/]/ a:b} 5f}F .
c;f/– @*
cfh ;Dd]ngsf]
pb\3f6g sfo{qmd 5, Sof]sf] of]l;h'dL k|f]km];/ cft]d+ufs ljZjljBfno;Fu a;]sf]
5' . sGkm/]G; xn lgSs} 7"nf] /x]5 . ljZj ;dfhzf:qL ;Dd]ngdf
ljZjel/af6 %))) ;xefuL cfPsf 5g\ . ;f9] % ah] PgfpG;d]G6 eof] .
sfo{qmd -pb\3f6g_ ;'? x'g]a]nf eof] . xn el/Psf] 5}g, cfdlGqt ;xefuL
cfpFb} 5g\ . k|f]km];/ dfOsn a'/a] ;Dd]ngsf] af/]df k|sfz kfg'{x'g]5 –
:jfutd\ . km]l/ eGg'xf];\ of]sf]xfdfdf olt 7"nf] dfqfdf klxnf]k6s
k"jL{ Pl;ofdf ISA sf] ;Dd]ng ug{
;Dej eof] . ;'lh/f] hfkfgL k|fWofks xfdL !@) b]zaf6 ^ xhf/ JolQm cfPsf
5f}F . of] ljZjJofkL ;dfhzf:qLsf] ljZjsk xf] . hxfF a|flhlnog ;xefuL
klg xfg]{ 5}gg\ / ?g] 5}gg\, kl5sf jif{;Dd . hfkfgsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf of]
ljZj ;Dd]ng ug{ ;Defjgf eof] . of] ;Dd]ng el/ hDdf !(() ;];g x'g]5 5g\ .
;fob ljZjJofkL ;d"xsf] ;xeflutf x'g]5 . csf]{ sfo{;ldltsf] u7g x'g]5 .
#) jif{b]lv dxf;lrj eP/ sfd u/]sfn] of] ;Dd]ng tLg bzsb]lv ljsl;t ePsf] 5 .
cGTodf afFsL ^ lbgsf] sfd ;fdfg, JolQmut d2t td t}of/Ldf hfkflgh :yfgLo
sld6Lsf] cd"No of]ubfg /xg]5 . sf]OrL–k|f]km];/ o;sf nflu wGojfbsf
kfq x'g'x'G5 . sf]OrL xfl;ufjf tf]lxsL ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks x'g\ .
!(*^df Go' lbNnLdf
of] ;Dd]ng ePsf] lyof] . @)!$ of]sf]xfdf tof/Lsf] nflu xfdLn] @@ j6f
/fli6«o t}of/L sfo{qmd u/]sf lyof}F . hfkfg ;'gfdL / Go'lSnon l8hf:6/af6
k|efljt eP/ dGb cfly{s ultljlwdf uPsf] 5, of]sf]xfdf k'n ljZjsf] Ps ;kgfsf] k'n
xf] . ;fdflhs ;Ghfn klg ;dfh ;dfhaLrsf] k'n xf] . cfcf}F PsLs[t ;dfh
agfpg nfuf}F .
Osf]k|mfOG8nL ;x/
xf], of]sf]xfdf ef]ln gofF sDKo'6/ x]g'{x'g]5 . ljZjsksf] cGTo;Fu} xfd|f]
;dfhzf:qL sk ;DkGg x'g]5, o;df sf]xL klg xfg]{ 5}g . oxfF tkf gofF ;fyL agfpg ;Sg'x'g]5 / gofF ljrf/ lng /
lbg ;Sg'x'g]5 .
k|f]km];/
tf]/]uf]O– xfd|f] ;dfh !)) jif{cl3 :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . cfh;Dd xfdLn] o;/L
ljZjJofkL ;xefuL af]nfpg ;s]sf lyPgf}F . k|f]km];/ xfl;ufjfn] eg]em}F
hfkfgn] km'lhl;df Go'lSno/ b'3{6gfn] @)!# df @),))) dfG5]sf] k|ToIf Hofg lnof]
o:tf] /fli6«o ljklQsf] a]nfdf o:tf] cfof]hgf cfkm} ;lhnf] lyPg . xfdL
hfkfgL d]xgtL 5f}F, k|ltJolQm cfo 36]sf] 5 . cg';Gwfgdf ul/g] vr{ 36]sf] 5 .
;'vsf] dfkb08 s]
xf] < d OGef/d]G6n ;dfhzf:qL x'F . ;dfh zf:qsf k|fWofkssf] vf]hLsf]
ljifo xf] . xfdL ;dfhsf] ;'vsf] vf]hLdf 5f}F . c¿ dfG5]sf] ;'vsf]
nflu sfd ug]{ xf}F . of]sf] xfdf sf+u|];n] ;dfg ;+;f/sf] kl/sNkgf ug]{5 .
d tkfO{+sf] aLrdf cfpg kfPsf]df v';L 5' . tkfO{+nfO{ wGojfb .
d]o/ xfofl;–
;a}nfO{ d]/f] :jfut 5, :yfgLo cfof]hs /
ljZj ;+u7gsf cWoIfnfO{ d]/f] d'/Ld'/L wGojfb 5, of] ;x/df oqf] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf
ug'{ePsf]df k'gM wGojfb lbG5' . d]o/ xfofl;sf] ;Gb]z . #) j6f
;dfhzf:qLo ;+u7g 5g\ / hfkfgdf !(@$ df hfkfg ;f]l;of]nflhsn ;dfhsf] :yfkgf
ePsf] xf] . xfd|f] sfd efiffsf] sf/0f hfkfgLhdf dfq lyof] . o;k6sb]lv
xfdL c+u|]hLdf ;dfhzf:qsf] ;fdfg pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg]eof}F .
km's';Ldf ;d:ofn]
hfkfgnf ;+s6df kf/]sf] lyof] .
u|fdL0f If]qdf lgh{g x'g] cj:yf cfof] . d'Vo ;x/df OGwgsf] ;d:of eof] .
xfdLn] k|fl1s ;+u7gsf] aGw'Tj ug'{k5{ . ljZjnfO{ ;dfg agfpg ;dfh zf:qLsf]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g]5 . ufpF, :yfgLo ;d:of dfgjtfsf] ;d:of /
;Defjgfaf/] xfdLn] sfd ug]{5f}F . x/]s b]zdf ;dfhsf] ljsf;df ;dfhzf:qL
ldnf}F .
of]l;ldlr ;ftf]–
;dfhzf:qsf] k|fWofks – 6f]lsof] ljZjljBfno, ef/taf6 dfq @ ;oeGbf a9L ;xefuL
ePsf 5g\ . csf]{ ;Dd]ng @)!^ df cl:6«of leogfdf x'g]5 . !)–!&
h'nfO{ leogf cl:6ofdf cfof]hgf ul/g]5 . !#& b]zaf6 @)) Po/kf]6{af6
cl:6lnof cfpg ;Sg'x'g]5 . ToxfF tkfO{x? l;UdG8 k|mfO8 Do'lhod x]g{
kfpg'x'g]5 . c:6«]lnog Po/df cfPdf !%Ü l6s6df 5'6 kfpg'x'g]5 . leogf
ljZj ljBfno !^ cf}F ztfAbLsf] :yflkt ljZj ljBfno xf] . xfdL ^%)
jflif{sf]T;j csf]{ jif{ dgfpFb} 5f}F .
tkfO{+ d]/f] ljZj
ljBfnodf cfpFbf /dfpx'g]5 . k/Gt' ^))) ;xefuLsf] nflu eg] xfdL tof/L ug{
;Sg]5f}gf}F h;/L hfkfgn] cfof]hgf ug{ ;Sof] . Sofg]l8og 6f/f]G6f] ljlj df
@)!* jN8{ sf+u|]; cfof]hgf x'g]5 . Sofg]l8og ;dfhzf:qL c¿ b]z h:t} 5g\ /
s]xL leGg ljrf/wf/f lnPsf 5g\ . Sofg8]ln ;dfh b]vfpFbf ;f/Lsf] k|bz{gb]lv
b]jtf ef/tLo, g]kfnL r'/fk;n klg b]vfOg Sofg]l8og k|fWofksn] .
-dfOsn a'/fj]_
cWoIf js{n] ljZjljBfno USA
Public Sociology
of]sf];f]– of]
;x/df cfof]hgf ug{ kfPsf]df d v';L 5' . /f]dflG6s 7fpF xf], hfkfgsf]
;aeGbf a9L ldl>t ;x/ xf] . of]sf]xfdfdf !*^%df klxnf] cfO;lqmd kfn{/
v'n]sf] lyof] . !**$ df k|yd ;fa'g ˆofS6«L ag]sf] lyof] .
of]sf]xfdf
k'glg{df{0fsf] r/0fdf 5 . xfdL sf] xf}F < c;dfgtfaf/] rrf{ ug{ cg'ej
;f6f;f6 ug{ cfPsf 5f}F . !(%# b]lv @)!$ ;Dd xfd|f] ;+u7g slt 7"nf]
ePsf] 5 . w]/} ;xefuL ljleGg b]zaf6 cfPsf 5f}F . ^# /fli6«o ;+u7g
;b:o ;+u7g 5g\, !(%) df %dfq lyP . lkPr8L ljBfyL{sf nflu xfdL;Fu
dxTjk"0f{ ;fdu|L pknAw 5 . cfufdL k':tfnfO{ xfdL ;fFrf] cy{df
ljZjJofkL agfpg rfxG5f}F . c;dfg ;dfhnfO{ ;dfgtflt/ s;/L n}hfg] xfd|f]
;f]r x'G5 / x'g'k5{ .
!= cy{tGq ;a}sf nflu x'g'k5{, ;a}sf nflu ;dfg
cj;/ rflxG5 .
@= cy{tGq l6«sn 8fpg x'g} ;Sb}g .
#= wg k};fsf] gofF ljrf/ wf/f cfjZos 5}g .
$= kmfObfsf] tfgzfxL 7Ls 5}g .
%= lx+;fsf] c;dfgtf ;a}sf nflu u|fXo 5}g .
^= cy{tGqn] ;]jf ug'{k5{,
cy{tGqn] c¿dfly
zf;g ug'{x'Gg . k};fn] ;]jf lbg'k5{ gls s;}dfly zf;g ug'{ .
c/a ck/fOlhª
l8;]Da/ @)!) 6\o'lgl;ofaf6 ;'? eof] . tLg xKtfdf 6\o'lgl;ofdf ;fdflhs
dfWodaf6 /fhgLlts kl/jt{g eof], lnljof, l;l/of, cufl8 a9\b} uof] .
s] kl/jt{g
;sf/fTds dfq x'G5 < km's'l;df cf0fljs e§Lsf] b'3{6gf hfkfgdf h;/L eof],
o;sf] k|efj hldgdf klg k¥of] . ljZjJofkLs/0f s;/L cufl8 a9\5 <
ul/asf hldg
7"nf sDkgL jf ;/sf/n] lng] ;d:of ef/t / rLgdf eO/x]sf 5g\ .
jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{gn] ljZjnfO{ Jofks c;/ u/]sf] 5 .
o'/f]lkog a}+s, Ps
o'/f]ksf] cleofg Psflt/ 5 . csf]{lt/ lu|ssf] ;d:of klg 5 .
lghLs/0fsf] ;d:of, ljBfyL{sf] ;d:of, 5fq, 5fqfsf] cfGbf]ng, lghL lzIff k4lt /
ljBfyL{sf] lxt cflb ljZjJofkL ;d:of x'g\ .
>lds cfGbf]ng,
>ldssf] cfjfhsf] bdg klg xfd|f] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf] . >lds
l8km]lG;a x'g yfn]sf 5g\ .
kf]:6 sDo'lg:6
b]zsf ;d:of klg plQs} 5g\ . ;fDojfb uPkl5 :jtGqtfn] s]s] unf{ eGg] efjgf
lyof] . kl/jt{gn] sltko cfzf dfly t'iff/fkft ePsf] 5 . efiff klg
xfd|f] ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngsf] Ps efu xf] .
!= /fli6«o cfGbf]ng
@= ljZj;Fu hf]l8Psf ;d:of
#= zlQmsf] k[ysLs/0f / /fhgLlt
$= ;xefuL /fhgLlt
%= Direct Democracy
Public and virtual space
^= Repression and liquidity
;femf sfo{qmd
ljZjsf] af/]df
hfgsf/L
ljZjJofkL ;xeflutf
/fli6«o ljz]if
sfo{qmd, P]ltxfl;s km/s–;dfh,
ljZjJofkL s/0f,
1fgsf] dfWodaf6
ljZjJofkLs/0f / aGw'Tjsf] ljsf; u/f}F .
j;'w}j s'6'Dasd\,
eujfg,\ j]bM .
sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6n]
1fg ;a}nfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] 5 .
ljZj
;dfhzf:qL;+u7g leq %% cg';Gwfg sld6L, $$ j6f ljleGg ljifosf sld6L 5g\ .
ljZj ;dfhzf:qL
;Dd]ng oxL c;f/ @( ut] tbg';f/ h'nfO{ !# tfl/vsf lbg hfkfgsf] of]sf]xfdf ;x/sf]
of]sf] xfdf Kofl;lkms sGkm/]G; xndf pT3f6g sfo{qmd eof] . ljZjel/af6 !@@
b]zsf ^ xhf/ ;xefuL ;dfhzf:qL ;Dd]ng ljZjsk km'6ansf] ;dfkg glhs cfof]hgf ePsf]
5 . km's'l;df cf0fljs b'3{6gf ePsf] Ps jif{ dfq ePsf] 5 . hfkfgn] @)
xhf/eGbf a9L hgtf u'dfPsf] 7"nf] yk wghgsf] Iflt ePsf] ;dodf of] ljZj af}l4s ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ul/Fb} 5 .
k"jL{ Pl;ofnL
d'n'sdf cfof]hgf ePsf] c7f/f}F ;Dd]ng ljzfntd\ ;xeflutf;lxtsf] 5 . cfly{s
ljklQaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] hfkfgn] o:tf] 7"nf] ljrf/ssf] ;Dd]ng ug'{ cfkm}df
dxTjk"0f{ xf] .
blIf0f Pl;ofaf6
eg] ;a}eGbf a9L ef/tLo k|ltlglw ;fd]n ePsf 5g\ . ef/tn] !(*^ df ljZj;Dd]ng
u/L ;s]sf] /x]5 . o;k6s ef/t ljZjs} g]t[Tj lng] ljrf/df 5 . g]kfnaf6
eg] 8f= p4j Kofs'/]n sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfno / wgk|;fb kl08t lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6
;xefuL eP/ cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuLsf] ;xefuL x'g rfxg] dfgl;stf,
;:yfut sld6d]G6 cfly{s bfloTj dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ .
cfˆgf] lghL vr{df
ljZjdf ul/g] o:tf ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL x'g hfg' xfd|f] h:tf] cy{tGq ePsf d'n'ssf
af}l4s ju{nfO{ ;lhnf]rflxF 5}g . ;Dd]ngdf x'g] /+ula/+usf 5fnfo'Qm
;xefuLsf] ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg dxTjk"0f{ x'g hfG5 .
;dfhnfO{ s;/L
;dtfd"ns agfpg], /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs ef}uf]lns, cg]stfnfO{ s;/L
Go"gLs/0f ug]{ eGg] ;f]r 5 . dWok"j{df ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf] c/a
l:k|8 cfGbf]ng To;}sf] Ps efu xf] .
c/a hxfF dflg;
k};fsf] vf]hLdf x'G5g\ . ToxfF k]6«f]nsf] e08f/ 5 . tfklg, c/a
;+;f/df ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf] hg;+Vof %Ü hlt 5 . s] k};f g} ;a}yf]s xf] ls
xf]Og < c;dfgtfsf] h/f] gvf]h];Dd ;dfhdf ;Gt'li6 cfpg ;Sb}g .
cdTo;]gsf] n]vn] Tof] ;f]rfOnfO{ cl3 a9fPsf] 5 . hGdb/, hLjgsf] afFRg]
cjlw n}+lus b"/L 36\b} 5 . k/Gt' k}t[s ;DklQ dflysf] clwsf/n]
;dfhnfO{ c;dfg agfPsf] 5 . Ps l;g]dfdf b'O{hgf clegostf{aLr ePsf] jftf{
pNn]v ug{ rfxG5' . wgLn] ul/anfO{ 3[0ff u5{g\, ul/an] wgLsf] #&)
ldlnog lkk'n – c/a k|ltJolQm @,*%( l6«lnog .
lsg s'g} /fi6«n]
ul/aLsf] xfntnfO{ s;/L 36fof] . ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, d[To'b/df sdL clg
hLjg life exp a9\b} 5 .
c/a ;+;f/df hDdf @@ b]z 5g\ . ;dfhdf /x]sf] 7"nf] wg, dfn clxn]
c/asf] ;DkGgtf xf] .
h'nfO{– !%
cfh hfkfg k'u]sf]
rf/ lbg eO;s]5 . b'O{ ldg]6sf] :gfg – p4j ± wg laxfg l9n} p7\of}F .
sl/a &M#) ah] p7]/ h'; vfof}F / xl/of] lrof p4j / d}n] vfPF .
ef/tLosf] dfG5] ;xeflu lj/]Gb| ;f]gf -x}b/fjfb_ ;'t]s} lyof] . To;kl5
rkL{sf] sfd ;DkGg u/L bfFt dfFem]kl5 xfdLn] g'xfpg] s'/f u¥of}F . xfdL
a;]sf] h]g xf]:6ndf !)) Pgdf rf/ldg]6 dfq g'xfpg ;lsG5 . /dfOnf] syf agfpg
cfh !)) Pgdf b'O{ hgfn] g'xfpg] ljrf/ u¥of}F . !)) ? lnP/ p4j :gfg sf]7fdf
uP / g'xfO ;s]/ aflx/ cfPkl5 d leq uPF . d leq uPkl5 x]bf{ t ;f9] b'O{
ldg]6 ;do ar]sf] lyof] . d}n] Tof] ;dodf cfgGb;Fu g'xfPF / !)) Pg jrt eof] .
hfkfgdf !)) Pg eg]sf] !)) k};f h:t} nfUg] /x]5 hals g]kfndf sdfpg slt ufx|f] 5
< oxfF Ps sk slkmsf] %)) o]g, !))) sf] eft slt dxFuf] dxFuf] .
g'xfO;s]kl5 cfh
Kofl;lkms sGkm/]G; xn of]sf]xfdf ;Dd /]naf6 guO{ lxF8]/} hfg] ljrf/ u¥of}F .
clg, p4j / d k}bn lxF8]/ ahf/ x]b}{ 3'Db} cf/fd;Fu of]sf]xfdf k'Uof}F .
;Dd]ng :yndf k'u]/ tLg 7fpFdf xfdLn] ljleGg cg';Gwfg kqsf] k|:t'lt
x]¥of}F÷;'Gof}F / To;} 7fpFdf !@,)) o]gsf] skmL / kfp/f]6L vfof}F .
/]:6'/]G6df kfgL dfq l;Q} lyof] . clxn] !! ah]/ #% ldg]6 eO;Sof]
dfOu|];gsf] af/]df n]lvPsf o'/f]lkog kqx¿sf] k|:t'tL ;'Gb}5f}F . of] 6]a'ndf
hd{g;lxt ;a} o'/f] cd]l/sg uf]/f uf]/Lx¿ 5g\ . 8f= p4j Kofs'¥ofn / d b'O{
hgf dfq ux'Fuf]/f] /+usf ;|f]tf a;]sf 5f}F .
hfkfgn] :t/Lo
;Lko'Qm ^%) xhf/ lrlgofF ljBfyL{ hfkfgdf sfof{/t 5g\ /] . lzlIft
j}b]lzs 5fqsf] gfddf lzlIft of]Uo tflndk|fKt j}b]lzs 5fq, 5fqf hfkfgdf
7"nf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . logsf] pkl:ylt hfkfgsf]
nflu cTofjZos eO;s]sf] 5 . a"9fa"9Lsf] hg;+Vof a9\b} uPsf] 5 .
cfly{s ljklQdf k/]sf] cj:yfdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/L hfkfgsf] ;d:of klg xf] .
cfˆgf] b]z kms]{kl5 nfdf] ;do hfkfgdf sfd u/L kms]{sf lrlgofF sfdbf/sf] n}+lus
e"ldsf, afnaRrf kfpg] kfl/jfl/s cj:yfdf s]xL ;d:of 5 .
What is real migrant workers number
in Japan,
Fukusima Insident make some negative in flucence for mirrout worker. # dlxgf ;d:of eof] kl5 c¿ 7fpF kms]{ lrlgofF
gful/snfO{ gful/stf kfpg ;lhnf] 5, c¿nfO{ nfdf] ;dosf] cfjf;Lo le;f kfpg]
Joj:yf 5 .
;du| ¿kdf x]bf{
ljZj hg;+Vof Ps} b]zdf v';L x'Fb}g / x'g ;Sb}g To;}n] sfdsf] vf]hLdf a;fO{
;/fO{n] b]z ;~rfngdf ljsf; ug{df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 .
a;fO;/fO cNksfnLg klg x'g ;S5 / bL3{sfnLg klg x'g ;S5 . ljsl;t /fi6«n]
ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf sd;]sd bz, afx|| sIff k9]sfx¿nfO{ efiff l;Sg], ljZjljBfnodf
k9\g] gfddf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] ¿kdf cfdGq0f u5{g\ .
of}jgfj:yfdf
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfFbf sltko cj:yfdf j}olQms ;DaGw, of}g clwsf/, afnaRrfsf]
clwsf/df klg ;d:of kg{ hfG5 . a;fO;/fO cj;/ / cj/f]w b'j} xf] .
cfhsf] ;fgf] /fpG8 6]jn ;]ldgf/ …dfOu|];g ;f]l;of]nf]hLÚ df hDdf ( hgf dlxnf
& hgf k'?if ;xefuL lyP .
cfh k|ftM % ah]
p7]F . ;fob aflx/ hfg] ePsfn] dnfO{ lgGb|f nfu]g . p4jn] eGof] tkfO{+
l;lr/f] ;f]df sxfF hfg] ePsfn] o:tf] ePsf] xf]nf .
p7]kl5 k|ftMsfnLg
lgTolqmof u/]/ tof/L ug{ yfn]F . d lgutf hfg] l;GsfG;]g -a'n]6 6«]g_ (=@*
ah]sf] lyof] . To;sf nflu ;f9] ;ft ah] dfq} ;aj]df hfFbf klg x'GYof] .
t/, dnfO{ xtf/ h:tf] nfu]sfn] g]kfnL n'uf nufP/ tof/ ePF . p4j :yfgLo
/]n:6];g;Dd dnfO{ k'¥ofpg cfpg'eof] . t'?Gt} d 6f]lsof] :6];g hfg] /]ndf
a;]F . Ol;sfafrf] :6];g;Dd sl/a Ps 3G6f nfUof] . 6f]lsof] :6];g
7"nf]e Psfn] d}n] lguftf hfg] l;+sfG;]gdf hfg'kg]{ lyof] .
d}n] # hgf cwa}+;]
k'?if;Fu ;f]wF] s;}n] klg /]ndf dtna u/]g ToxL ;dodf d}n] c¿nfO{ ;f]w]sf] b]v]/
Pshgf aflnsfn] elgg\ d klg 6f]lsof] :6];g hfG5' . d va/ u/f}Fnf Tolt;Dd
xfdL p7]/ ofqf ub}{ lyof}F . Psl5gdf l;6 vfnL eof] . xfdL /]nsf]
l;6df a:of}F . ;fob tLg rf/ :6];g kf/ u/]kl5 6f]lsof] :6];g k'Uof}F .
d}n] tL aflnsfnfO{ eg] Could
you show me how to get there ? pgn] dnfO{ lguftf hfg] :6];gsf] l6s6 d]l;gdf xfNg]
7fpF;Dd k'¥ofOlbOg / elgg\, …tkfO{+sf] l6s6 (=@* ah]sf] 5, o;nfO{ kl/jt{g
ug'{;\ .Ú clg, d}n] sfpG6/df b]vfO ;do kl/jt{g ug{ cg'/f]w u/]F . ca
& ah]/ $* ldg]6sf] l;sfg;]gdf lguftf hfg] ljrf/ u/]F .
ca, pgL cfˆgf]
sfdlt/ hfg yflng\ . Psl5g d}n] kv{g eg]F / g]kfnsf] Ps kf]:6/ lbPF ;fy}
ko{6g af]8{n] lbg] g]kfnsf] af/]df ePsf] ko{6s hfgsf/Lsf] a|f];/ pgnfO{ lbPF .
pgsf] gfd ;f]w]sf] lyPF t/ la;]+{ . t/, pgn] elgg\, …;Fu} kmf]6f] lvrf}F,
s;/L lvRg]eGbf pgn] elgg\, …cfpg';\ d;Fu} a:g';\ d lvlrxfN5' .Ú clg t
cfˆg} df]afOnn] kmf]6f] lvlrg\ .
kmf]6f] /fVg]
d}n] pgnfO{
eg]F–…g]kfn cfpg'x'G5 < cfpg] ljrf/ 5 t/ k};f sdfP/ cfpF5' . clg, d}n]
cfˆgf] lelhl6ª sf8{ lbPF . dnfO{ O–d]n u/L kmf]6f] k7fpg eg]F . pgL
af6f] nfUgcl3 labfO ls; ul/g\ s:tf] kl/jlt{t ;+:s[lt .
d}n] Tof] :6];gleq
uP/ /]n ;dft]F / lguftflt/ nfu]F . /]n b'O{ tnfsf] /x]5 . d]/f] l;6
d'lgsf] tnfdf A-10 gDa/sf] ePsfn] d
d'lg uPF . /]n lxF8\of] d'lgsf] tNnf ePsfn] s]xL klg b]lvFb}g . /]n
lxF8]sf] s]xL ;dokl5 PshgfnfO{ eg] tkfO{+ d]/f] ;fyLnfO{ kmf]g ul/lbg'x'G5 .
lsgls, d]/f] kmf]6af6 3G6L g} uPg . t/, pgn] d'G6f] a6f/] . Psl5gkl5
csf]{ s]6f]nfO{ ;f]w]F . pgn] 9f]sf glhs uP/ lvlr/f] ;f]dfnfO{ kmf]g
u/]5g\ ls SMS k7fP5g\ . h]
eP klg ;f]dfn] Call back
ug'{eof] .
d}n] eg] d kf}g] * ah]sf] l;GsfG;]gdf cfpFb} 5' . pxfFn] eGg'eof] 7Ls 5
cfpg';\ d kv]{/ a:g]5' . clg b'O{ 3G6fdf /]n uGtJodf k'Uof] . d aflx/
lg:s]F / ;f]df ;/nfO{ vf]Hb} lyPF . Psl5gdf pxfFsf] kmf]g cfof] sxfF
x'g'x'G5 < d}n] eg] l6s6 sfpG6/ glhs 5' . pxfFn] eGg'eof] – ToxLF a:b}
ug'{;\ d tkfO{+nfO{ vf]Hg dfly k'u]sf] 5' . Ps}l5gdf ;f]df ;/ b]v]F, v';L
nfUof] . ;fdfg lnP/ sf/ kfs{df uof}F, l5§} pxfFsf] 3/df k'Uof}F .
3/df ;f]df PSn} x'g'x'Fbf]/x] 5 . clg, Psl5g hfkfgL xl/of] lrof vfof}F .
lxGbL / g]kfnLdf ukm;km ul/a:of}F . Psl5gdf d ;'Tg'kg]{ sf]7fdf ;fdfg
/fv]/ ahf/lt/ uof}F . kfgL kl//x]sf] x'Fbf 3'Dg Tolt /dfOnf] lyPg .
ahf/df 7"nf] l8kf6{d]G6 :6f]/df k'u]/ hfkfgL vfgf vfof}F . 3/ PsfGtdf
/x]5 . hDdf pxfFsf] 3/ jl/kl/ !^ 3/ 5g\ . h;dWo] s'g} klg 3/df ;fgf]
pd]/sf] Ps klg aRrf 5}g . Ps 3/df Ps klg aRrf gePkl5 sNkgf ug'{;\ 3/sf]
zf]ef s:tf] xf]nf < hDd} a"9fa"9Lsf] ¿vf] hLjg xf] .
d}n] Ps l5g cf/fd
u/]F / clxn] 8fo/L n]Vg a;]sf] 5' . Dof8d vfgf ksfpFb} x'g'x'G5 .
;f]df 6]lnlehgdf ;'df] /]l:nª / j];an kfn}kfnf] x]b}{ x'g'x'G5 . 7fpF
PsfGt, ;'g;fg k|b"if0f/lxt /x]5 . k/Gt' dfgjLo hLjgdf k|s[lthlQs}
dxTj kfl/jfl/s dfof, ddtf, ckgTj, ljleGg pd]/ ;d"xsf JolQmsf] kfl/jfl/s
hd36 dfgjsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . hfkfgsf] u|fdL0f e]usf] lgh{gh:t}
a'4a[4f a:tLdf To;sf] v8]/L /x]5 vf]H5g\, ;a} ;'v egL ;'v} Tof] sxfF 5,
cfkm" ld6fO c¿nfO{ lbg' hxfF 5 .
oxfF lbg] / lng]
dfG5] klg sd 5}gg\ . ;+;f/ crDdsf] 5, c;dfgtf, ljljwtfaLr slt 7"nf]
vf8n 5 . hfkfg e|d0fsf] rf}yf]÷kfFrf}F lbg klxn] ljZjefiff SofDk;df hfkfgL
efiff lzIfs l;lr/f] ;f]df;Fu hfkfgdf !$ jif{kl5 e]6 eof] . klxn] d pxfFsf]
cfof]hgfdf t]Gb|L ljZj ljBfno;Fu MOU df x:tfIf/ ug{ cS6f]a/ @))) df @$ lbg pxfF;Fu} hfkfgsf]
e|d0f u/]sf] lyPF .
km's'l;df cf0fljs
e§L b'3{6gfsf] Ifltk"lt{ ug{ hfkfgnfO{ rfnL;, krf; jif{ nfUg ;S5 eGg'eof]
;f]dfn] . k/Gt' /]l8of] wdL{tfsf] c;/ t ;f9] @ nfv jif{kl5 ;Dd klg afFsL
/xg ;S5 /] . dflg;sf] hLjgdf cg]s lsl;dsf] qf; x'G5 . clxn] xfdL ukm
ub}{ d 8fo/L n]Vb} ubf{ hfkfgL 6]lnlehgn] eGof]– km]l/ $ /]S6/ :s]nsf]
e"sDk cfof] . km's'l;df 7fpF xNnL/x]sf] b]vfof] . olts}df
hfkfgaf6 clk|msf k"jL{ o'/f]k / blIf0f Pl;ofdf k'/fgf sf/sf] Jofkf/
ul//x]sf l;njfnhL;Fu s'/f eof] . pgn] d]/f] 7fpF x]/]/ hfg';\ eg] .
;fob ef]ln a|]skmf:6 vfPkl5 Totflt/ nfU5f}F xf]nf . h]xf];\ afbn nfu]sf] 5 .
kfgL k¥of] cfh clg t df};d /dfOnf] 5 . of] 3/df P;L 5}g, ;fob cfhef]ln P;L
rflxFb}g klg . P;L t /x]5, ;f]w] / x]bf{ t/ cfjZos gePsfn] gnufPsf] /x]5 .
;f9] 5 aHof],
hfkfgdf /flqsf] vfgf vfg] ;do x'g} nfUof] . ca Dof8d vfgf agfpFb} x'g'x'G5 .
xfdL ukm ub}{ a;]sf 5f}F / d 8fo/L klg n]Vb} 5' .
-cfhnfO{ ^M#% ah]
aGb_
ukm ubf{ub}{ vfgf
vfO;Sof}F / /flqsf] vfgfkl5 l6eL x]b}{ ukm u¥of}F . l8g/ kl5, xl/of] lrof
vfFb} 5f}F . * ah]/ @) ldg]6 eof] cfh l5§} ;'Tg] ljrf/ 5 . cfh kfgL
k/]sfn] hf8f] 5 .
cfh !& h'nfO{
d sf7df8f}+af6 k|:yfg u/]sf] klg Ps xKtf eO;s]5 . b'O{k6s kmf]g ubf{
7"nf] dfG5];Fu 3/df e]6 ePg . @ jif{sL gfltgLn] kmf]g p7fOg\ .
Od]nsf] klg 5f]/Ln] pQ/ lbPsf] 5}g . lxhf] ;f]df ;/sf] cf>ddf cfP/ a;]+ .
a:g dnfO{ lbPsf] sf]7f !@×!^ sf] h:tf] 5 .
df};d /dfOnf] 5, cfh laxfg ;f9] tLg ah] g} lgGb|f v'Nof] . clg n3'z+sf
u/]/ km]l/ kN6]F t/ kl5 ulx/f] lgGb|f nfu]g . /flt p4jsf] kmf]g cfPsf]
lyof] . d]/f] k]k/sf] k|]h]G6];gaf/] s'/f eof] /] . udL{ hf8f] 5}g
laxfg} emdemd kfgL k¥of] . clxn] ^ ah]lt/ kfgL /f]lsof] . afbn 8Dd
nfu]s} 5 . lxhf]sf] df};d eljiojf0fLn] cfh ^)Ü kfgL k5{ eg]sf] lyof] .
xfdL cfh laxfgsf] lrof gf:tf u/]/ Pshgf g]kfnL efOsf] lguftfsf] sf/ Jofkf/ x]g{
hfG5f}F . slt ;do nfU5 yfxf 5}g . km]l/ Jofks kfgL k¥of] . xNnf
ub}{ ;'g;fg 7fpFdf k/]sf] kfgLsf] cfjfh klg cln t;f{pg] lsl;dsf] x'g]/x]5 .
d}n] bfFt dfF‰g], bf/L sf6\g] sfd u/L;s]F . ca g'xfpg afFsL 5 . ef]ln
laxfg} km]l/ 6f]lsof] :6];glt/ kms{g] sfo{qmd 5 .
laxfgb]lv
a|]skmf:6 vfP/ sf/df 3'Dg uof}F . hfkfg–g]kfn OG6/g];gn ;]s]G8x\ofG8 sf/
vl/b laqmL sDkgLdf k'Uof}F .
l;njfnhLsf] Tof]
sDkgLdf sl/a $÷% ;o uf8L kfls{ª u/]/ /fv]sf] b]Vof}F . Psl5g cf/fd u¥of}F .
d}n] p4jsf] Od]nsf] pQ/ n]v]F / cfˆgf] k|]h]G6];g lk|G6 u/]F . To;kl5
aGb/ufxlt/ 3'Dg uof}F .
ToxfFaf6 kms]{/
ef/tLo± kfls:tfgL /]:6'/]G6df vfgf vfof}F . vfgf vfPkl5 ;f]dfhL;Fu pxfFsf]
sf/df d4ln3/ x]g{ uof}F . #)) o]gsf] l6s6 lnP/ d5nL3/ x]¥of}F .
df5f x]l/;s]kl5
8lNkmgsf] s/fdt x]g{ egL 8lNkmg :6]l8oddf a:of}F . 8lNkmgsf] v]n @ ah] dfq
;'? x'G5 eg]sf]n] d 8fo/L n]Vg a;]F . ;f]df ;/ klN6g'eof] . bz{sx¿
cfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . ;fog b'O{ ah] 8lNkmgsf] rlt{snf ;'? x'G5 xf]nf .
klxn] xfdL b'O{hgf dfq lyof}F . clxn] kf}g] b'O{ ah] #)÷$) hgf t?gf t?gL,
j[4j[4f, afnaRrf lnP/ cfP . lj:tf/ lj:tf/} :6]l8oddf dflg; b]lvg yfn] .
of] 7fpFsf] gfd lguftf l;6L clSjl/od xf] .
hfkfgsf]
klZrdkl§sf] ;d'Gb| xf] . oxfFaf6 sf]l/of, rLg, Eoflbef] :6s /l;of glhs k5{
/] . To;}n] g]kfnLsf] sf/ vl/a laqmL ug]{ l;njfnn] eg]sf lyP xfdL hfkfgdf
sf/ lsg]/ hDdf u5f}{+ . /l;og dfG5] ot} cfP/ b'O{rf/ bz u/L cfjZostfg';f/
sf/, lhk, 6«s ;]s]G8x\ofG8 lsg]/ n}hfG5g\ /] . BMW gofFsf] w]/} k5{ /] k'/fgf]nfO{ !%) dfg k5{ /] kh]/f]
k|f8f]sf] @) b]lv @& nfv ?lkofF kg]{/x]5 . 6f]of]6f sf/sf] d"No t
%÷!) nfv leq x'g] /x]5 .
x]bf{x]b}{
:6]l8oddf cfwf dfG5] eO;s] . b'O{ aHg % ldg]6 afFsL 5 . ;a} pd]/
;d"xsf dflg; 8lNkmg h:tf] hgfj/sf] s/t't x]/L /dfpg hDdf ePsf 5g\ .
ca Do'lhs ;'? eof] . 8lNkmgsf] s/t't /dfOnf] nfUof] . sl/a #) ld6/
dfly 7f8} pk|]m/ 8f]/Ldf /fv]sf] annfO{ 5f]P/ cfpg' @) ld6/ dflysf] l/ªaf6 kf/
ug'{, gfRg', plk|mg' cflb /dfOnf sf/gfdf x]g]{ df}sf kfOof] . lguftfdf ;jf
b'O{ aHof] .
h'nfO{– !* k|ftM
$M#) ah] p7]+ . k|ftsfnLg lgTolqmof u/L :gfg u/]kl5 ;f]df ;/;Fu e]6 eof] .
n'uf nufO{ tof/ x'Fbf pxfFn] b'O{sk lrof tof/ kfg'{eof] . lrof vfPkl5
xfdLx¿ 6f]lsof] hfg t}of/ eof}F . l;+sfg;]gsf] :6];gdf cfP/ /]n …a'n]6
6«]gÚsf] l6s6 lnof}F . cfh d]/f] l6s6 l;lr/f] ;f]df ;/n] lslglbg'eof] .
!@))) Pg . sl/a !@ 8n/ / af6f]df vfgsf nflu lrsg :ofG8ljr lslglbg'eof] /
;fydf b"w lsGg] ljrf/ ubf{ d}n] c/]Ghh'; lsGg] dg u/]F . To;kl5 k}bn
lx+8]/ xfdL /]n ePlt/ nfUof}F . dnfO{ labfO u/]/ ;f]df ;/ 3/ kms{g'eof] .
l;+sfg;]g ^ ah]/ % ldg]6df k|:yfg u¥of] . l:k8 lgs} 5, af6f]df hfkflgh
u|fdL0f Onfsf wfgv]tL, t/sf/L v]tL 6f9f 6f9f sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] h:t} kxf8
b]lvFb}5g\ . afbn nfu]sf] 5, kfgL knf{ h:tf] b]lvG5 . df};d emDd
k/]sf] ufpF j/k/ kmfF6}kmfF6sf] v]tL Sof ;'Gb/ b]lvg] /x]5 . x/ u/fdf
d];gn] hf]Tg] x'Fbf oftfofn] v]tLnfO{ k"0f{¿kn] hf]8]sf] /x]5 .
cfpFbfv]l/ d'lgsf] tNnfdf ePsfn] s]xL klg b]lvPsf] lyPg . cfh cufl8kl§
Tof] klg bf];|f] tNnfdf ePsfn] ;a} b]lvG5 jl/kl/ . clxn] klxnf] :6k
;'dfg];fGhf] cfOk'Uof] . 6f]lsof] k'Ug ;fob %,^ :6];gdf dfq /f]lsg]
sfo{qmd /x]5 of] l;sfg ;]gsf] . To;}n] l:k8 lgs} a9L 5 . hfkfgdf /]n
lgs} dxFuf] t/ lgs} l56f] oftfoftsf] ;fwg /x]5 . hfkfgaf6 uf8L dfq xf]gOg
c¿ klg k'/fgf ;fdfgx¿ w]/} d'n'sdf ;]s]G8x\ofG8 ahf/df laqmLsf nflu of pkxf/sf
nflu hfg] /x]5g\ . hfkfgsf] kxf8sf] /]Gh g]kfnsf] r'/]h:tf] b]lvg] /x]5 .
csf]{ :6k
gfufcf]sf cfpg} nfUof] . k"j{kl§ clxn] s]xL cUnf] kxf8 b]lvFb} 5 .
sfnf]afbnn] cfsfz 8Dd 9fsL ;Sof] l5§} kfgL knf{ h:tf] 5 . ef/tsf] h:tf]
/]nsf] lnsdf dfgj lji6f 5}g . /]nsf] lnsd'lg klg ;kmf 5 . Tof] ;kmfO
;fob hfkfgsf] ljz]iftf xf] . cfw'lgs ax'dlGhnn] 3/ eP klg ;fgf hfkfgL
lsl;dsf 3/s} ;+Vof c;+Vo 5 . clxn] a'n]6 6«]g 6g]nleq k:of] . slt
nfdf] 6g]n 5 yfxf 5}g, l;+sfg;]g klg %÷!) ldg]6 nfUg] u'kmf kSs} 7"nf] 5
xf]nf . l66L /]ndf cfpF5g\ clg ;fob 6fpsf uG5g\ xf]nf pN6} 9f]u]/ hfG5g\ .
l6s6 b]vfpg';\ eg]/ dfu]sf] klg d}n] b]lvg .
Pp6f 6g]n l;l4P/
Ps ;fgf] pkTosf b]lvPsf] lyof] . t'?Gt} csf]{ 6g]n nflu xfNof] d}n]
kmf]6f] lvRg Sofd/f klg lgsfNg} kfOg . /]nsf ofqL clwstd ylst b]lvG5g\ .
sf]xL s;};Fu af]Nb}gg\ . l:k8 w]/} ePsfn] xf]nf d]/f] xNsf 6fpsf] b'v]sf]
5 . olt n]Vb} csf]{ t];|f] 6g]n cfof] /]n cFWof/f] af6f] kf/ ub}{ 5 .
cfh p4j 5}gg\ . ;fob pgL Sof]tf] uP xf]nfg\ . d PSn} ofqf ub}{ 5' .
ofqfdf efjgf ;f6f;f6 ug]{ JolQm eP ofqfsf] cs}{ /dfOnf] x'G5 . k/Gt'
hfkfgsf] ofqfdf lrghfgsf] dflg;;Fu 5}g eg] ;DkGg la/fdL Tof] klg dfgl;s
/f]uLh:tf dflg; b]lvG5g\ . c¿;Fu s'/f ubf{ t nufgL ug'{ knf{ ls h:tfx¿ .
sf]xL lrghfg ug{ af]Ng rfxFb}gg\ . ef/tdf a? slxn]sfxLF 7u e]l6P klg
ddkmln vfFb} ukm ug]{, s'Nn8df lrof dfu]/ af]Ng] ukm ug]{ dfG5]sf] sdL x'Fb}g .
olQs}df rf}yf] 6g]n cfOk'Uof] . klxn] ;d'b|L lsgf/fsf] /]nsf] af6f]
6f]lsof] lguftf hfg !#÷!$ 3G6f nfUYof] /] . of] l;+sfg;]gsf] kmf:6 ?6
ag]kl5 dflg; oxL af6f] hfG5g\ . @ 3G6fdf k'lug] 5f]6f] / l56f] af6f] xf] .
hfkfgsf] dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{ o;n] grflxFbf] ult lbPsf] 5 . ;DkGg 5g\ t/ tgfjdf
5g\ hfkfgLx¿ rLg;Fu / pQ/ sf]l/of;Fu ;}lga an k|of]usf] tgfj 5 . ljZjs}
;a}eGbf ulx/f] ;d'b| glhs ePsfn] e"sDksf] ;w}F qf; 5 . km's'l;df
cf0fljs b'3{6gfkl5 hfkfgdf ;f]nf/ Kofgnsf] km}nfj6 Jofks a9]sf] 5 . v]t
df;]/ klg xhf/f}F, nfvf}F ;f}o{Kn]6 7"nf 7"nf ;fOhsf h8fg ul/Psf 5g\ .
of] n]Vbf n]Vb} kfFrf}F 6g]n klg kf/ x'g nfUof] .
Oldsf] 6f]lsof]df
al:5g\ . ;ft ah]/ kfFr ldg]6 eof] csf]{ :6];g cfof] . hfkfgsf]
l;+sfg;]gdf /]nsf] 3838fx6sf] cfjfh klg ;'lgFb}g, w]/} /]n cfPsf] uPsf] klg
b]lvFb}g, uha 5 . b'O{tn] /]ndf b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ dflyNnf] tnfd} r9\g' j]z
x'G5 x'g] /x]5 .
df};d /dfOnf] 5 .
kfgL kl/;s]sf] 5}g . knf{ h:tf] rflxF b]lvG5 . a:tLsf] aLraf6 uP klg
cUnf] k'n h:tf] agfPsf] / b'j}lt/ %,^ lkm6]sf] kvf{n h:t} af/ nufPsfn] :yfgLo
afl;GbfnfO{ ;d:of /x]g5 . sl/a k'n} km'naf6 hf]8]h:tf] b]lvG5 .
l;+sfg;]gsf] af6f] w]/} 7fpFdf u|]eof8{ b]lvFb} 5g\ . u|]e of8{df /flvg]
l;+ud/d/sf s'lbFPsf jf tof/ kf/]sf 9'+ufsf] k;n klg b]lvof] . ;–;fgf ufpF
a:tLsf] aLrdf klg s]6fs]6L v]Ngsf nflu 7"nf v]n d}bfg agfP/ /fv]sf /x]5g\ .
o;k6ssf] ofqfdf
w]/}h;f] p4j Kofs'¥ofn;Fu} ofqf uy]{+ . cl:t laxfg & ah]b]lv cfh laxfg
(,!) ah];Ddsf] b'O{ lbg d PSn} ofqf ub}{ 5' . PSn} ofqf ubf{ gofF ;fyL
agfpg] cj;/ kfOg klg ;S5 k/Gt' hfkfgdf Tof] ufx|f] /x]5 . d]/f] l;6 #
hgfsf] d PSn} lyPF . clxn] &M#) ah] aNn Ps s]6f cfof] .
ut jif{sf] ofqf
kl5 of] d]/f] klxnf] ljb]z ofqf xf] . dnfO{ gofF 7fpF x]g{ gofF ldq agfpg
dgk5{ . ef]ln klg 6f]lsof]df a:g] lgwf] eof] eg] ;fob xfdL 6f]lsof]df
cf}lw ag]sf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] :sfO{ 6«L x]g{ hfg]5f}F . :sfO{ 6«L agfP/
7"nf a'h{ agfP/, ljZjd} cUnf 3/ 6fj/ lgdf{0f u/]/ ;DkGg b]zn] cfˆgf] snf
sf}zn, ;DkGgtf b]vfpg / ko{6snfO{ cfkm"lt/ tfGg] sfd u5{g\ . dn]l;of,
b'jO{, 6f]lsof], s'g} a]nfsf] 6\jLg 6fj/ Go'of]s{ o:t} pbfx/0f x'g\ .
/]nn] dfgja:tLnfO{ b'Mv gb]cf];\ eg]/ dfgj a:tL ePsf] 7fpFdf cfjfh /f]Sg] cUnf
af/ nufPsf] b]lvG5 hfkfgL l;+sfg;]gsf] af6f]df . ljZjs} 7"nf] /
3gfcfbL ePsf] ;x/ ePsf]n] 6f]lsof] lgs} 7"nf] 5 . t}klg s]xL xl/ofnL
afFsL 5 . cfh !( tfl/v laxfg l5§} p7\of}F . k|ftsfnLg lgTolqmof ;s]/
;fdfg Kofs u¥of}F . xf]6nsf] lan lt/]kl5 ( ah]lt/ hfkfgL /]ndf xfdL
6f]lsof]lt/ nfUof}F . cflsxf/f :6];gdf cf]n]{/ csf]{ /]ndf r9\of}F .
Tof] :6];gaf6 t];|f], rf}yf] :6];g vfd]Obf] -lrjf nfOgdf_ k'Uof}F . ha
xfdL :6];gaf6 aflx/ lg:Sof}F . :6];gdf xfdLnfO{ l/l;e -:jfut_ ug{ Pshgf
g'jfsf]6sf] alxgL cfpg'ePsf] lyof] . ;+uLtf clwsf/L ;'j]bL
-k"j{ljBfyL{ kßsGof SofDk;_ ;Fu /dfOnf] e]6 eof] . pxfF;Fu 6\ofS;Ldf
pxfFsf] 3/;Dd uof}F . Ps lsnf]ld6/sf] &#) o]g k5{, oxfF k'Ubf &*)
o]g nfUof] . 3/df k'u]/ lnˆ6df ( tNnfdf uof}F . 3/df k'Ug]lalQs} cfO;
/ kfgL vfof}F . alxgLn] g]kfnL lrof agfpg yfNg'eof] . ca xfdL lrof
vfFb} OG6/g]6 ;r{ ug{ yfNof}F . xfjf kfgL cfh 7Ls} 5 . aflx/
t'jfnf]h:tf] nflu/x]5 .
cfh xfd|f] sf]l/of
hfg] l6s6 lyof] . k/Gt' p4jsf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ l6s6 ef]lnsf] nflu ;f/]/ cfh
6f]lsof] 3'Dg] ljrf/ u¥of}F . cleif]s sf]l/og Pc/sf] l6km6 ;fbf{ Ps hgfsf]
!) xhf/ ?lkofF yk nfUof] . Tof] bz xhf/n] Ps lbg 6f]lsof] 3'd3fdsf]
sfo{qmd aGof] . ;'j]bLhL ;fdfg lnP/ cfOk'Ug'eof] . Psl5gdf vfgf tof/
eof] . g]kfnL lsl;dsf] vfgf ePsfn] af:gf /dfOnf] cfPsf] 5 . vfgf vfO
6f]lsof] dxfgu/kflnsf 6fj/b]lv l;Gh's :6];g, 6f]lsof] :6];g, l;+jfl;sf]
df]gf]/]n r9\of}F . To;kl5 /f]af]6 x]¥of}F . w]/} kmf]6f] lvRof}F
;du|df /dfOnf] g} eof] . af6f]df h';, kfgL, au{/ Dofs8f]gfN8df uP/ vfof}F .
cfhsf] lbg lat]sf] klg kQ} ePg . cf]9fOjf cSjfl;l6df d]/f] >LdtLsf nflu
!@ xhf/ o]gdf 38L lsGof}F . To;kl5 e]g; kmf]6{ gSsnL cfsfz 3'Db} ca xfdL
3/lt/ kms{g] t/v/df lyof}F .
p4jnfO{ klg 38L dg k¥of] . To;}n] p4jsf] 38L lsGg nfu]sf 5f}F .
6\ofS; k|mL agfpg d]/f] kf;kf]6{ lbPsf] 5' .
/flqsf] ef]hg
hfkfgLh ;';L;lxt slt /fd|f] eof] aofg} gu/f}F . /flqsf] ef]hg ub}{ !)
alh;s]5 . vfgfkl5 Dofl/h v]Ng] ljrf/ ul//x]sf 5f}F . ;du|df
bf];|f]k6ssf] hfkfgsf] a;fOsf] clGtd /ft /dfOnf] eof] . dnfO{ clncln
7Ls7Ls eO;s]5 . jfOg dfq vfFbf klg . 8fS6/ p4j Kofs'¥ofn / 3/a]6L efO
alxgL eg] Psbd 7Ls x'g'x'G5 .
@) h'nfO{sf] lbg
laxfg %M#) ah] p7]F . k|ftMsd{ ;DkGg eof] . sl/a ;f9] & ah] p4jn]
/ d}n] n]dg lrof vfof}F . * ah]lt/ 3/jl/kl/ 3'Dg] ljrf/ ub}{ 5f}F .
clxn] OSo'–kf; ubf{ s;/L efiff l;Sg'k5{ eGg] ljifodf ukmufkm x'Fb} 5 .
xfdL :sfO{ 6«L
ljZjsf] ;aeGbf cUnf] 6fj/;Dd 6\ofS;Ldf uof}F . ToxfF 6\ofS;L 5f]8]/ :sfO
6«L x]¥of}F, kmf]6f] lvRof}F / /]:6'/]G6df uO{ k|]mGr a|]skmf:6 vfof}F .
clg gfl/tf Po/kf]6{ hfg] kmf:6 /]nsf] l6s6 lsg]/ xfdLnfO{ /]ndf a;fn]/
hfg'eof] cleif]s .
xfdL !)M@@ ah]sf]
6«]gaf6 !!@) ah] gl/tf Po/kf]6{ k'Uof}F . clg gfl/tfdf 6ld{gn ! vf]Hb}
dfly uof}F . #.$ tNnf dfly k'u]kl5 aNn Ps gDa/ l8kfr{/ 6ld{gn km]nf k¥of] .
;f]Wb} hfFbf s]l/og Po/sf] r]lsª -;fdfg hfFRg]_ sfpG6/df k'Uof}F . ;fdfg
hfFRbf @ lsnf] a9L eP5 . hDdf @$ lsnf] dfq :jLs[t u5{ eg] kl5 d}n]
;Dd]ngsf] hfgsf/L k':ts aflx/ lgsfnL xft] emf]nfdf xfn]F / Ps lsnf] hlt 36]kl5
aNn dfGnf h:tL eOg\ . xfdLn] eGof}F– olt yf]/} ;fdfgnfO{ klg s] ;d:of
u/]sf] . pgn] elgg d}n] xf]Og cfOPd ;l/ lgodn] xf] . ;fdfg k7fO;s]kl5
xft] emf]nf af]Sb} 6ld{gndf kf}g] 3G6f ;fdfg x]¥of}F, d}n] Ps n]l8h 38L lsg]F .
p4jn] klg s]xL ;fdfg lsg] . pkxf/ lbg] lsl;dsf hfkflgh 38Lx¿ 6f]lsof]eGbf
gfl/tf Po/kf]6{df ;:tf /x]5g\ . Psl5gkl5 km'lhtf;Fu e]6 eof] . pkxf/
lng] / lbg] sfd u¥of}F . aNn Oldu|];g r]s u/]/ xfdL af]l8{ªlt/ nfUof}F .
s]xLa]/ ;]So'l/6L hfFr Oldu|];g hfFr l;l4Pkl5 xfdL k|:yfg sIfdf k'Uof}F /
@& gDa/ u]6 x]g{ yfNof}F . s/d'Qm k;ndf hfkfgdf /S;L r'/f]6 b'j}
dxFuf] /x]5 . !M%% ah] xjfO{ hxfhlt/ nfUof}F . clxn] Kng]df 8fo/L
n]Vb} 5' . d]/f] l;6;Fu Pshgf sf]l/of dfOt hfkfg 3/ ePsL dlxnf / pgsL
5f]/L klg ofqf ub}{ l5g\ . Ps xKtf Sofg8fsf] EofGs'e/ labf dgfpg hfFb} l5g
/] .
cfzf u/f}F, xfd|f]
b'O{ 3G6fsf] ofqf /dfOn};Fu laTg]5 . pgsL 5f]/Lsf] pd]/ ;ft jif{ eof] .
bf];|f] sIffdf 6f]lsof]df k9\b} l5g\ /] . >Ldfg\ lbg lbg} /flq !@, !
ah] ha 3/ kms{G5g\ pgL yfls;s]sf x'G5g\ . k|foM hfkflgh kl/jf/sf dlxnf jf
sfdsfhL k'?ifsf] xfnt o:t} 5 . hLjgsf] /dfOnf] xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g .
sfd / k};f dfq 5 . dfgjLotf dfgjLo ;+j]bgfsf] ;fx|} sdL 5 . hLjgsf]
:jfb dxTj, dfgjLo efjgf / ljsf; st} Ps l;Ssfsf] km/s kf6f] kf] x'g\ ls h:tf]
nfUof] ljjfxsf] bzf}+ jflif{sf]T;jsf] pknIodf logLx¿ labf dgfpg Sofg8f hfFb}
/x]5g\ . nf]Ug] ef]ln dfq cfpF5g\ /] . hxfF uP klg sfddf g} ;do
nufpg] x'Fbf Sofg8fdf klg sDKo'6/n] dnfO{ ;do lbg ufx|f] x'G5 elgg\ .
g]kfnsf] ufpFdf lbgel/ ;Fu} sfd ub}{ a]n'sf ysfg;lxt 9'lnd'nL x'g] bfDkTo
hLjg;Fu Jo:t hfkflgh sf]l/og hLjg x]bf{ t ljsf; klg kfl/jfl/s d"NodfGotfsf
nflu cle;fk kf] xf] ls h:tf] nfUof] . xjfO{hxfh el/e/fp 5 . ljlzi6
>]0fLafx]s vfnL l;6 5}gg\ . vfgf vfO{ ;Sof}+ . ca Ps3G6f kl5
sf]l/of k'U5f}F xf]nf .
P]ltxfl;s sf/0fn]
hfkfg–sf]l/of, sf]l/of–rLg, rLg–hfkfgaLr Kof/ / 3[0ffsf] ;DaGw 5 .
pklgj]zsfndf, hfkfgsf] cTofrf/ cGofo . rLg–hfkfgaLrsf] 6fk' ljjfb, ;d'b|L
;Ldf ljjfb, / sf]l/of–hfkfgaLrsf] ;Ldf ljjfb klg Ps ;d:ofs} ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . .
cd]l/sf sf]l/of / hfkfg b'j}sf] ;+/Ifs xf] . ca xjfO{hxfh s]xL tntn hfg
yfNof] ;fob s]xLa]/df sf]l/ofsf] Po/kf]6{ cfpFb} 5 xf]nf . xfd|f] b'O{ 3G6fsf]
ofqf /dfOnf];Fu laTof] . gAa] k|ltzt dflg; ;'t]sf 5g\ . xfdL eg] ukm
ub}{ 5f}F . ;du|df gfl/tf hfkfg b]lvOG5g\ . blIf0f sf]l/of;Ddsf]
d]/f] xjfO{ ;km/ w]/} /fd|f] /Xof] . #@ jif{sf] pd]/df ljjfx ePsf] lyof]
/] clxn] $@ jif{ eO;Sof] . t}klg dfof nfU5, efjgf x'G5, ;DaGw /fVg km';{b
5}g /] >Ldfg\nfO{ eg]/ elgg\ tL dlxnfn] .
OG5g\ Po/kf]6{af6
aflx/ lg:sg sl/a kf}g] 3G6f nfUof] Oldu|];g / s:6d lSno/]G; u/]/ lndf]lhg a;sf]
af/]df hfgsf/L lnof}F . lndf]lhg
a;sf] l6s6 sf6]/ ( gDa/sf] u]6aflx/ lg:Sof}F . !) ldg]6kl5 b]hf]g hfg] a;
cfOk'Uof] . a;df ;fdfg /fVof}F . Tof]eGbf cl3 kfgL lsGof}F, @ ln6/sf]
7"nf] af]tn kfgLsf] !!)) k¥of] . cfwfln6/sf] ;fgf] af]tnnfO{ eg] !^
;o kg]{ /x]5 . s:tf] lj8Dagf, w]/} lsGbf ;:tf] yf]/} lsGbf dxFuf] .
OG5g\af6 %M#) ah] b]hf]gsf nflu a; k|:yfg u¥of] . clxn] xfdL a;df 5f}F .
@ 3G6f nfdf] ;8s kf/ u/]kl5 lnplhg a; ! ldg]6sf nflu /f]lsof] . s]xL ofqL
cf]ln{P a; km]l/ lxF8\of] . xfdL 7Ls *M!% ah] b]hf]g k'Uof}F .
kmf]6f] /fVg]
ueg{d]G6 sDKn]S;
k'Ubf t ToxfF j]s ;g ld cfPsL lyOgg\ . a;af6 ;fdfg emf/]kl5 xfdL ;8ssf]
lsgf/df pleof}F . Pshgf sf]l/ognfO{ d}n] d2t dfu]F . pgn] j]snfO{
kmf]g u/LlbPF . kmf]g u/]kl5 !% ldg]6df cfOk'U5' eg]/ j]sn] pQ/ lbOg\ .
xfdLnfO{ lk;fan] Rofk]sf] lyof] . s]xL k};f lnP/ p4j lk;fa ug]{ 7fpF
vf]Hb} uP d eg] ;fdfg s'/]/ a;]sf] lyPF . Tolts}df j]s sf/ lnP/ cfOk'lug\
e]6 eof] . ;fdfg sf/df /fVb} lyof}F ls p4j klg cfOk'u] . ToxfFaf6
xfdL Pshgf ;dfhzf:qsf] k|f]km];/nfO{ e]6\g oxfFsf] Ps ljZj ljBfnodf uof}F .
tL k|f]km];/;Fu} ef/tLo /]:6'/]G6df vfgf vfg uof}F . rf/hgfn] vfPsf]
(),))) jg k|f]km];/n] ltg'{eof] . vfgf dL7f] lyof] . vfgfkl5 skmL
vfof}F . g]kfn / sf]l/ofsf] lzIff, /f]huf/L, a]/f]huf/L, ;dfgtf,
c;dfgtfaf/] s'/f u¥of}F . kms{g]a]nf d}n] g]kfnaf6 NofPsf] Ps kl:dgf tL
k|f]km];/nfO{ pkxf/ lbPF . /flt j]ssf] ckf6{d]G6df k'Uof}F . 9f]sf
vf]Ng]lalQs} pgsf] >Ldfg\n] :jfut u/] . Psl5g xfdL ;'Tg]sf]7fdf ;fdfg
/fv]/ pkxf/ lbg] sfd u/]F . l6eL sf]7fdf v/a'hf vfof}F / ;'Tof}F .
@)!$ h'nfO{ @!
laxfg p7]/ :gfg
u/]F . To;kl5 p4j / d b'j} hgf 3/ k5fl8sf] kxf8 / kfs{df 3'Dg uof}F .
Ps 8]9 3G6f 3'Dbf / ukm;km ubf{ /dfOnf] eof] . clxn] p4j g'xfpFb} 5g\ .
d eg] b}lgsL n]Vg yfn]sf] 5' . 7fpF /dfOnf] /x]5, tLn, lt/s'nf] -l;nfd_
kmNg cfF6]sf] 5 . km;L{ kmNb} 5, v';f{gL, uf]ne]8f, sfFqmf, l;dL, eG6f,
ddkmnL, ;v/v08 ;a} tof/ x'Fb} 5g\ . kfs{df z'4 lkpg]kfgLsf] k|aGw
ldnfOPsf] 5 . xfdL a:g] 3/s} k5fl8 ;'Gb/ xl/ofnLo'Qm kxf8 ePsfn] a:gsf
nflu ;fx|} ;'Gt/ cfjf;Lo If]qdf a:g k'u]sf 5f}F . lbpF;f] st} hfg] sfo{qmd
/x]sf] 5 . cfzf u/f}F, sf]l/of e|d0f ;'Gb/ x'g]5 . d]/f] PnhLsf]
gf]6a'ssf] lsjf]8{df v/flj cfPsf] lyof] . g]kfndf Tof] lsjf]8{ gkfPsf]n]
sf]l/of lnP/ uPsf] lyP .
Tof] cfh d]/f]
Nofk6k dd{t ug{ lbof}F / vfgfvfg k'Uof}F . af]ª h' lsdhL;Fu e]6 eof] .
jxfF cfuGt's sfdbf/ sNof0f ;+:yf k|d'vsf] ?kdf b]hf]g sf]l/of . b]hf]gdf
^))) hgf j}b]lzs sfdbf/ sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;a} aflx/lt/ sfd u5{g\, g]kfnL
sfdbf/ !)) hgf x'g ;S5g\ . lrlgofF, ;+Vofdf a9L 5g\ t/ g]kfnLsf] :t/,
d]xgt, ldng;f/kgf /fd|f] 5 . j}b]lzs sfd bf/sf] sNof0fsf nflu sfd ul//x]sf
;+:yf k|d'vsf] egfO{ lyof] .
j}B, cj}B sfdbf/sf]
nflu cf}ifwf]krf/ l;Q} ul/lbg] k|fljlws 8fS6/, :jf:YosdL{ klg 5g\ . s]xL
k};f lbP/ k/]sf] a]nfdf d2t u5{g\ . b]hf]g gu/sf d]o/ / s]lx Pg hL cf]n]
klg s]xL ;xfotf u5{g\ . ax'/fli6«o /]:6'/]G6df vfgf vfof}F, yfO{, e]tgfd,
OG8f]g]l;of, sDaf]l8ofsf vfgfsf kl/sf/ . ldl>t vfgfsf] dHhf g} cs}{
x'Fbf] /x]5 . cfOPd Pl;of /]:6'/]G6 -b]xªbf]ª_ Pl/of b] hf]g sf]l/of .
sf]l/ofsf] >d
ahf/df &)÷*) k|ltzt k'?if sfdbf/ 5g\ . dlxnfsf] ;+Vof sd 5 . sfd
ufx|f] ePsfn] k'?if a9L cfpF5g\ . pgLx¿ ufx|f] sfd ug{ klg ;S5g\ .
j}w jf cj}w sfdbf/sf] b}lgs Hofnf sd;]sd %)÷^) 8n/ kfpF5g\ . dflg;df sfd
ul/ /xg' ePsf] /x]5 . sfd;Fu} vfgf kfpF5g\ . slxn]sfxLF b'O{ km/s
b]zsf k'?if / dlxnfaLr ljjfx Ot/sf] ;DaGwn] aRrf s;sf] x'g] / s;n] kl5 n}hfg]
;d:of 5 .
;g\ @)!# sf] g]zgn
:6«fl6l6:6s tYof+scg';f/
!!@#)^ hDdf
j}b]lzs sfdbf/ /x]sf 5g\ .
@#))) g]kfnL
sfdbf/
;aeGbf a9L
lrlgofF, t];|f] gDa/df leotgfdL, pHj]s, hfkflgh cflb 5g\ .
;g\ @)!# ;Ddsf]
sf]l/ofsf] hg;+Vof %)@@),)))
h;dWo k'?if – @%,
!##)))
n}lËs l:ylt ef/t /
rLg eGbf /fd|f] ePklg sf]l/ofdf klg k'?ifg} al4 5g\ . dlxnf – @%,
)*&)))
cfuGt's sfdbf/
u|fdL0f Onfsfdf
dlxnfs]f pRr lzIffsf] b/ /fd|f] 5 . k'?ifsf] bfFhf]df 7"nf ;x/L
Onfsfdf dlxnfsf] pRr lzIffsf] k|ltzt sd 5 . b]hf]g, a]Sh] If]qdf .
Oldu|];g – @)!@ –
^$#))( sf]l/ofdf cfpg]x?
dfOu|];g – @)!@ –
^#^$)# sf]l/ofaf6 jflx/ hfg]x?sf] tYofÍ
;/sf/L xfp;xf]N8
;e]{cg';f/
ljb]zL sfdbf/ hDdf
hDdL (*%(@# s'n @)!# sf] tYof+scg';f/ sf]l/ofdf sfd ul//x]sf hDdf klxn] cfPsf /
@)!# df cfPsf ljb]zL sfdbf/sf] ;+Vof ( nfv krf;L xhf/ gf} ;o t]O; /x]5 .
a]/f]huf/ ;+Vof
sf]l/ofdf hDdf -sf]l/ofdf klg a]/f]hufl/sf] cj:yf / ;d:of /x]5 . t/ h'g
sfd ug{ j]/fhuf/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf >lds hfG5g\ cfhsf sf]l/og o'jf Tof] sfd
ug{ clgR5f /fVg] /x]5g\ ._
*=^ k'?if -s'n
&=(_
^=* dlxnf
a]/f]huf/
#=! k'?if 5f]6f]
;do
#=# dlxnfsf]
a]/f]huf/L
cfTdxTof k|ltzt
@=(Ü
of}g c;Gt'li6 #=#Ü
/fli6«o /fhgLltdf
dlxnf #))–$& -!%Ü_
k'?if cfTdxTof !=(
dlxnf -k|of;_ #=%
! nfv hgf dWo]
!!=$ k|ltzt
! nfvdWo] ^( dflg;
cfTdxTof u5{g\ .
cf};t cfo' – k'?if
&&=^%Ü
dlxnf *$=*%Ü
s'n *!=@)Ü
@)!! sf] ;/sf/L
tYof+scg';f/ cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;L eP/ hfg] sf]l/og #$(*^*
sf]l/ofdf ljb]zL
sfdbf/sf] ?kdf cfPsfx? ;+Vof @!&&)@
sf]l/ofdf btf{ eO{
j}wflgs sfd ug]{ j}B j}b]lzs sfdbf/ (#@(*# o; jfx]s klg j}B cjlw k'/f ePkl5
cj}B ePsf jf ko{6s eP/ cfO{ n'lsl5lk sfd ul/ /x]sf j}b]lzs sfdbf/ klg sf]l/ofdf
sfo{/t 5g\ . h:sf] tYofÍ o;df ;d]l6Psf] 5}g .
-@)!@ sf]
tYof+scg';f/_
a;fO;/fO
afn d[To'b/ #Ü
/]ld6\ofG; Ps
jif{df
cfpg]
hfg]
sf]l/ofaf6
hfg]eGbf cfpg] a9L 5 .
j';fgdf cfFwL
cfof] ;d:of eof], To;a]nf a';fgsf :yfgLo jfl;Gbfn] ;Fu} ldn]/ d2t ub}{ lyP .
kfs{ r'ª xLn] To;} j]nfb]lv Go' len]h d'ed]G6 ;'? u/] . Deligent, self-hulp-co-operation tLg vDa] gLlt
kfs{ r'ªxLn] cfˆgf] dGqL d08nsf] a}7s u/]/, k|fWofks dhb'/, ljBfyL{, ls;fg
;a}nfO{ Go' len]h d'ed]G6df ;+nUg u/fP . To;a]nf sf]l/og kxf8 ¿v, j[If
geP/ v}/f /ª\sf lyP . sf]l/ofdf vfgf lyPg . lzIff lyPg, ;a} ug{
;/sf/n] dfq sfd ug{ ;Sb}gYof] . ^ ah] ufpFdf 3G6L ahfPkl5 ;a} hgf
p7\g'kYof]{ . ;/sf/n] of] k4lt clgjfo{ agfof] . To; cleofgn] tf;
v]Ng], /S;L vfg] k'?ifsf] afgL aGb u/fof] . ;Fu} ;a} ldn]/ sfd ug]{,
j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{, clzlIftnfO{ lzIff lbg] Pscsf{nfO{ d2t ug]{ sfd eof] .
ufpFsf h]7f, jf lgjf{lrt eO{ sfd ug{ dg ePsf o'jfn] g]t[Tjsf] cj;/ kfof] .
To; cl3 lgjf{rgsf] k4lt lyPg . g]tf tf]Sg] sfd x'GYof] .
x/]s kl/of]hgfsf]
sdhf]/L kIf klg x'G5 !(*) sf] bzsdf cfP/ ;femf sfdn] ult lng 5f8\of] . ha
b]zn] cf}Bf]lusLs/0fdf ult lnof] . …l;df]n pnbf]ªÚ n] ult 5f]8\of] .
;Fu} ldn]/ sfd ug]{ k4ltdf sdL cfof] . cfnf]rsx¿n] To;kl5 l;df]n pnbf]ªsf]
cfnf]rgf ug{ yfn] .
!((& sf] cfly{s
;+s6af6 b]znfO{ lgsfNg sf]l/og dfG5]n] cfkm";Fu ePsf] ;'g ;/sf/nfO{
lgMz'Ns bfg lbP . o; pbfx/0fkl5 cfˆgf] vfgfaf6 s]xL 5'6\ofP/ c¿sf] enfOsf
nflu /fVg] afgL a;fNof}F . !(*)–!((& ;]dfpn pb\bf]ªsf] cGwf/do ;do
lyof] . cfhef]ln xfdLn] Tof] efjgfnfO{ leotgfd, sDaf]l8ofdf
…;]dfpn–pNbf]ªÚ cEof; ug{ l;sfof}F .
:jf:Yo s]Gb| /
lzIff s]Gb| agfpgsf nflu OG8f]g]l;ofnfO{ klg l;df]n pnbf]ª cleofg;Fu kl/lrt
u/fof}F . -@))(_ ldn]lgod k|f]ld; ldn]/ UNDP ;Fu ldn]/ clk|msg ljsf;sf nflu sfd ug{ yfn]sf] 5f}F .
;a ;xf/f clk|msf If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu .
sf]Osf h:tf
:jo+;]lj ;+:yfnfO{ ef/tdf sfd ug{ ufx|f] 5 . ef/tdf hftLotf, cfly{s
c;dfgtf cflb sf/0fn] sfd ug{ d'l:sn 5 . ufpFsf] g]t[Tj ug]{ dfG5]sf]
gft]bf/ dfq sf]l/of cfpF5g\ . ;fFRr} sfddf ;+nUg dfG5] sf]l/ofsf] PS;kf]h/
lelh6df klg cfpFb}g kfpFb}gg\ . 7"nfj8fsf] dfq zf;g rN5 ef/tdf .
ef/tdf dlxnf
:jo+;]jssf] JolQmut ;'/Iff klg ;lhnf] 5}g . To;}n] xfdL ef/tdf sfd ug{
;+sf]r dflg/x]sf 5f}F . gofF k':tfsf] ljrf/df of] cleofg k/Dk/fut km];g
xf] . l;dfpn pNbf]ª s[lifsf] ljsf;sf nflu ufpFsf] ljsf;sf nflu xf] cfh
Tolt dgdf of]Uo 5}g .
;]dfpn pnbf]ª
If]qLo, u|fdL0f ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt Ps kl/of]hgf lyof] . sltko dfG5] kfs{r'ª
xLnfO{ dg k/fpFb}gg\ . lsgls plg tfgfzfxsf] ?kdf lyP . To;}n] pgsf]
cleofgnfO{ klg dg k/fpFb}gg\ . cfˆgf] ljsf;sf] Kofs]h;Fu afa'sf] gfdsf]
sfo{qmd aflx/ k7fpg jt{dfg /fi6«klt rfxG5g\ . ;]df8n cleofgsf] a]nf
;of]{bo x'g] ;do 306L ahfpg] sfd x'GYof] .
wGojfb ;g ld j]s,
;Dk"0f{ Joj:yfkg Ps bd Jojl:yt / /dfOnf] eof] . cfh xfdL b]hf]gaf6
vfhf vfO{ b]u'sf nflu k|:yfg u¥of}F .
xfdL ;f9] % ah]
sl/a ;f9] rf/;o lsnf]ld6/ ofqf u/]/ plNhg sf]l/og ;/sf/sf] :6fl6l:6sn clkm;df
k'Uof}F . of] sf]l/ofsf] b'u{d clkm;dWo] k|yd xf] oxfF xfdL hDdf bz hgf
sd{rf/L 5f}F . Ps xKtfcl3 j]sn] dnfO{ e]6 ug{ eGg'eof] . dnfO{ labf
lbg / ;do lbg ufx|f] lyof] . b'u{d eg]sf] s] xf] sf]l/og egfOdf < of]
7fpFaf6 ;fj{hlgs oftfoftdf ofqf ug{ ;fdfGo oftfoft 5}g . k"/f b]zsf]
cj:yf x]bf{ of] 7fpF lgs} ufx|f] 5 .
k|f]km];/ ;'hg
d]S8]d]M
cfly{s c;fgtf
aflx/ uP/ sfd ug]{ sfdbf/sf] ;Gbe{df a9L k|of]u x'G5 . ljZjJofkL /fhgLlts
zf:q 7"nf] kl/jt{gsf] qmddf 5 . kfl/jfl/s dxTj, 3/leqsf] sfdsf]
kl/efiff :ofxf/ ;';f/ ug]{, / x]/ ljrf/ ug]{, sfd dfq km/s eO;s]sf] 5 .
ljZjJofkL ;dfhzf:qL cfFvfn] efif0f lbP/ dfq ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ;dfh agfpg ;lsGg .
ljZjdf x]h]df]lgs Jojxf/ ljBdfg 5Fb} 5 . dlxnf / kl5 k/]sf ju{nfO{ ;dfhsf]
;dfgtf cleofgn] sfd ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . /a6{ sg]nsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ /fqLdf olb
s's'/ e'Sb}g eg] s's'/sf] wd{ dflgFb}g . åTjsf] ;+;f/nfO{ Ps lsl;dsf]
agfpg ;dfhzf:qLsf] e"ldsf x'gk¥of] .
ljZjJofkL åGbdf
/x]sf dfG5]nfO{ x]/ljrf/ rflxG5 . aRrf hGdfpg], x'sf{pg], la/fdL ePsf]
a]nf b]vefn ug]{, a'9f}nLsf] ;'ljwf ;a} care work df k5{g\ . of] sfdn] ;dfhnfO{ c;dfgtflt/ n}hfG5 .
pklgj]zjfb, ;fd|fHojfbn] care
work
sf] hGd u/fPsf] xf] .
sd cfDbfgL x'g]
dlxnfsf] 7"nf] >d ;Lwf cfDbfgL gx'g] If]qdf vr{ x'G5 . h;nfO{ care work elgG5 .
Dof8d– ;'hftf k6]n– x}b/fjfb– ;fdflhs c;dfgtf – ef/t
Equality of opportunity cfDbfgLsf] ;dfgtf ef/t :jtGq ePb]lv
;/sf/n] sfg'g agfP/ c;dfgtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ sf]l;; u/]sf] 5 . k/Gt' Tof]
sf]lzifn] ;kmntf kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .
c;dfgtfsf] sf/0f
s] s] x'g\ < ;/sf/L tYof+sn] eG5 %)Ü ul/aLsf] sf/0f cfkm} JolQm, klg xf] .
zlQmsf] ;|f]t, cfly{s kx'Fr, hflt cflbsf] klg c;dfgtf l;h{gf ug{df 7"nf]
e"ldsf 5 . ljwflosfsf] dfWodaf6 clgjfo{ lgod P]g agfP/ k|of]u gu/];Dd
c;dfgtf dfly JolQmsf] k|of;n] Tolt sfd ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g .
sfg'g agfP/ u/]sf]
;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] k5fl8 klg cf}klgj]lzs dfgl;stf ljBdfg 5 . d]/f] k]k/
7"nf k|f]h]S6sf] efu xf] . j}wflgs –sfg'gL_ dfWodaf6 ul/Psf] kl/jt{g
klg Ps dxTjk"0f{ efu xf] .
ef/tdf (#Ü JolQm
cgf}krfl/s If]qdf sfo{/t 5 . s[lifdf nfu]sf], cw{Hofnf, HofdL, cw{ v]tLdf
nfu]sf] ju{ ef/tdf o;} ju{df k5{ . of] ju{ c:yfoL ¿kdf s'g} klg If]qdf sfd
u/]sf] x'G5, p;sf] gf]s/L Uof/]G6]8 x'Fb}g . pklgj]zsf] a]nfb]lv rn]sf]
sltko ;fdflhs ;+/rgf, sfdbf/sf] :j¿k :jtGq ef/tdf klg sfod /Xof] .
of] lgoldt ug{
hftLotfn] klg e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . hft, hflt, j0f{, ju{, hghflt klg
c;dfg ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf s]xL sf/0f x'g\ .
!= ;fwg;|f]t
@= ;+:s[lt
oL b'j} sf/0fn]
d'Vo ?kdf ;dfhdf c;dfgtf sfod /fv]sf] 5 . hftLotfsf] cEof;sf sf/0f klg
;dfhdf cfly{s c;dfgtf ljBdfg 5g\ . h;sf] sf/0f ;dfh Jofks ljefhg /
c;dftfdf cfwfl/t 5 . !@ ah]b]lv ! ah];Dd xfdLn] vfgf vfof}F skmL vfof}F /
;jf ! ah] Dof8d ;g\ ld j]kmn] sf/ xflsg\ xfdL pNhLg k"jf]{Q/ ;d'b|lt/ cfh
/ftL af; a:g 3'Dg hfFb} 5f}F . ch'{g, p4j, j]s / d .
af6f]df ;a}
8fF8fsfF8f xl/ofnLo'Qm b]lvG5g\ . ;a} kxf8nfO{ 5]8]/ 6g]n agfOPsf] 5 .
;a} 6g]ndf emndNn aQL an]sf] 5 . Sof ;'Gb/ sf]l/og ljsf; df]8n / k|s[lt
;+/If0f . xfOj]df uf8L xfFSbf !@) b]lv !$) lsldk|lt 3G6f xfFSg] /x]5g\ .
k/Gt' 7fpF 7fpF l;l;l6eL Sofd/f h8fg ePsfn] Sofd/fsf] cfFvf 6Ng Sofd/f glhs
k'Ug] rfnssf] :j;, l:k8 sd ug]{ /x]5g\ . olb, !)) eGbf a9L l:k8 /x]5 eg]
klg uf8Lsf] g]leu]6/n] b]vfpF5 Sofd/f cfpFb} 5 eg]/ clg t'?Gt} uf8Lsf] l:k8 !))
lslddf emfl/xfN5g\ . gq eg] oxfF klg lgod t ldlrg] /x]5 . t/, klqmof]
eg] 8«fOleª ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] xflsdnfO{ klg sf/afxL x'g] /x]5 .
laxfg !^^
lsnf]ld6/ @ 3G6fdf b]hf]g–b]u' uof}F . clxn] b]u'b]lv k"jf]{Q/ ;d'b|L
;x/ pNhLg;Dd hfg !#@ lsnf]ld6/ ;8s kf/ ub}{ 5f}F . k"/} sf]l/of /dfOnf],
xl/of] ;kmf ;8s, Kjfn} Kjfn -6g]n_ ePsf kxf8x¿ 5g\ . g]kfnsf] r'/]h:t} .
;–;fgf ;x/ klg cfpFbf ;8sdf hfd -uf8Lsf]_ n:s/ b]lvG5 .
xfOj]df eg] ;8ssf]
/ˆtf/ lgs} x'g]/x]5 . ljsl;t ;dfhdf dflg; d]l;gsf] bf; eO;s]5g\ .
e/v/ u+u6fsf] ;x/df k'Uof}F . clxn] ;jf tLg alh;s]5 . ljG8ldnx¿ y'k|}
5g\ . k"j{kl§ xl/of] ;kmf ;d'b| b]lvof] Sof dHhf slt ;'Gb/ .
@@ tfl/v
tYof+sljgf
xfdLnfO{ sfd ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 . 6fu]{6 u|'k–;fgf] :s'nsf] ljBfyL{ ;+Vof klg
x'g ;S5 / l;+uf] b]z klg x'g;S5 . sf]l/ofdf !(^) b]lv hgu0fgf ;'? eof] .
hgu0fgf klg kfFr jif{df Psk6s x'G5 . 200 million vr{ u/]/ @)!) sf] hgu0fgf u/]sf lyof}F . lnË,
sIffsf] tYof+scg';f/ gd'gf ;j]{If0fsf] ¿kdf xfdL u0fgf ug{ ;S5f}F .
sf]l/ofdf w]/}h;f]
dWodju{sf dflg; a:5g\ . sf]l/og dfG5]sf] nufgL, lzIffdf w]/} x'G5 .
To;}n] sf]l/ofn] ljsf; ug{ ;s]sf] xf] . lzIff – 1fg l;k, k|ljlw ;a}sf]
hggL xf] .
cfly{s lx;fan]
sf]l/og ;dfhnfO{ !) ju{df ljefhg u/]sf] 5 . pRr ju{ #, dWodju{ $, lgDg ju{
# ju{df 5g\ . xfdL pQ/k"jL{ sf]l/ofaf6 b]hf]g hfg] af6f]df hfFb} 5f}F .
xfdLn] vfgf vfPsf] 7fpFaf6 !@% lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f 5 . ld; a]sn] sf/sf] l:k8
klg !@)÷!@% lsnf]ld6/df /fv]sL l5g\ . Psl5gcl3 kfgL k/]sf] lyof], xfO j]
df xfdLeGbf cufl8 /x]sf] t];|f] sf/ xfd|f] cfFvf cufl8 b'3{6gf eof] ;fob
8«fOe/n] /flt /S;L vfof] xf]nf jf ;'t]g xf]nf To;}n] cufl8 hfg'kg]{ sf/
pN6f]eP/ ;fO8sf] af/df 7f]lsof] Tof] sf/ sRofss'r's eof] . a]nsf] d'6'n]
7fpF 5f]8\of] . dnfO{ klg 8/ nfUof] !@) lsnf]ld6/sf] af6f]df xfdL /f]lsg]
;Defjgf g} lyPg .
8/fP/ d}n] lj:tf/}
xfFs eg]F pgn] klg 8/fP/ s]xL lj:tf/} ul/g\ . clt /ˆtf/sf] ;8sdf c¿sf]
s;}n] klg lx;fa ub}{g . cfkm" dfq l56f] s;/L hfg] w'gdf x'g] /x]5 .
clxn] ;f9] $ alh;Sof] . cfh xfdLn] klxnf]k6s cf0fljs e§Lsf] cjnf]sg u¥of}F .
lxhf] / cfh d]/f] hLjgs} /dfOnf] sf/ofqf ;Dk"0f{ xl/ofnLo'Qm pQ/
k"jL{ sf]l/ofdf x'Fb} 5 . d w]/}k6s sf]l/of e|d0f u/]sf] eP klg
plNhgl/t uPsf] /x]g5' . sl/a !))) lsnf]ld6/sf] ofqf ug{ @ nfv sf]l/og
agsf] k]6«f]n nfUof] . sf]l/og ldqn] k"/} :jfut ;Tsf/ ub}{ w]/} 7fpF
3'dfOg . ;fFRr} /dfOnf] df};d 5, laxfg kfgL k/]sf] lyof] . clxn]
df};d cln ;kmf 5, cfsfzdf afbn eP klg 6f9f 6f9f;Dd kxf8 b]lvG5g\ . P;L
rnfpg'k/]sf] 5}g, ;'xfgf ;km/ cfh df};d xl;, lxGbL uLtsf] ofb cfof] .
@$ tfl/v w]/} kfgL
kl//x]sf] lyof], t}klg bª\b]d'gdf Pe/]:6 /]:6'/]G6 leq !@–#) b]lv n~h vfFb}
sf]l/ofdf /x]sf g]kfnL bfh'efO;Fu enfs';f/L eof] . b'O{ ah]/ bz ldg]6df
xfdL bªb]d'g ;aj] :6];gsf] u]6g]/ sf]l/og ;fyLx¿sf] uf8Ldf a:of}F . lbgel/
pxfFx¿s} uf8Ldf 3'Dof}F . ;a}eGbf klxn] ahf/df uP/ df]afOn lsGof}F .
d}n] b'O{j6f lsg] p4jn] Pp6f lsGof] . To;kl5 ;f]n 6fj/lt/ uof}F . t/,
dfly sf/ hfg glbPsfn] tn} a:of}F, skmL vfof}F . a]n'sf ;'Gb/ /]:6'/]G6df
xfF;sf] df;';lxt l8g/ vfof}F . vfgf /fd|f] lyof] . ToxfFaf6 k|f]km];/
pg t] o'gn] xfdLnfO{ 8s;'g dlxnf ljZj ljBfnosf] cltlyu[xdf a:g] aGbf]a:t
ug'{ePsf] /x]5 . ToxfF ;fdfg /fVof}F . ;fdfg /fv]kl5 xfdLn]n] ljZj
ljBfno aflx/kl§sf] skmL ;kdf skmL vfof}F . To;a]nf p4jsf] sf]l/og ;fyL klg
cfOk'lug\ . skmL vfPkl5 Psl5g ukm u/]/ p4jsf] ;fyL / d]/f ;fyLx¿ xfdL;Fu
labf eP/ lkmtf{ eP . To; a]nf;Dd /flqsf] ;f9] ( alh;s]sf] lyof] . p4j
/ d Pslt/ aflx/ 3'Dg uof}F . ToxL g} d]/f] ;fyL 8fS6/ oª ;s lnd dnfO{
e]6\g ljZjljBfnoleq cfO;Sg'ePsf] /x]5 . pxfF $) 8n/ lt/]/ 6\ofS;Ldf dnfO{
e]6\g cfpg'eof] . e]6kl5 tLg} hgf a;]/ lao/, h'; / s'v'/fsf] df;' vfof}F .
pxfFn] #))))) sf]l/og jg rSn]6 lsGg eg]/ dnfO{ of] sf]l/og :6fOn xf], d}n]
pkxf/ lsGg] ;do kfOg . lxhf] dfq cd]l/sfaf6 cfPsf] x'F . d]/f]
>LdtLn] tkfO{nfO{ e]6]/ pkxf/ lbg' eg]/ cd]l/sfaf6 kmf]g ug'{ e|Psf] lyof] .
To;}n] of] tkfO{sf] s]6fs]6Lsf] nflu l8p6L lk|maf6 rsn]6 lsGg dfq lbPsf] eg]/
d]/f] uf]hLdf /flvlbg'eof] . jxfF km]l/ 6\ofS;Ldf kmls{+bf % 8n/ nfU5 /] .
%) ± #)) ± $* Ö #(* 8n/ d]/f] nflu vr{ ug'{eof] . s'g} a]nfsf] g]kfnL
efiff u'?k|ltsf] dL7f] ;DaGwsf] sf/0f .
c;dfg ;dfh
-!% tfl/v_
;/sf/sf tYof+sn]
oyfy{ lrq b]vfpFb}g . rLgdf cfDbfgLsf] c;dfgtf Jofks 5 . rLg of]
c;dfg cfodf cu|0fL /fHosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . clk|msf, cd]l/sf hfkfgh:t} .
w]/} tYof+s ;/sf/L:t/s} dfq pknAw 5g\ . ;dfhzf:qL o:tf tYof+s;Fu ;xdt
5}gg\ . rLgdf w]/} ljZj ljBfno:t/Lo cWoog ePsf 5g\ . China General Social Surgery a]Olhª ljZjljBfnoaf6
xfdLn] cg';Gwfg u/]sf lyof}F .
cfhef]ln rLgdf
cd]l/sfeGbf cfDgfgLdf c;dfgtf 5 . rLgsf] ;fdflhs cWoog cGt/f{li6«o:t/af6
;d]t ug{ ;lsG5 . cfDbfgLsf] c;dfgtf 36fpg ;s] ;fdflhs ;b\efj x'g ;S5 .
c;dfg cfDbfgL lsg
w]/} km/s x'g k'Uof] t < ahf/ cy{zf:qsf] cfwf/df, cy{zf:qrflxF xf]Og .
rLgsf] ;Dk"0f{ cy{tGq ;/sf/ / ;/sf/L kIfaf6 lgolGqt cy{tGq xf] .
cd]l/sf / rLgdf cfDbfgLsf] cj:yf b]vfpg] k|d'v sf/0f s] x'g\ t < If]q,
:yfgLo ;/sf/, u|fdL0f, ;x/L, lzIffsf] :t/, hft, hflt, /+u, kfl/jfl/s Joj:yf g}
d'Vo cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]tsf sf/0f x'g\ .
s[ifs u|fdL0f
afl;Gbf / ;x/L hg;+Vof jf afl;Gbfdf 7"nf] b"/L 5 rLgdf . of]
;d:ofn] e|i6frf/, åGå hGdfpFb} 5 . ;/sf/L gLltnfO{ of] b"/Ln] ;d:ofdf
kf/]sf] 5 . rLgsf] k|fWofksaf6 o:tf] :ki6 k|:t'lt x'g' klg rLgsf]
pbf/tfsf] pbfx/0f xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfUof] .
@% tfl/v 3/ hfg]
lbg, laxfg} $M#) ah] p7]F . % ah]kl5 hfg] tof/Ldf lyof}F . Psflaxfg}
8s;'g dlxnf ljZjljBfnosf lzIfs pGt]pg cfOk'Ug'eof] . xfdLn] jxfFsf] sf/df
;fdfg /fVof}F / lndf]lhg a;sf] l6s6 klg pg}n] lslglbP . !!, ))) k|ltJolQm
clg xfdLnfO{ a;df /fv]/ pgn] labfO u/] . lndf]lhg a;df OG5g k'Ug sl/a Ps
3G6f nfUof] . ;fdfg r]shfFr u/fO{ xfdL ;]So'l/6L r]ssf] nfOgdf nfUof}F .
l8p6Llk|mdf
k'u]kl5 /S;L, r'/f]6 rsn]6 lsGof}F . 6f]:6 / h'; lsg]/ vfof}F .
TolQs}df * ah]/ $% ldg]6 eP5 . clg, k|:yfg sIfkf/ ub}{ xjfO{hxfhdf r9\of}F .
clxn] d d]lS;sg 8fS6/;Fu ukm ub}{ k};f ;f6f;f6 ub}{ 5' . sf]l/og Po/
/gj]df p8\g] t/v/df 5 . af6f] kfO;s]sf] 5}g . sf]l/og ;docg';f/ (
ah]/ #% ldg]6df e'OF 5f]8\of] / rSsf 36f36 u/L ;fob leq 3';f¥of] .
hfkfg ofqf
xfdL !@ h'nfO{sf]
lbg k|ftM OG5g OG6/g];gn Po/kf]6{ sf]l/ofaf6 !) ah] hfkfgsf nflu k|:yfg u¥of}F .
lbpF;f] Ps ah] gf/Ltfdf k'Uof}F . gf/Ltfaf6 csf]{ /]ndf of]sf]xfdf uof}F .
of]sf]xfdf cf]n]{kl5 k'gM Ps :6];gsf nflu !$) ofgk|lt ofq'sf] l6s6 lnP/ xfdLn]
a's u/]sf] 6]/];, xf]6n ePsf]lt/ uof}F . xf]6ndf hfg]lalQs} kf;kf]6{ b]vfO
!),))) o]g hDdf u/L sf]7fsf] ;fFrf] lnof}F clg d}n] g'xfPF, kl5 p4jn] klg g'xfP .
a]n'sf ahf/lt/ 3'Dg hfg] l8g/ vfg] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 . hfkfgdf kfFr aHbf
g]kfnL ;dofg';f/ kf}g] b'O{ ah]sf] 5 . lxhf] ;jf b'O{ah] sf7df8f}+af6
sf]l/og Po/sf] xjfO{hxfh p8]sf] lyof] . xfdL cfPsf] k|fljlws ¿kdf b'O{ lbg
eP klg s'n @$ 3G6f Ps lbg dfq ePsf] 5 . df};d ;'Gb/ 5, 3fd c:tfO;Sof]
clncln afbn nfu]sf] 5 .
@)&! – )# –
)&
c7f/f}+ ;fob
ljZjJofkL ;dfhzf:qL, dfgjzf:qL, /fhgLltzf:qL;lxt n}+luszf:qL / cGo ;fdflhszf:q
ljwfsf ljZjsf ljleGg b]zsf ljåfg\, cWoogfyL{, zf]wfyL{ ;xefuL x'g] sfo{qmd 5 .
hfkfgsf] of]sf]xfdf ;x/df h'nfO{ !# b]lv !( ;Dd cfof]hgf x'g] ;Dd]ng kSs} klg
7"nf] hfgklxrfgsf nflu klg dxTjk"0f{ x'g]5 . ;fy} ljZjel/sf
y'k|} d'n'ssf ;fyLx¿ Tof] sfo{ qmddf ;xefuL x'g cfpg]5g\ . JolQmut ¿kdf
;xefuL x'g uP klg d lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] / 8f= p4j Kofs'¥ofn sf7df8f}+
ljZjljBfnosf] k|fWofks xf}F . ;fob k|ydk6s x'g] g]kfnsf] ;xeflutf klg
dxTjk"0f{ g} x'G5 .
clxn] aNn sf]l/og Po/ wfjgdfu{df l:k8 lng pQ/lt/sf] lelecfOkL nfpGh ePlt/
hfFb} 5 . clxn] af}4 / xfoft xf]6n b]lvof] . uf]s0f{, d"nkfgL
b]lvg] u/L wfjgdfu{df clncln ub}{ ultlnof] / 6]sckmsf] nflu bu'g{ nfUof] .
clxn] b'O{ ah]/ !%
ldg]6 eO;Sof] s'n @) ldg]6 hlt p8fgdf l9nfO ePsf]n] xfdL sl/a !@M#) af !=)) ah]
/flq sf]l/og ;dofg';f/ sf]l/of k'U5f}F xf]nf . h]xf];\ /flt sf]l/og
cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn OG5g\df s'g'{kg]{ ePsf]n] l9nf ePklg xfdLnfO{ ;d:of 5}g,
b'O{ ah]/ @% ldg]6df ljdfgn] e'OF 5f]8\of] / xfjfdf pRrfO lnFb}5 . clxn] t
lgSs} dfly k'lu;Sof] .
@)&!
c;f/ h'nfO{ @# k|ftM
xfdL cfh laxfg}
p7\of}F, :joDe"h:t} cUnf] 8fF8fdf sf7sf] l;F9L r9]/ uof}F . *M#) ah]
l/;f]6{af6 ;fdfg Kofs u/L kms{g] t/v/ u¥of}F . Psl5gsf] 8«fleªkl5 ;'Gb/
kxf8Ldf cjl:yt /]:6'/]G6df sf]l/og vfhf vfof}F . vfhf vfP/ gofF af6f]
xfOj] x'Fb} xfdL km]l/ pHnLg k'Uof}F . plNhgdf ;/sf/L clkm;df a;]/ vfgf
vfof}F . To;kl5 ch'{gnfO{ csf]{ dfG5];Fu labf u/]/ xfdLx¿ sf]l/ofsf]
cf0fljs e§L x]g{ hfFb} 5f}F .
kf}g] P3f/ah]b]lv
sf]l/ofsf] cf0fljs e§L x]¥of}+ . ToxfF sf]l/ofsf] ljB't\ pTkfbgsf] hfgsf/L
klg lnof}F . h'nfO{ @)!$ ;Dd sf]l/ofsf] ljB't\ Ifdtf %^))) d]ufjf6 /x]5 .
h;dWo] sf]Onfaf6 $%Ü cf0fljs e§Laf6 !*,))) d]ufjf6 / afFsL j}slNks pmhf{af6
pTkfbg x'g] /x]5 .
hfkfg /
sf]l/of e|d0f M @)!$
#) h'nfO{ @)!#
cWofudg :jLs[lt kq
jf s'g} d'n'sdf k|j]z ug{sf nflu lbOg] cfudg :jLs[ltnfO{ ;qf}F c7f/f}F
ztfAbLb]lv le;f elgg\ yflnPsf] x'g'k5{ . …r/}j]lt r/}j]ltÚ lx+8\b} hfpm
k"jL{o bz{gdf uxg / ax'cyL{ zAb xf] . hLjgdf cfk"mnfO{ ultzLn
agfpg'k5{ . :j:y, c:j:y, d:t, lgGb|f tGb|f, hfu[t ± ;'Kt–:jlKgn cj:yfdf klg dflg; rnfPdfg x'g'k5{ . hLjgsf] ;xL cy{
ultzLn x'g' / eO/xg' xf] . cfhef]ln ljZjdf Jofks ¿kdf e|d0f ug]{ ;d"x
5 . ljZj cy{ tGqdf o;sf] 7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .
xfn ljZjdf ljBdfg @!! j6f b]zdWo] ;a} d'n'sn] cfˆgf] b]zdf ljb]zLsf]
cfudgsf nflu s]xL v'nf s]xL aGb lgod agfPsf x'G5g\ . sltko d'n'sn] t Pp6}
b]zsf ljleGg efusf nflu cg]sf}F le;fsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 . h:t} rLgsf]
d'Vo e"ldsf nflu Ps lsl;dsf], ltAatnfO{ csf]{ / xªsªsf nflu t];|f] a]Un}
le;f lng'kg]{ x'G5 .
le;f k4ltn] ljZj ahf/df wgL / ul/a, ;DkGg / ljkGg d'n's Pj+ JolQmnfO{
e]befj u5{ . cem} egf}F wgL /fi6«sf gful/s lk|len]H8 / ;'ljwf;DkGg x'G5g\ .
pgLx¿n] l;km{ kf;kf]6{ lnP/ uP k'U5 . ljZjsf w]/} d'n'sdf le;f k|fKt ug{
cfudg ug]{ d'n'sdf cfudg le;f e|d0f cg'dlt kq ;lhn} k|fKt ul/xfN5g\ .
pgLx¿sf] cfly{s x}l;otsf] dtna xF'b}g . b]zsf] ;}lgs, af}l4s, cfly{s zlQm
g} pgLx¿sf] kf;kf]6{df /x]sf] /fli6«otfn] g} OHhtbf/ e|d0fsf/L gful/ssf] ¿kdf
dfGotf kfpF5g\ . pgLx¿ csf]{ wgL jf ul/a h:tf];'s} d'n'sdf klg lg;+sf]r
3'dlkm/ ug{ kfpF5g\ . k/Gt' ul/a /fi6«sf ul/a jf wgL g} eP klg slxn]sfxLF
/fli6«otfs} sf/0f k|j]zcf1f le;f kfpgaf6 jl~rt ul/G5g\ .
Po/kf]6{df le;f lbg] t ;Defjgf g} x'Fb}g . ljZj el/af6 ko{6s
leq\ofpg] yfONofG8n] gfOh]l/of / g]kfnLafx]s Po/kf]6{d} le;f cg P/fOen lbG5 . **,))) tfnsf] b]z :jL8]g, h+un, jg
xl/ofnLn] el/Psf] d'n's xf], sf7 laqmL ug]{, d'n's, lkmgNofG8 ckm -Pl§P6_
yfph]G6 n]sÚ -:jL8]gsf] /dfOnf] b[io xhf/f}F tfn / ;'Gb/ xl/ofnL xf] .
sf7df8f}+af6 *M@) df p8]sf] stf/ Po/sf] xjfO{hxfh kf}g] Ps ah] bf]xfdf
cjt/0f u¥of] . PSs}l5gdf xjfO{hxfhaf6 aflx/ uP/ a; r9\of}F . sl/a
cfwf 3G6f nufP/ Po/kf]6{sf] a; 6«fG;km/ 6ld{gndf k'Uof}F . ToxfF @÷# hgf
g]kfnL cg'xf/sf s]6fx¿ b]lvP . d}n] tkfO+{ g]kfnL xf] eg]sf] t oxfF ;a}
;'/Iff g]kfnL sf] xf] eGof] . To;kl5 d}n] ;f]w]F– k|mfGskmf]6{ hfg] u]6
gDa/ ## xf] eg]kl5 Tof] 6ld{gn vf]Hb}, n3'z+sf u/]/ lx+8F] . kfFr bz ldg]6
lx+8]kl5 ## gDa/ u]6 t e]l6of] t/ ToxfFsf] :6fkmn] eGof] b'O{ 3G6fkl5 cfpg';\ .
clg, 8\o'l6k|mL x]b}{ gofF cg'xf/;Fu ldqtf ufF:b} a;]F . af6f]df a]nfotL
lzIfs / ljBfyL{ e]6 eof] . pgLx¿ g]kfnsf] ufpFdf ;fdflhs ;]jf u/L kms{+b}
u/]sf /x]5g\ .
!!÷!@ sIffdf k9\g] ljBfyL{ hLjgsf] km/s cg'ej ug{ g]kfn uPsf /x]5g\ .
kfFr hgf lzIfs, lzlIfsf;Fu d}n] ;f]w]F– a]nfotdf b'O{ xKtfdf nfUg] vr{n] xjfO{
l6s6;lxt g]kfnsf] vfg a:g vr{ k'Ubf] xf]nf x} . Ps hgf lzlIfsfn] eGg'eof]
kSs} xf] . xfdL Ps /ft ;f+lu|nfdf a:of} ;f+lu|nfdf slt vr{ nfUof] dnfO{
yfxf 5}g . t/, p:t} xf]6ndf a]nfotdf a:bf t #%) kfpG8 hlt nfU5 a]8 / a|]s
kmf:6sf] nflu . d}n] eg] ;f+lu|nfdf ;d"xdf a:bf k|ltJolQm !)) ;o
8n/;Dd nfUbf] xf]nf . ofqfdf ldqtf bf]xfsf] 6ld{gndf s'bf{ n]Vb} 5' .
Psl5g g]kfn 3'd]/ cfPsf a]nfotL lzlIfsf, lzIfs / ljBfyL{;Fu ukmufkm eof] .
->fj0f !% h'nfO{ #!
tfl/v_
clxn] g]kfnL
;docg';f/ /fltsf] @ aHof] . d}n] sNkgf u/F]– ! ;o jif{cl3 stf/ s:tf] lyof]
xf]nf . k]6«f]nsf] k|of]u pTkfbg cf}wf]lusLs/0fn] pu| d?e"lddf ;fgbfg
;'Gb/, dgdf]xs xjfO{ u|fpG8 / 6ld{gn agfPsf] /x]5 . of] ag]sf] w]/} jif{
ePh:tf] nfUb}g lsgls oxfF k|of]u ePsf lgdf{0f ;fdu|L l:6n, 6fon, cflb xfn}sf]
pTkfbg xf] . ;kmf;'U3/ eP klg sf]l/ofsf] OG5g hlt ;'ljwf o'QmrflxF 5}g .
8o'l6k|mL gfd dfqsf] h:tf] nfUof] . vf;} ;fdfg 5}g, Tof] klg lgs} dxFuf]
g} 5 . b'aO{df /fd|f] 5 /] .
/fhf dx]Gb|sf]
a]nfot e|d0fdf a]nfotsL dxf/fgL leS6f]l/of /]nj] :6];gdf :jfut ug{ cfPssL lyOg,
ToxL b]zdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf sfo{/t–s0f]{n s'df/ nfdfnfO{ >LdtL e]6\g uPsf]
a]nfdf åGåsf] ;dosf] dfgjclwsf/ xggsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ lu/ˆtf/ u/] . Ps 8]9
dlxgf;Dd >LdtL / sfg'g Joj;foL klg e]6g lbPsf] lyPg .
l8PkmcfO{l8n] lbg] u/]sf] elgPsf] $.% c/a ?lkofF jflif{sdWo] xfdLnfO{ s]
slt rflxPsf] 5, To;n] g]kfnsf] slt ljsf;df ;3fPsf] 5 < cfPsf] /sd / To;sf]
k|of]u g]kfnLx¿n] sxfF u/]sf 5g\ ;"rgfsf] xs ;a} g]kfnLsf] 5 ls 5}g <
eGg] s'/fsfgL eof] la|l6;x?;Fu .
cha b'lgofF uha ;+;f/ M
cfh cu:6 ! tfl/vsf lbg laxfg ;a]/} p7]/ uy]gju{ ljZjljBfno j/k/sf]
;]/f]km]/f]df 3'd3fd u/F] . laxfg} Tolt :jLl8;x¿ p7]sf xF'b}gg\ xf]nfg\ .
To;}n] nfdf nfdf a;df, 6«ddf 8«fOe/afx]s d'l:snn] Psb'O{ hgf dfq ofqL ofqf
ul//x]sf] b]v]F . dnfO{ nfUof] eujfg\n] ls dfG5]n] slt cGofo u/]sf] .
c;dfg ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] r/d ¿k . wgL /fi6«df hgtfsf] ;'ljwfsf nflu /]n,
6«d, @, # j6f hf]l8Psf / leq Po/ slG8;g ePsf a;x¿ nfvf}F vr{ u/L dfgj/lxt klg
;]jf lbO/x]sf 5g\ . xfd|f]h:tf d'n'sdf aemfª hfg] a;df $) hgfsf] l;6df
&).*) hgfn] ofqf ubf{ b'3{6gfsf d[tsf] ;+Vof tf]Sg} ufx|f] x'G5 .
lj8Dagf k"0f{ ;+;f/ . km]l/ 3'Db} hfFbf uy]gju{sf] 8s
7"nf 8'+uf c8\ofpg] 7fpF b]v]F . ;f]wk'5 u/]F clg yfxf eof] .
sl/a !%) qmf]g/df 7"nf] 8'+ufn] 8]gdfs{;Dd 3'dfP/ lnP/ cfpF5/] .
To;kl5 d cfˆgf] sf]7fdf uPF . s]xL vfg]s'/f vfP/ 8sdf cfO{ a;]F .
k|ftM bz ah] :6]gn]g gfdsf] af]6 k|:yfg u¥of] . sl/a ;f9] tLg 3G6f hfg /
Toltg} kmls{g nfU5 /] . a]n'sf ^ ah];Dd km]l/ uy]gju{ k'lu;S5 eg]kl5 d
t}of/ eO{ l6s6 vl/b u/]/ 8'+ufdf a;]F . 8'+uf ls kfgL hxfh h] eg] klg of]
lgs} 7"nf] 5 . dnfO{ t 7fpF, jftfj/0f, dfG5]sf] Jojxf/ ;a} x]g{ dg
nfUof] . ljkGgtfdf dfgjLo ;DkGgtf / ;DkGgtfdf dfgl;s bl/b|tf ePh:tf]
nfUof] dnfO{ t .
sf]xL klg af]Ng klg t}of/ x'Fb}gg\ . zAb lsGg knf{h:tf dflg;
;DkGgtfdf dfgl;s tgfj k|z:t b]v]F . xfdLsxfF ef]s, Kof;, cefj, b'leIf{df
klg ;do, ;Dj]bgf dflg; dflg;sf] efjgfsf] cfbfg k|bfg x'G5 . bz tNnfsf]
kfgL hxfh uy]gju{ xfj{/af6 8]gdfs{sf nflu k|:yfg u¥of] . sl/a @)) jif{cl3
h'ga]nf /]n, a;, xjfO{hxfh lyPgg\ To;} a]nfb]lv :jLl8; hgtf / /fhfn] oftfoftsf]
ljsf; ug{ ;d'b|dfu{af6 ;x/leq;Dd cfpg ;Sg] 7"nf] gx/h:tf] agfO{
uy]gju{nfO{ ;'ud agfPsf /x]5g\ . ;'Gb/ k|s[lt yf]/} :yfgLo afl;Gbf ;kmf
rf}8f ;8s oxfFsf] ljz]iftf /x]5 . cf]ssf] ¿v k|z:t x'g] ePsfn] hxfh
lgdf{0fdf :jL8]g k|l;4 /x]5 . To;}n] efOlsËx?sf] ;Eotf ljsf;df 7"nf
8'Ëfsf] k|of]u ePsf] Oltxf; /x]5 . a]nfot, ?;, hd{g;Dd uO{ n'6\g;Sg] alnof
:s]08] g]leog efOlsË .
clxn] rf}yf] tnfdf k'u]F / aDa}b]lv uf]cf;Ddsf] d}n] cfof]hgf u/]sf]
blIf0f Pl;ofnL cWoog e|d0fsf] k'g/fj[lQ ePh:tf] nfUof] . s:tf /fd|f/fd|f
;d'Gb|L lsgf/f, l5of, lbof k/]sf . ;kmf ;d'Gb| lsgf/fdf ;'Gb/ a:tLx¿
uy]gju{ ;fFRr} dgdf]xs 7fpF /x]5 . k|zfGt dxf;fu/sf nx/Ldf nxl/Fb} hxfh
cfˆgf] af6f] 8]gdfs{ nfUb} 5 . ;'Gb/ dGb 3fd nflu/x]5 . cfsfzdf afbn
eP klg gLnf] cfsfzdf as'Nnfx¿ ;fob df5f vf]Hb} p8]sf 5g\ . 3'dGt]x¿ tndfly
oq tq udL{ labfsf] dHhflng hxfhleq 3'Db} 5g\ . z/L/sf] ef/ w]/} ePsf
eF};Lh:tf] b]lvg]x¿ Xofd au{/ / 7"nf] sf]ssf] lunf; xftdf lnO{ cem cfˆgf]
z/L/nfO{ ef/L agfpFb} 5g\ . k]6df aRrf ePsL dlxnf lbSs dfGb} PSn} a;]sL
l5g\ . ;fgf gfgL x'g]x¿ gfgL n]vfpFb} 5g\ . pgsf] afafn] af]tnn]
b"w VjfpFb} 5g\ . cfdf hxfhdf 3'dlkm/ ub}{ l5g\ . w]/}sf] cg'xf/
dlng 5 . s]xL s]6L;fyLnfO{ v';L kfg]{ OR5fn] gSsnL xfF;f] xfF:b} 5g\ kGw| kRrL;]x¿ . ;d'Gb|sf] lsgf/df xn]G8sf]
h:t} y'k|} laG8dLn klg 5g\ .
ca bzf}F tnfdf k'u]F, dflg; vfFb} 3'Db} /dfpFb} /x]5g\ . s;}s;}n]
csf]{ ljk/Lt ln+lunfO{ sfvdf /fvL v]nfpFb} lyP . hxfhsf] dflyaf6
w"jfFsf] d':nf] cfO/x]sf] lyof] . l8hn jf sf]Onf s]sf] xf] yfxf 5}g .
s]xL t?gLx¿ aS;/ / hd{g ;]km8{ hftsf] s's'/x¿ Tof] klg w]/} 7"n7"nf
cfsf/sf lnP/ hxfhsf] Psfkl§ a;]sf 5g\ . Ps 5]plt/ s's'/sf] /]:6'/]G6 /
;'k/dfs]{6 klg /x]5 . csf]{lt/ s/d'Qm k;n . hxfhleq :jfb rvfpg ;–;fgf
lunf;df l;Q} /S;L klg ljt/0f ug]{ ;'Gb/Lx¿ . sl/a &*.*) jif{sf j[4sf]
;xf/f ePsL Ps hgf Pl;og dlxnf b]v]F . b'j}sf] pd]/df cflweGbf a9Lsf] km/s
5 . pgn] dlt/ x]l/g\, a"9f dfG5] klg 3'/]/ x]/] . gh/ cklg cklg
vofn ckgf ckgf . ljifdtf g} ljZjsf] ljz]iftf xf] . clxn] hxfhaf6
kfgLafx]s s]xL klg gb]lvg] eO;Sof] . P3f/ aHof] Ps 3G6fdf xfdL ;fob lgs}
;d'Gb|leq k|j]z u¥of}F
xf]nf . d}n] hxfhsf] Ps :6fkmnfO{ ;f]w]F– slt tnfsf] xf]nf . pgn] 7fpF b]vfP / eg] ToxfF hfg';\, x]g'{;\ ;a} n]lvPsf] x'G5 . pgn] t'?Gt} hfg]sf] ljifodf klg pQ/ glbO{ cfkm} vf]Hg dnfO{ afWo kf/] . g]kfndf ePsf] eP k]6 b'Vof] eg] a]/fnug vfg';\ eg]/ h;n] klg elglbg ;S5 . l;sfpg]eGbf l;Sg nufpg] afgL /x]5 . Tof] k4ltn] dflg;sf] vf]lh ug]{ afgL kbf]{ xf]nf . clg d}n] hxfhleqsf] hxfhsf] lrq / Tof] lgdf{0fsf] oyfy{ x]/]+ / k9]+ .
xf]nf . d}n] hxfhsf] Ps :6fkmnfO{ ;f]w]F– slt tnfsf] xf]nf . pgn] 7fpF b]vfP / eg] ToxfF hfg';\, x]g'{;\ ;a} n]lvPsf] x'G5 . pgn] t'?Gt} hfg]sf] ljifodf klg pQ/ glbO{ cfkm} vf]Hg dnfO{ afWo kf/] . g]kfndf ePsf] eP k]6 b'Vof] eg] a]/fnug vfg';\ eg]/ h;n] klg elglbg ;S5 . l;sfpg]eGbf l;Sg nufpg] afgL /x]5 . Tof] k4ltn] dflg;sf] vf]lh ug]{ afgL kbf]{ xf]nf . clg d}n] hxfhleqsf] hxfhsf] lrq / Tof] lgdf{0fsf] oyfy{ x]/]+ / k9]+ .
P6nflG6s cf]l;ogdf xfd|f] 8'+uf t}l/Fb} 5 . Ps hgf lkt[eQm 5f]/L
afa'nfO{ j[4 clg c;Qm cj:yfdf ed|0f u/fpFb} l5g\ . xfG; (Hans)
Berjkvast ah|sef:6 / pgsL 5f]/L cGgf;Fu s]xLa]/ ;Fu}
hxfhdf 3'd]F . e|d0f ;'Gb/ /Xof], af6f]sf] ldqtf /dfOnf] x'G5 . *!
jifL{o kfgL hxfhsf OlGhlgo/;Fu ukm u/L 8]sdf a;] . pgn] kGw| jif{sf]
pd]/b]lv ;d'Gb|df sfd u/]sf] /] . @^ jif{ t cd]l/sfdf dfq} sfd u/]sf] lyPF .
pgn] eg] sl/a ;a} ;d'Gb| ef]u]sf] / x]/]sf] 5' . clxn] d]/f] v'§f rNb}g .
To;}n] lXjn r]o/sf] ;xf/f 5f]/Ln] 3'dfpFb} l5g\ /] .
bz tNnfsf] hxfhdf kfFrb]lv bz tnf;Dd tndfly 8'Nb} gofF ;fyL agfpFb} ukm
ub}{ hfFbf tLg 3G6f lat]5 . Tolts}df xfd|f] 7"nf] 8'+uf ls xhfh
8]gdfs{ k'Uof] . Tof] cfFx'; zx/df hfg] /x]5 .
of] 8]lg; e"ldaf6 cfx'; eP/ /]ndf sf]a]gx]ug uOFbf]/x] 5 .
cfx';df PN;fsf] 3/ 5 xf]nf, 8]lg; :jo+;]js ;+:yfdf efiff lzIfs eO{ sfd ubf{
d}n] g]kfnL efiff k9fPsL ljBfyL{ lyOg\ PN;f . ca t a"9L eO;sL xf]lng\ .
7fpF ;'Gb/ /dfOnf] k/d ;DkGgtf dflg;df g}/f:otf xtf;, lbSbfl/kgf ls r/d
JolQmjfb xfaL ePsf] h:tf] nfUof] dnfO{ t . vf]H5g\ ;a} ;'v egL ;'v Tof]
sxfF 5, cfk"m ld6fO{ c¿nfO{ lbg' hxfF 5 . :jL8]gdf r/d ul/aL ePsf]
a]nfdf oxfFsf !)Ü dflg; cd]l/sfdf uP/ a;f]af; u/]5g\ . sltkosf] egfOdf
c7f/f}F ztfAbLsf] cGtlt/ r/d ul/aLsf sf/0f $ ldlnog hg;+Vof . $) nfvdWo]
sl/a cfwf hg;+Vof g} cd]l/sf k'u] eGg] klg 5g\ . h]xf];\ k|ltzteGbf klg dflg;
vfgkfg / ;'v;'ljwfsf] vf]hLdf csf]{ b]z hfG5 eg] Tof] hfoh g} xf] .
cd]l/sfsf] ldlgPkln; cflb 7fpFdf :jLl8; ;+:s[lt b]Vg ;lsG5 /] . dfgj
3'dGt] k|f0fL xf], ;'vsf] vf]hLdf b'Mv u/]/ o'/f]k k'u]sf slt g]kfnL e]l6P .
sf]Onf / kmnfd o'4df k|of]u ePkl5 :jL8]gdf lr;f]n] l6Sg} g;lsg] eP5 .
To;kl5 w]/} dflg; ;lhnf] hLjgsf] vf]hLdf cd]l/sflt/ nfu]5g\ . lbpF;f] @
ah]lt/ 8]gdfs{ k'u]/ kGw| ldg]6 hlt 3'd] . w]/} ofqLx¿ 8]lg; pTkfbgsf]
sfn{;ju{ lao/sf] r':sL lnFb} lyP . 8]lg; uLt / ;+uLt nfOe eO/x]Yof]
Tolts}df km]l/ :jL8]g kms{g'kg]{ ePsfn] d t'?Gt} lkmtf{ ePF, l6s6 km]l/ r]lsª
u/]/ Stena Line :6]gf nfOg km]l/df a;]F clg 8sdf
a;]/ 8fo/L n]Vg a;]F . cfhsf] lbg ;d'Gb|sf] cfgGb lnFb} :jL8]g / 8]gdfs{
aLrdf cjl:yt ;d'Gb|L ;tx x]g{ d Jo:t ePF . :jL8]gsf] a;fOsf] bf];|f] lbg
dxTjk"0f{ /x\of] . hxfhdf ;fgf] lunf;df :jLl8; cNsf]xn lgMz'Ns ljt/0f
eO/x]sf] lyof] . 8]lg; Xof6 klxl/Psf b'O{ hgf ;'Gb/L s]6fs]6Lsf nflu
nfdfnfdf a]n'g km's]/ lgMz'Ns ljt/0f ub}{ lyP . ko{6snfO{ cfslif{t ug{
o:tf 7fpFcg';f/sf ultljlw ug'{ jf~5gLo b]lvG5 .
hxfh 8]gdfs{af6 :jL8]gsf] c+u|]hL efiffdf uy]gju{ hfgsf nflu k|:yfg
u¥of] . kmls+{bf 8]lg; ;adl/g -kfgLd'lg /xg] ;}lgs hxfh_ klg 8sdf b]lvof] .
d}n] lrq afx]s jf:tljs ;adl/g cfˆgf] cfFvn] b]v]sf] lyPg . ;Fu} ;'Svf 8sdf
Ps lgdf{0f x'Fb} u/]sf] csf]{{ kfgLhxfh klg b]lvof] . ca 8]lg; lsgf/faf6
6fl9Fb} ;d'Gb|sf] leqkl§ hfFb} 5 . xfdL uPsf] efu 8]gdfs{sf] pQ/df kg]{
/x]5 .
8]gdfs{ e|d0f
lxGbdxf;fu/b]lv k|zfGt dxf;fu/sf] ofqf M g]kfn
hldg} hldgn] 3]l/Psf] d'n's xf] . ;fob NofG8 nS8 x'g' klg g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf]
afws xf] . o;kfnL blIf0f Pl;of, ef/t, >Ln+sflt/ ePsf] lxGbdxf;fu/af6
o'/f]ksf] pQ/ klZrdlt/ /x]sf] P6nflG6s dxf;fu/sf] lsgf/df cjl:yt :jL8]gsf]
uy]gju{ e|d0fsf] cj;/ k|fKt eof] . Ps lx;fan] x]bf{ of] cj;/n] ljsl;t /
ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«aLrsf] b"/L -kf6g} g;lsg]_ cfly{s ljljwtf slt dfgj lgld{t
x'g eg] sltko k|s[ltk|bQ x'g\ . uy]gju{d} $.% j6f g]kfnL /]:6'/]G6 /x]5g\ .
tfKn]h'ªb]lv afun'ª;Ddsf dflg;n] kfl/jfl/s >dåf/f ;'? ul/Psf tL /]:6'/]G6sf
dflnssf 5f]/f5f]/L :yfgLoh:t} eO;s] 5g\ . s6s dNnhLn] Ps dlxgfcl3
eg]cg';f/ :jL8]gdf sl/a ^)).&)) hgf g]kfnL xfn a:b} 5g\ /] . yfO{
/]:6'/]G6 gfd ePsf] /]:6'/]G6 klg hxfhsf] 8s glhs} /x]5 . g]kfnLsf] a'l4,
Ifdtf, >d ;a}sf] ;lDd>0f b]lvof] uy]gju{sf /]:6'/]G6df .
…j;'w}j s'6'Das+Ú kl/jf/ s] xf] t, j}w a:g] cg'dlt ePkl5 s/ ltg'{ k5{ /] .
s/ lt/]kl5 cfˆgf] OR5f eP ;/sf/n] g} :j]l8; efiff l;sfpg] /x]5 . :jL8]gdf
a:g] x/]s pd]/ ;d"xsf dfG5] ;fgf]b]lv &) jif{;Ddsf nflu :jLl8; efiff
l;sfOg] /x]5 . efiff, ;+:s[lt, ;Eotfsf] d"n xf] .
cf}iflwd"nf], lgMz'Ns s]6fs]6Lsf] lzIff, lgMz'Ns a]/f]huf/L eQf c¿ s] g}
rflxof] / < ljZjel/ g]kfnL klg j}w, cj}w k'u]/ cfˆgf] >d nufP/ k|ult
u/]sf] b]Vbf /dfOnf] nfUof] . hf8f]df hLjg clns sl7g x'G5 /] .
cufl8kl§ ;fgf] 7fpFdf k"mn km'nfPsf 5g\ . xFl;nf] ldhf;sf efOx¿ x]b}{
g]kfnL kgfsf] v';LofnL g} nfUof] . ;'/]Gb| s'df/ lnDa", :jL8]gdf s]
lnDa'jfg\ s] v'Da'jfg\ oxfF t dfgjLotf ljsf; >d / ;'/Iff olt g} xf],
xfdLnfO{ rflxg] Ps hgf efOn] eGof] . d]/f] 3/ x]6f}+8fsf] kbd kf]v/Ldf xf] .
kbd kf]v/L eGg] lalQs} Ps k6s r]nLa]6L a]rlavg lj?4 cleofgdf dfOtL g]kfn, g]kfn
k|x/L dlxnf ;+3 / kb\dsGof SofDk;sf lzIfs ljBfyL{;Fu} k'u]sf] dsjfgk'/sf]
ufpFdf ;Dem]F . :jL8]g cfPsf] !* dlxgf eof] /] d]/f] ;;'/f :s'nsf] lzIfs
x'g'x'GYof] . ;]ldgf/df cfO{ oxLF n'Sg'eof] . !$ jif{kl5 j}wflgs eP/
ut jif{ 3/ uP/ e/v/} kms{g'ePsf] 5 eGof] . tkfO+{ t oxfF a:g] xf]Og ls bfO
k|Zg t]:of{of] . d}n] eg] efO, hfkfg, sf]l/of, cd]l/sf, :jL6\h/NofG8 sxLF
n'lsgF, oxfF kf] lsg n'Sg' / efO eg]F . t}klg, cj}w ePsf g]kfnL c¿nfO{ klg
p:t} cfFvfn] x]g]{ /x]5g\ . o:t} 5, g]kfnLsf] csf]{ g]kfnLk|ltsf] x]/fO .
Tof] x]/fOdf p;sf] uNtL xf]Og, ljb]zLg], n'Sg], efUg], nfx'/] x'g], zf/Ll/s
>dsf nflu klg :jb]zdf sfd gkfO{ aflxl/g] afWotf eP/ xf]nf < g]kfn ;/sf/n]
cj;/ ljg g;s]sf] sf/0f o;f] ult ePsf] xf] .
h]xf];\ cflv/ g]kfnLdf g]kfnLkgf t x'G5 g} . d d]/f] 3/sf] /fhf
em'k8L g} eP klg .
d]/f] xjfO{hxfhsf] l6s6 &%)) qmf]g/ k/]5 . u]i6 xfp;sf] ef8f
$))) qmf]g/ lx;fa u/]5 uy]gju{ ljZjljBfnon] Tof] b'j} lt/]sf] /x]5 .
cfh cu:t @ tfl/vsf lbg laxfg p7]F . uy]gju{ ljZjljBfnosf]
k|fWofksx¿;Fu g]kfndf ul/g] lkmN8 l/;r{af/] 5nkmn u¥of}F . lkmN8 l/;r{sf]
:yfg, tl/sf, l/;r{ d]yf]8f]nf]hL, ;+Vof, k|ZgfjnL, ;f]wdf nfUg] ;do cflbaf/]
rrf{ eof] . cg'dflgt vr{ cflb ljljw ljifodf 5nkmn u¥of}F . uy]gju{
ljZjljBfnosf] Unf]an :6l8h sfo{qmd ljefudf a;]/ ?jfG8fsf] Ps cg';Gwftf;Fu klg
5nkmn eof] . b'O{ ah];Dd cg';Gwfgsf] 5nkmnkl5 sf7df8f}+ /]:6'/]G6df vfgf
vfof}F . ToxfF ;fx'hLn] d}n] vfPsf] vfgfsf] k};f lnPg . kf]v/f
n]vgfysf efOn] ut jif{b]lv Tof] /]:6'/]G6 rnfPsf] /x]5 .
Tof] b]v]/ :jLl8; ;fyLnfO{ crDd nfUof] . s] xf] of] g]kfnL cfTdLotf
glrg]sf] klxnf] e]6 ePsf] dflg;nfO{ klg lsg l;Q} vfgf lbPsf] < eg]/ dnfO{
;f]lwg\ .
df};d lnªb]g –lnDa"_
kGw| jif{df P;Pn;L u/]kl5 cfOP kf; ePg, ljb]z hfg] Rofgn lyPg .
ljb]zaf/] yfxf kfPF, o'/f]k t d lx+8]/ cfPsf] x'F . ef/t Go' lbNnL bnfnsf]
kl5 nfu]F, rf]/ a'l4 l;sF], bnfn;Fu, bnfnL;Fu hf]l8g k'uF] . g]kfndf
:s'ndf k9\bfv]l/ hf]8{gsf] /fhf dbf{ :s'n laFbf ePsf] ;Demgf lyof] .
ef/taf6 d ToxL b]z k'u]5' . ToxfF hfsL ;x/df sl/a tLg dlxgf a;]F, n]agfg
glhs} /x]5 . leq a:bf kbf{ vf]Ng gkfOg] . aflx/ uof] dlxnfsf] cg'xf/
x]g{ gkfpg] . d]/f] o'/f]k s;/L k'Ug] eGg] dfq WofpGg lyof] . xfdL !^
hgf lyofF} bnfnn] k7fpg g;Sg] l:ylt eof] $ nfv ltl/;s]sf lyof}F . a]n'sf
l/; p7]/ ‰ofn vf]Nof}F . jl/kl/sf dfG5]n] 3/df 9'+ufd'8f u/] . To;kl5
xfdLdWo]sf kGw| hgf 3/ g]kfn kms]{ . d}n] bnfn;Fu s'/fu/]F / Sa'afsf] le;f
kfPF . So'af hfg eg]/ :k]gdf emg]{ ljrf/ lyof] . kfOn6n] kf;kf]6{
cfk"m;Fu /fVof] . clg, So'af k'luof] tLg dlxgf a;]kl5 ef]sef]s} eOof]
clg :k]g eP/ kmls{of] . ToxLF kf;kf]6{ 6jfOn]6df
Roft]F . kf;kf]6{ gePsfn] Kn]gsf] u]6df dnfO{ 5f]8\of] . xjfO{hxfh 5f]8]F / z/0ffyL{ ePF . k'ln;n] k};f dfUof] d;Fu k};f lyPg . Ps xKtf s8f k|x/L lgoGq0fdf y'Gof] . Ps xKtfkl5 ^ dlxgf vfg], a:g] efiff k9\g] Joj:yf u¥of] . t/, sfd eg] kfpg d'l:sn lyof] . ToxfFaf6 d k|mfG; k'u]F . ToxfF k+hflasf] u'?åf/fdf vfg, a:g k|mL lyof], ToxfF a;]F . kl5 :jL6\h/NofG8 k'uF], h]g]ef sl/a @).@% lbg a;]F, a]lNhoddf !$ dlxgf a;F] . ToxfF sdfO ePg clg hd{gL x'Fb} k|mfGskmf]6{ k'u]F . km]l/ a]lNhod eP/ 8]gdfs{ k'u]F . sf]k]gx]u]gdf ufFhf vfg] 7fpF k'u]F . ToxfFaf6 gj]{ uP/ tLg jif{ latfPF . lagfkl/ro kq cj}w eP/ gj]{af6 :jL8]g cfPF . sl/a bz uf8Ldf PsnfO{ r]lsª x'G5 d cfPsf] uf8L r]s ePg . kl5 kf]r'{un uP/ k]k/ t}of/ eof] . clxn] :jLl8; gful/stf / kf;kf]6{ eO;Sof] .
Roft]F . kf;kf]6{ gePsfn] Kn]gsf] u]6df dnfO{ 5f]8\of] . xjfO{hxfh 5f]8]F / z/0ffyL{ ePF . k'ln;n] k};f dfUof] d;Fu k};f lyPg . Ps xKtf s8f k|x/L lgoGq0fdf y'Gof] . Ps xKtfkl5 ^ dlxgf vfg], a:g] efiff k9\g] Joj:yf u¥of] . t/, sfd eg] kfpg d'l:sn lyof] . ToxfFaf6 d k|mfG; k'u]F . ToxfF k+hflasf] u'?åf/fdf vfg, a:g k|mL lyof], ToxfF a;]F . kl5 :jL6\h/NofG8 k'uF], h]g]ef sl/a @).@% lbg a;]F, a]lNhoddf !$ dlxgf a;F] . ToxfF sdfO ePg clg hd{gL x'Fb} k|mfGskmf]6{ k'u]F . km]l/ a]lNhod eP/ 8]gdfs{ k'u]F . sf]k]gx]u]gdf ufFhf vfg] 7fpF k'u]F . ToxfFaf6 gj]{ uP/ tLg jif{ latfPF . lagfkl/ro kq cj}w eP/ gj]{af6 :jL8]g cfPF . sl/a bz uf8Ldf PsnfO{ r]lsª x'G5 d cfPsf] uf8L r]s ePg . kl5 kf]r'{un uP/ k]k/ t}of/ eof] . clxn] :jLl8; gful/stf / kf;kf]6{ eO;Sof] .
;g\ @))( b]lv cfkm}n] xf]6n vf]nF] . klxn] ef/tLosxfF kfFr jif{ sfd
u/]F . xfn :jLl8; eP/ kl/jf/sf dfG5]nfO{ sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf af]nfPF . xfn
xfdL @) hgf $ /]:6'/]G6 vf]n]/ a;]sf 5f}F . d oxfFsf] dfG5];Fu lax] u/L
l8ef];{sf] ;w}F ;Defjgfdf /xGg . To;}n] g]kfnL 8f]/LnfO{ d l5gfNg] 5}g .
dnfO{ d]/f] b]zsf] dfof 5 .
:jL8]gsf] ;'Gb/ bf];|f] 7"nf] gu/Lsf] gfd uy]gju{ xf] .
uy]gju{sf] xfj{/ glhs} Ps efOsf] yfO{–O;fg /]:6'/]G6 5 . h;sf] d"n
dflns lnª\b]g efO x'g\ . pgL klxn] t]x|y'd t?0fbnsf] cWoIf /x]5g\ . -Ps
axfb'/ g]kfnLsf] wSsd wSsfsf] ;kmntf_ k|f]:tfnªutf, km6{ nª l:6«l6;\
cjl:yt, clxn] :jL8]gsf] uy]gju{df hDdf $ j6f /]:6'/]G6df hDdf @) hgf Ps}
kl/jf/sf] dfG5] dflns, sfdbf/ ;a} cfkm} x'g'x'G5 . dfl;s $) xhf/ :jLl8;
qmfpg /]:6'/]G6sf] axfn 5/] . ! xhf/sf] g]kfnL kGw| xhf/ x'g]/x] 5, d'b|f
;6xL ubf{ .
cfh kfFr ah] p7]/ M Slots skogen :nf]:sf]h]g
kfs{df 3'Dg uPF . kfs{ cToGt ;'Gb/ lyof] . klxnf]k6s l;n df5f k|hflt
w'|jLo k|b]zsf hgfj/nfO{ b]v]F . af6f]df s]xL kmf]6f] lvr]F b'O{ hgf
dlxnfn] Psl5g kv]{/ d]/f] klg kmf]6f] lvRg] sfd ul/g\ . ^ ah]b]lv * ah];Dd
3'd3fd u/]kl5 d u]:6xfp;df kms]{ / g'xfOw'jfO u/]F . To;kl5 g]kfnaf6
NofPsf] jfO{jfO{ rfprfp ksfP/ vfPF .
cu:t–$
@)&).$.@)
cfh uy]gju{af6 sf]k]g x]ug hfg laxfg} t}of/ eP/ a;]F . sl/a Ps 3G6f
k|l;4 kfs{df 3'Dbf Oe]G6sf] t}of/L x]/]F . 6F'8Lv]nh:tf] kfs{sf] rf}/df
8f]h/ rnfP/ klg b"af] / 3fF;nfO{ s;/L ;'/Iff ubf{ /x]5g\ To;sf nflu slt
vr{ nfUbf] xf] . oxfFsf] gu/kflnsf jf kfs{ Joj:yfkgsf] t}of/L vr{ b]v]/
dnfO{ cgf}7f] nfUof] . ToxfFaf6 kms]{kl5 g'xfOw'jfO u/] / n'ufdf l:q nufpg
nfpG8«/L sf]7fdf uPF k/Gt' l:q sfd u/]g . To;kl5 km]l/ sf]7fdf cfPF /
vfg];fdfg lsGg ahf/ uPF . bxL, kfp/f]6L, s]/f lsg]/ lnP/ cfPF .
g]kfnaf6 NofPsf] 6«]s/;{ km'8 ld;fP/ vfhf vfPF . w]/}a]/;Dd ;'zg gcfPkl5
ckmufgL;Fu– ;f]wF] :6];gdf s;/L k'Ug] p;n], …eGof] k}bn @).@% ldg]6 nfU5 .Ú
t/, a; / 6«d h]df uP klg x'G5 . ToxL tndfly ub}{ lyPF, ;'zg cfOk'lug\ .
pgsf] sf/df ;]G6«n :6];g uof}F / :6sxf]dsf] lk|G6 gePsf] l6s6sf] af/]df
;f]Wof}F / lk|G6 ul/dfUof}F . csf]{ sf]k]g x]ugb]lv uy]gju{ kms{g] l6s6sf]
;do kl/jt{g ug{ cg'/f]w ubf{ ;Dej ePg . /]nsf] l6s6sf] ;dodf klg kl/jt{g
ug{ ufx|f] /x]5 . OG6/g]6af6 l6s6 laqmL ug]{ sDkgL cs}{ xf] /] l6s6df ;do
lbPsf]nfO{ km/s gkg]{ eg]sf] 5 . To;}n] l6s6df n]v]sf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/df
kmf]g ug'{;\ eGof] . cyjf 6]«gdf a;]kl5 ;f]Wg';\ eGof] . To;kl5
xfdLn] /]nj] :6];gdf a;]/ sfk'lrgf] skmL vfof}F . xfdL b'j} hgfn] vfPsf]
skmL dL7f] lyof] . tLg ah]/ $$ ldg]6df xfd|f] /]n af6f] nfUof] . Sof
/dfOnf] ;'Gb/ ;kmf xl/of] d'n's . lxhf] kfgL k/]sfn] cfh cfsfz :jR5 5 .
u|fdL0f b[Zofjnf]sg ub}{ :jL8]gsf] /]n 8]gdfs{lt/ nfUb} 5 . df};d Ps bd
/dfOnf] 5 . emndNn 3fd nflu/x]sf] 5 . tfkqmd hDdf @@.@# l8u|L 5 .
…;'xfgf ;km/ cfh df};d xl;FÚ jfnf lxGbL uLt ;Demg dg nfUof] .
Ps hgf cw{ sfnL aflnsf;Fu /]ndf e]6 eof] . pg};Fu ukm ub}{ uof}F
…;]gfa'Ú pgsf] gfd xf] . Do'lhs sG;6{df :jLl8; uLt ufpg hfb}F l5g\ .
rf/ cfdf / Ps af 5g\ /] pgsf . pgsf] g]kfn x]g]{ OR5f 5 . uflDaofdf
ljsf;] sfd ubf{ pgsL cfdf;Fu lax] u/]5g\ . of] /]n :jL8]gaf6 8]gdfs{lt/
nfUb} 5 . af6f]df y'k|} laG8ldn lah'nL lgsfNg] kFvf b]lvFb} 5g\ .
;du| If]q xl/ofnLo'Qm 5 . ux'F, hfF} kfs]/ kx]Fnf] ePsf] 5 .
ufO{a:t', e]8f, 3f]8f, rb{}5g\ . af6f]df ;–;fgf 3/, ;–;fgf ufpF b]lvG5g\ .
o'/f]ksf] /]nj] :6];gdf klxnf]k6s h+unL v/fof] b]v]F . o'/f]ksf]
ljsf;sf] Pp6fsf/0f ;dy/ k/]sf] hldg /x]5 . efOlsª o'udf n'6fxfx¿sf] d'n's
/x]sf] :jL8]g j}wflgs /fHo vf]Hbf afx|fF} ztfAbLb]lv /fhtGq;lxtsf] /fHo :yfkgf
ePsf] b]lvFbf] /x]5 . pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] ;'?b]lv dfq gj]{ 5'§} /fHo
ag]sf] /x]5 . klxnf :jL8]g g} :sfG8]g]leog Ps dfq alnof] /fHosf] ¿kdf
:yflkt eP5 . klxnf] 7"nf] kfgLhxfh agfO{ k"j{df ?; / klZrd
blIf0fdf a]nfot, hd{gL;Dd nfO{ n'6\g] n'6fxfdfFemL 8s}t ;fgf ;d"xsf] gfd
efOlsª /x]5 . cfhef]nL k]6«f]nsf] 7"nf] e08f/sf sf/0f gj]{ wlg eP5 .
klxn] Tof] e"–efu Psbd clgsfn / ljkGgu|:t If]q /x]5 . /fhf u':tfeb]lv :jL8]gsf] Jojl:yt Oltxf; ;'?
ePsf] dflgFbf] /x]5 . afx|f} ztfAbLsf] dWoefunfO{ :j]l8; /fhgLlts
Oltxf;;Fu hf]8] klg cfO; Phsf] cGtb]lv sl/a !),))) jif{b]lv :jL8]gdf dfgj
cl:tTj /x]sf] ljZjf; ul/g] /x]5 .
dfNdf] k'Ug] a]nflt/ 6]«g el/o/ cfof] . klxn] cfwfeGbf a9L vfln
lyof] . o'/f]ksf] 6]«gdf klg cfˆgf] ;fdfgsf] xf]l;of/ ug'{;\, cfkm};Fu
/fVg';\ dfly /fVbf cfk"mn] lgu/fgL ug'{;\ eGbf -PgfpG; ubf{_ /x]5g\ .
;a} dfG5] cf–cfˆg} tfndf a;]sf 5g\ . cfwf 3G6fkl5 xfdL dfNdgfds
;x/df k'Ug] 5f}F . Tof] :jL8]gsf] t];|f] 7"nf] ;x/ xf] /] .
k/Gt' ToxfFsf] hg;+Vof hDdf % nfv dfq 5 . dfNdaf6 8]gdfs{ hfg gofF k'n kf/
ug'{kg]{ /x]5 . Tof] k'n :jL8]gdf cfsfzdf / 8]gdfs{df ;d'Gb|d'lg ag]sf]
/x]5 . To;af/]df hfgsf/L lng d}n] Ps hgf s]6f;Fu ukm u/]F .
Pontus kf]G6; gfd u/]sf] s]6f sDKo'6/ l;:6d l8enlkª ljifo k9\b} u/]sf] dfG5] .
p;n] eGof]– :jL8]gaf6 hd{gL hfg] /]n 7"nf] 8'+uf -km]/Ldf_ hfG5 /] .
hals xfdL s0ff{nL / sf];Ldf klg /fd|f] 8'+uf oftfoft rnfpg ;Sb}gf}F .
kz'kltsf] ofqf l;b|fsf] Jofkf/ eg]em}F, d}n] yf]/} ;dosf] :jL8]gsf] z}lIfs
e|d0fnfO{ clwstd pkof]u ug{ 8]gdfs{ uPF . sf]k]g x]ugdf Ps /ft latfP/
km]l/ ef]ln laxfg} :jL8]g kmls{g] 5' . /]naf6 8]gdfs{ :jL8]gsf] hldgsf]
b[Zofjnf]sg xF'b} 5 . cTofw'lgs 8]lg; k'n klg kf/ ug]{ 5' .
@)!#–)*–)%
-8]gdfs{–:jL8]g_
wgL b]z dxFuf] lbzf M sf]k]g x]ugsf] ;]G6«n
/]nj] :6];gdf d]/f] k]6 cln c;lhnf] eof] . tLg hgfnfO{ ;f]w]kl5 aNn rkL{
b]lvof] . k/Gt' To; a]nf;Dd d}n] cfk"m;Fu ePsf 8]lg; qmf]g/ ;f6L
;s]sf] lyPF . d;Fu hDdf Ps qmf]g/ dfq afFsL /x]5 . clg, t %) qmf]g/
glt/];Dd -rkL{_ 6\jfOn]6lt/ hfg] 9f]sf v'Ng] ePg . To;kl5 d a}+sdf uP/
:jLl8; qmf]g/af6 8]lg; qmf]g/ ;f6\g nfu]F . sfpG6/sL dlxnfn] elgg\– l;Ssf
t cfwf d"Nodf dfq laS5 . t}klg, k]6 t ;kmf ug}{ lyof] . d}n]
:jLl8; qmf]g/af6 8]lg; qmf]g/ ;f6F] /
rkL{ hfg]lt/sf] d]l;gdf Kjfn k/]sf] 7fpFdf kfFr qmf]g/ xfnF] . Ps lan
cfof] . s]xL k/ Tof] lan b]vfPkl5 9f]sf v'Nof] . rkL{sf] sfd ;DkGg
eof] . Ps qmf]g/sf] !% ?lkofFsf b/n] &% ?lkofFdf lbzf ug'{k¥of] .
Ps 3G6f hlt klxn] g} /]nj] :6];g sf]kgx]ug ;]G6«ndf k'u]kl5 otfptf ub}{
;do laTof] . 7Ls !!M#) ah] :jL8]g hfg] /]n cfOk'Uof] . !! ah]/ #@
ldg]6df 8]gdfs{af6 k|:yfg;d]t u¥of] . Sof uhasf] ;dosf] Vofn ul/g] /x]5 .
8]gdfs{df sl/a %))) hgf g]kfnL j}w cj}w a:5g\ /] . ltgLx¿dWo] yf]/}n] dfq
k|f]km];gn sfd kfPsf /x]5g\ . oxfF sfd kfpg ufx|f] 5 /] . w]/} sdfpg]nfO{
s/sf] b/ a9\g] ePsfn] dflg; w]/} sfd gug]{ /x]5g\ . b'O{ 3G6fb]lv rf/÷
kfFr 3G6f dfq sfd u5{g\ /] k|foM . gjLg Ps hgf g]kfnL cfO6L– OlGhlgo/ /x]5g\ . d h;sf] 3/df a;]F, pgL k|f]km];gn sfd ul//x]sf
5g\ . OGkm/d];g k|ljlwsf] sfd . of] sfddf tLg, rf/ nfv k|ltdlxgf
k|fKt x'G5 /] . 8]gdfs{df ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, :jf:Yo pkrf/, s]6fs]6Lsf] lzIff
;a} /fd|f] 5 /] . sf]k]g x]ugdf uf8Lsf] d"No / ;fOh cg';f/ dxFuf] s/
k|0ffnL /x]5 . ;x/sf] kmf]xf]/nfO{ hnfP/ jf oyf of]Uo gi6 ug]{ k|0ffnL
uhasf] /x]5 . kmf]xf]/ kmfn]kl5 w]/} 7fpFdf c6f]d]l6s d'lgsf] Kjfnaf6
Jojl:yt ug]{ s'g} 7fpFdf hfg] /x]5 . u8u8fx6sf] cfjfh ub}{ . sf]k]g
x]ugdf jftfj/0f ;kmf, jfo' k|b"if0f Go"g ePsf] ;fOsnd}qL ;x/ /x]5 .
s/f]8 kltb]lv /f]8 klt;Dd ;// ;fOsndf s'b\g] /x]5g\ . ;'Gb/Lx¿ j[4j[4fx¿
klg lbgel/ g} ;fOsn s'bfPs} b]lvP . :jL8]gkl§ ;d'Gb|dfly / 8]gdfs{kl§
;d'Gb|d'lg /]nsf] k'n / 6g]n agfPsf] /x]5 . ;d'Gb|df ;of}+sf] ;+Vofdf laG8
ldn klg la5ofOPsf /x]5g\ . em'Nsf] d'Nsf] 8]gdfs{ sf]k]gx]ugsf] ofqf ;dfKt
x'Fb} 5 . :jL8]gsf] u|fdL0f Onfsfdf ux'F kfs]/ kx]nf] ePsf] 5 . of]
ux'Fn] dfgj tyf ufO{a:t' b'j}nfO{ vfgsf] aGbf]a:t u5{g\ xf]nf . /]ndf ofqf
ul//x]sL sfnL dlxnf;Fu b'O{ lsl;dsf] aLpsf] pTkfbg /x]5 . 5f]/f] clk|msg
aLp clk|msL v]t / 5f]/LrflxF :jLl8; ljh clk|msg v]tdf k/]sf] :ki6 b]lvGYof] .
:SofG8]g]leofdf /+uLg dflg; agfpg clk|msg /+un] ;lhPsf] b]lvof] .
8]p8f …ux'F kfsL kx]nf e}Uof] ds}sf ad/Ú cfpFb}/o} 3'Db}/g' g]kfnL ed/ .Ú
aemf+uL 8]p8fsf] no;lxtsf] uLt ufpg dg nfUof] . cfˆgf] sfd ug]{ ynf]
kBsGof SofDk;, 3/, kl/jf/ ;a}nfO{ la;]{/ o'/f]lkog /]ndf /dfOnf] udL{df labf
dgfpFbf cjZo cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt eO/x]5 . clxn] x]nl;jf]/ eGg] :6];g
cfP5 . w]/} ofqL cf]ln{P . hLjg ofqfdo 5, pqg', r9\g', Ps lbg laFbf
x'g' . st} ;fgf :6];g st} hS;g 7"nf :6];g cfpF5g\ . sltko JolQm
Ps zAb klg gaf]n]/leq l55{g\ / aflx/ lg:sG5g\ . cf–cfˆg} tfnsf dfG5]
x'G5g\ . h] eP klg gaf]n] klg :jL8]gsf] ;'Gb/Lx¿ x]g{nfO{ ;fFRr} /dfOnL
tLvf] gfs, ;'gf}nf] ls ;]tf skfn / k"/} ;]tf] uf]/f] 5fnf / udL{df ()Ü hlt
g 9flsPsf] hLp . k/Gt' pgLx¿ dfgl;s ¿kdf Tolt rGrn] rflxF 5}gg\ . g]kfndf
jiff{ Ct' xf], emdemd kfgL kl//x]sf] 5 xf]nf . oxfF udL{sf] labfsf] df};d
/x]5 . ;a} sn]hx¿ labfd} 5g\, oxfFsf k|fWofks ljBfyL{ labf dgfpg ;d'Gb|
lsgf/df klN6g, h+undf ;fOsn rnfpg / b]z b]zfj/ 3'Dg hfg] /x]5g\ . o'/f]k
cd]l/sfdf labf ;fFRr} labfsf] ¿kdf cfgGbn] dgfpg] /x]5g\ .
o'/f]ksf] /]ndf a:bf ef/tLo /]ndf ;'lgg] cfjfh rgfr6k6] d;fn] jfn], u/d
k'/L, 5f]n] e6'/]sf] dL7f] cfjfhsf] ;Demgf eof] . o'/f]kdf cfˆgf] :jfbsf]
vfgf ef/tLo /]:6'/]G6df klg gkfOg] /x]5 . :jL8]gdf k|s[lt wgL 5 .
¿vla?jf c;+Vo 5g\ . To;df klg cf]ssf] ¿v dxTjk"0f{ dflgg] /x]5
…efOlsªÚ * b]lv !$ ztfAbL;Dd 7"nf] cf]ssf] ¿v sf6\g /fhfnfO{ dfq clwsf/ 5
eGg] egfO /x]5 . cf]ssf] sf7n] /fd|f] hxfh agfOg] x'Fbf ljZjsf] 7"nf]
hxfh To;a]nf :jLl8; /fhfs} dfq x'GYof] /] . To;}n] k"j{df /l;ofb]lv
blIf0f hd{gL, k|mfG;, a]nfotnfO{ klg ;d'Gb|df n'6\g] sfd efOlsªn] ug]{ /x]5g\ .
cfhsf] ;dfhjfbL Joj:yf / /fd|f] dfgjclwsf/, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ePsf] b]z ljutdf
n'6fxfsf] b]z lyof] .
/]n ;–;fgf :6];gdf klg /f]lsg] / lj:tf/} hfg] /x]5 . w]/}h;f] ;dodf
rf/ l;6 ePsf] 7fpFdf d PSn} lyPF . slxn]sfxLF dfq cfwf l;6;Dd el/g] /x]5g\ .
w]/} ;do /]nsf w]/} l;6 vfln g} 5g\ . sf]k]g x]u]gb]lv uy]gju{ @!^ + @* = @$$.– hDdf b'O{ ;o $$ lsnf]ld6/ /x]5 .
t/, Tof] b"/Ldf /fd|f] kmf:6 6]«grflxF 5}g .
cu:t ^ tfl/v uy]gju{af6 b'O{ lbgcl3 :6sxf]d hfg] sfo{qmd eof] .
laxfg ^ ah] p7]/ bfFt dfFem] bf/L sf6]F / km]l/ s]lxa]/ kN6]F . oxfF dflg;
/flt l9nf ;'Tg] /x]5g\ !@–!–@ ah]lt/ . laxfg klg l9n} p7\g] /x]5g\ .
& ah]kl5 Psl5g aflx/ ;8sdf 3'Dg uPF . kms]{kl5 g'xfOwf]O u/]F lsgls
lxhf] sf]k]g x]ugdf ;fx|} ;fgf] 7fpFdf a;]sfn] g'xfpg ;lsgF . cfh
g'xfO;s]kl5 nG8«L -jfl;ªd]l;g_ df n'uf xfn] / jfl;ª kfp8/ /fv]F . Ps
3G6fdf n'ufw'g] sfd eP5 . km]l/ csf]{ d]l;gdf /fv]F . cfwf 3G6fleq}
n'uf ;'Sof] . l:q eg] grNg] /x]5 . To;}n] wf]Psf] n'uf k6\ofP/ /fv]F
/ ;fdfg Kofs ug]{ ljrf/ eof] . d cfPsf] lbgb]lvsf] uf/j]hnfO{ y}nLdf
Jojl:yt u/L uf/j]h /fVg] 7fpFdf uPF . d]6nsf] 7"nf] kfOkaf6 ;a}
tnfaf6 /fv]sf] uf/j]h e'OF tNffdf hfg] Joj:yf u/]sf] /x]5 . kmf]xf]/ p7fP/
tn hfg'gkg]{ cfˆg} tNnfsf] s'gfdf uof] l:6nsf] 9Ssg vf]Nof] / kf]sf] kf/]sf]
kmf]xf]/ leq xfnL lbof] . Tolts}df e/v/ dflyNnf] tnfdf cfPsf] :k]lg;
cg';Gwftf e]l6of] . p;n] eGof] ef]snfUof] a|]skmf:6 vfg hfG5' . d}n]
cfˆgf] ;fdfg Kofs u/]F . ;f9] ( ah]lt/ ;'zgsf] kmf]g cfof] d ;f9] !)
ah]lt/ xfuf cfOk'U5' eg]/ . pgL sf/ lnP/ cfpg] ePkl5 dnfO{ lrGtf ePg .
To;}n] sf]7fdf a;]/ of] ;'Gb/ gu/L 5f]8\g] lbgsf] s]xL ;Demgf n]Vg a;]F .
:6sxf]d :jL8]g
@–$) df k'Ug'kg]{ 6]«g #% ldg]6 l9nf k'Uof] . ToxfF k'Ug]lalQs} s6s
dNnhL t'?Gt} b]lvg'eof] . clg, xfdLn] l56f]l56f] uP/ csf]{ nf]sn /]nsf]
l6s6 lnof}F . Tof] l6s6 lnPkl5 l;l6 6]«gdf @ :6];gk/ dNnhLsf] 3/ uof}F .
ToxfF k'Ug]lalQs} kmnkm"n cf?– :6«j]/L rLh, kfp/f]6L / dVvg, skmL vfPF .
PSs}l5g g]kfnsf] /fhgLltsf] ukm u¥of}F . afa'/fd, b]pjf, k|r08, k|jf;L g]kfnL,
g]kfnsf] eljio ljleGg ljifodf xfd|f] ljrf/ ljdz{ eof] . dNnhLsf] 5f]/Ln]
gd:t] elgg\– pxfFn] lrGof}, eg]kl5 6fpsf] xNnfOg vfhf vfPkl5 st} 3'Dg hfg]
xf]nf eGg] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 .
s6s dNnhLsf] :6sxf]dsf] 3/df laxfg ^ ah]/ @) ldg]6df Ao'Fem]F . cfh
pxfFsf 5f]/f5f]/L aflx/ ;fyLsxfF hfg] ePsfn] ;fob l5§} p7]/ uO;s] . d}n]
cw{ lgGb|fdf p7]sf] cfjfh ;'g]sf] lyPF . s6shL klg ;fob pl7;Sg'ePsf] 5 ls
Sof xf] . cln vf]s]sf] ;'g]sf] lyPF . pxfF e/v/ cfˆgf] sf]7faf6 aflx/
lg:sg'eof] . eGg'eof]– d]/f 5f]/f5f]/L tkfO{+ lxhf] cfPs} 7fpF -hf]ltjl/_
:jL]gsf] af]nfpg] gfd uy]gju{ hfFb} 5g\ . ToxfF k'Ubf /]ndf sl/a ^.&
3G6f nfU5 . l56f] hfg] /]ndf $ 3G6f nfUg] /x]5 . d klg lxhf] ToxL
/]ndf cfPsf] lyPF . % ;o lsnf]ld6/sf] ofqf ;'Gb/ ef}uf]lns If]qaf6 s:tf]
/fd|f] . -hf]ltjl/_ uy]gju{df pxfFsf] :jLl8; ;fyLsf] kl/jf/ 5 /] .
pgLx¿ klg g]kfndf a;]sf x'g\ To;}n] xfd|f] kfl/jfl/s ldqtf 5 . pgL g]kfndf
8fS6/sf] ¿kdf sfd u/]sf dfG5] x'g\ To;}n] pgsf] d]/f] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw /fd|f] 5 .
pgsf 5f]/f, 5f]/L / d]/f 5f]/f 5f]/L pgLx¿;Fu ToxfF 3'Dg uP .
cfh k|ftM * ah]b]lv !!M#) ah];Dd :6sxf]d ;x/sf] b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ s6s
dNnhL;Fu k}bn 3'd]F . xfdL gofF :6sxf]daf6 k'/fgf] ;x/ sf7df8f}+sf] c;g ls
7d]n h:tf] efudf uof}F . ToxfF /fhb/af/, ;+;b\, dGqfno, cfOl8ofsf] clkm;
klg x]¥of}F . :6sxf]d lgs} k'/fgf] ;x/ /x]5 tLg, rf/ ;o jif{ k'/fgf 3/x¿
b]Vof}F .
^)÷ &) xhf/ ljBfyL{
ToxfFaf6 xfdL clxn] :6sxf]d ljZjljBfnosf] dNnhLsf] clkm; sf]7fdf a;]sf
5f}F . ljZjljBfno leqsf] k':ts k;ndf :j]l8; ;+ljwfgsf] c+u|]hLdf n]lvPsf]
k':ts vf]Hbf kfOPg . :j]l8; efiffdf rflxF /x]5 . xNsf kfgL k/]sf] 5 .
8Dd afbn nfu]sf] 5, aflx/ clncln hf8f] 5 sf]7fleq udL{ 5 . cfh
ljZjljBfnosf] SoflG6gdf vfgf vfof}F () qmf]g/ k¥of] . To;kl5 km]l/
ljZjljBfno xftf 3'Dg nfUof}F . ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] ejg x]¥of}F .
dNnhLn] eGg'eof]– oxfF ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] z'Ns glt/];Dd hfFrdf a:g kfOFb}g .
ljZjljBfno !*&* df :yfkgf ePsf] /x]5 . ljBfyL{ o'lgogdf ;a} kf6L{sf]
k|lt:kwf{ x'G5 /] oxL g} b]zsf] /fhgLltsf] d"nåf/ xf] . sfg'g -n_
k9\g] ljBfyL{n] o'lgog z'Ns ;aeGbf a9L ltg'{k5{ /] #)) Ps ;]d]:6f/sf] cGon] @%)
b]lv dfly . Pp6} sDn]S;df laxfg * ah]b]lv ;fFem jf /flt ( ah];Dd sIff ;'?
x'G5 /] . s'n k|fWofkgdf ;+nUg k|fWofks / sd{rf/L u/L k"0f{sfnLg
cf+lzs u/L hDdf %))) ;+Vof /x]5 . ljZjsf] !)) ljZjljBfnodWo] Ps :6sxf]d
ljZjljBfno ljZjsf] !)) pRr:t/sf ljZjljBfno leq k5{ eGg'eof] dNnhLn] .
dfgljsL, sfg'g / lj1fg ;fdflhs lj1fg k9fO x'G5 . sl/a &) xhf/
ljBfyL{ k9fO x'g] /fhwfgLsf] ljZjljBfno ( tnfsf] ejg eP klg Psflt/ e"ldd}
gjf}F tnf lyof] . ;fob xfd|} lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] h:tf] cUnf]–xf]rf]sf]
h:tf] 8f8f]df eP/ xf]nf . :jL8]gdf #) xhf/af6 ;]gfsf] ;+Vof 36fP/ !%,)))
dfq agfpFbf ul0ft, lj1fgh:tf ljifo hfGg] ;}lgsnfO{ :s'ndf, sn]hdf k9fpg
lzIfssf] ¿kdf lnP5 . To;}n] pgLx¿ klg l;len hLjgdf cfpg v';L eP5g\ .
l;Gh]g le;f Joj:yf ubf{ l;Gh]g b]zdf 7"nf] Ao'/f]qm]l;sf] vr{ 36]5 .
sf/0f x/]s d'n'sdf s:6ddf nfUg] sd{rf/L cfjZos k/]g . To;}n] o'/f]df geP
klg gj]{ l;Gh]g le;f dfGg] d'n'ssf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . :jL8]g EU df eP klg o'/f] rNg] d'n'sdf kb}{g . oxfF cfˆg} d'b|f rN5 .
o'/f]ksf @^ b]z l;Gh]g le;f rNg] d'n'sdf kg]{/x]5g\ . o'/f]kleq klg cem}F
a]nfot, :jL;h:tf d'n'ssf nflu cnu le;f lng'k5{ . ;+;f/ ljlrqsf] 5 .
k|jL0f s'df/ k|hfklt–kf]v/f, xfn sf]k]g x]u]g, ;Fu / ls/0f lnDa"– t]x|y'd–
:jL8]gdf a:g];Fu, e]6 ukmufkm dNnhLsf] 3/df vfgf vfP/ xfdL ukm ufkm ub}{ 5f}F .
xfdL rf/ hgf hDdf ePsf 5f}F . d'lQm e§ 8]gdfs{sf] /fhb"tn] cd]l/sfdf
kl9/x]sL 5f]/Lsf] gfddf lkPsf] tna a'‰g] u/]sf 5g\ /] . s] sf/afxL ug{
ldN5 ls ldNb}g . 5f]/f / 5f]/LnfO{ :6fkm agfO /fVg ldN5 ls ldNb}g .
8]gdfs{df a:g] g]kfnL crDddf k/]sf 5g\ /] . s:tf] dtL e|i6 ePsf] xf]nf
< eg]/ eg] 8]gdfs{sf g]kfnLn] .
cfh 3/hfg] lbg ePsfn] dnfO{ /fd|f] lgGb|f nfu]g . laxfg % ah] p7]F .
To;kl5 k|ftM lqmof ;dfKt u/L 8fo/L n]Vg dfq cfF6]sf] lyPF ls s6s dNnhL
p7\g'eof] . clg, dnfO{ /flt Ps lsl;dsf] c;lhnf] ePsf] lyof] . d}n]
ljrf/ u/]F– d uy]gju{af6 :6sxf]d cfO;s]F cfh} laxfg ( ah] ToxfFaf6 sf7df8f}+
p8\g] sfo{qmd 5 < :6sxf]ddf xjfO{hxfhdf hfg lbPg eg] s] ug]{ xf]nf < clg,
d}n] ;'zgnfO{ P;PdP; k7fPsf] lyPF . t}klg, dNnhLsf] ;xfotf dfu]/ l6s6sf]
OGSjfol/df :jLl8; efiffdf s'/f eof] . pQfkl§af6 nfdf] s'/fsfgLkl5 pQ/
cfof] ;Dejg} 5}g . csf]{ l6s6 lng'k5{ . kGw|÷ aL; ldg]6 eO;Sof] dNnhL
cg'/f]w ub}{ x'g''x'GYof] . d}n] pxfFsf] efiff / xfjefj b]v]F 8/nfUof]
To;aLr 8/fP/ tLgrf/k6s kfgL lkPF . 3fF6L ;'s]/ cfof], pkfo s]xL klg 5}g
eGof] . cs}{ l6s6 lsGg'k5{ /] . s]xL klg pkfo 5}g eg]kl5 xfdL lrlGtt
eof}F . d}n] dgdg} sNkgf u/]F– slt lbg dNnhLsf] kfx'gf eOg] eof] .
s;/L l6s6 lsGg] < dNnhLn] klg ;f]Rg'eP5 s] ug]{ k};fsf] hf]xf] u/L l6s6 sf6L
k7fOlbg'knf{ eGg] ljrf/ ug'{eP5 . slt pQd ljrf/, g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljz]iftf
g} ;fdflhs bfloTj xf] . Ps ldqn] of]eGbf slt ;f]Rg] < clg, d}n] uy]gju{
ljZjljBfnosf] cg';GwftfnfO{ kmf]g u/]F / eg]F– d ;d:ofdf k/] h:tf] 5' .
pxfFn] eGg'eof] tkfO+{sf] lhd]n x]g'{;\ / af]l8{ª kf; lk|G6 ug'{;\, ;d:of
gxf]nf . clg, hL d]n vf]n]F . ToxfF af]l8{ª kf; cfP5 . 8f6f s]an
vf]h]/ dNnhLn] b'O{j6f af]l8{ª sf8{ lk|G6 ug'{eof] . clg, d]/f] df]afOndf
stf/ Po/ nfOgaf6 klg P;PdP; cfof] . tkfO{+sf] l6s6 sGkmd{ eof] . b'O{
3G6fcl3 cf/NofG8 6ld{gn hfg';\ . ef}Ftfl/Psf] dg 9'Ss eof] . afFsL
/x]sf] skmL dHhf;Fu vfPF . To;kl5 8fo/L n]Vg a;]F .
dNnhLn] cgnfOgdf g]kfnL Go'h ;'Gg yfNg'eof] . xtf;, laTof;, va/bf/,
xf]l;of/sf] dfgl;stfdf dndk§L nfUof] . clxn] * ah]/ @% ldg]6 eof] .
cfh afbn nfu]sf] 5 . :6sxf]ddf cu:tdf ;dlztf]i0f xfjf kfgL 5 . xfdLn]
:6«j]/L / ltgd0ff -r'y|f]_ h:tf] kmn ldnfP/ a|]skmf:6df bxL clg gf}lg oxfFsf]
t}of/L /f]6L vfof}F . clxn] dNnhL g'xfpg afy?ddf hfg'ePsf] 5 .
s]xLa]/df vfgf vfO{ pxfFn] dnfO{ ;]G6«n :6];g / Po/kf]6{ hfg] 7fpF;Dd ;fob
;aj]df 5f]8\g hfg'x'g] 5 . cl:tb]lv cfh;Ddsf] k"/f ;do pxfFn] dnfO{
lbg'eof] . cfhsf] ;do vfgf agfpg], 3'dfpg] / g]kfnsf] /fhgLltsf] lrGtf
ug]{df laTof] . clxn] bz alh;Sof] . ca Psl5gdf nGr vfP/ xfdL /]naf6
k|:yfg ug]{5f}F . o'/f]k ofqfsf] ;+lIfKt Oltj[QfGt oxLF /f]Sb} ;dosf]
k|tLIffdf 5' . dNnhLn] / d}n] g]kfnsf] /fhgLltnfO{ Ps /fli6«o ;f]rdf cl3
a9fpg k'/fgf] / gofF ;Qfsf tLg kIfnfO{ ;Fu} /fVg sf]l;; ug'{k5{ eGof}F .
wgk|;fb kl08t :6sxf]d
:jL8]g, @)!# cu:t *
cGtdf Ps ah]lt/ :6sxf]dsf] cf/nfG8 Po/kf]6{ k'u]F . ;fdfg r]shfFr
u/L kf;kf]6{;d]t hfFr]kl5 u]6 gDa/ ^^ glhs uP/ a;]F . stf/ Po/j]haf6
cf–cfˆgf] b]z hfg y'k}| dflg; cfPsf 5g\ . clk|msL d'n'ssf, ef/tsL Pshgf
x}b/fafbsL dlxnf /lxl5g\ . oxfFaf6 stf/ / stf/af6 Go' lbNnL, ToxfFaf6
x}b/fafb hfg] sfo{qmd 5 /] . Ps xKtfdf clkm;sf] sfdn] :jL8]g, gj]{,
cf]:nf]df 3'd3fd / sfd ubf{ ysfO{ nfUof] /] . cfh aNn df};d kSsf o'/f]ksf]
h:tf] eof] . l;dl;d] kfgL kl//x]5 . cfsfz afbnn] 6Dd 9flsPsf] 5 .
;"o{ gf/fo0fsf] bz{g klg kfOPsf] 5}g . xjfO{hxfhdf ;fdfg /flv;s]F t/
ofqL af]nfosf] 5}g . ;a} hgf k|tLIffsf] 38Ldf 5g\ . s'g a]nf af]nfpnf
/ xfdL Kn]gleq k|j]z u/f}Fnf eg]/ d]/f] cufl8 b'O{ hgf sfnL dlxnf 5g\ .
ltgLx¿ d'l:nd ;d'bfosf x'g'k5{ . a'sf{ 5}g k/Gt' ;nn] cfˆgf] cg'xf/jl/kl/
9fs]sL 5g\ . s]xL afnaflnsf 5g\ . k]lG;n s6/n] tf5\b} s]xL n]Vb} 5g\ .
sltko n§ ks]sf 5g\ . lgGb|f nfUg cfF6]h:tf] jftfj/0frflxF e"m/
cN5LnfUbf] ePsf] 5 . o'/f]ksf] w]/}h;f] ;do o:t} x'G5 /] clg t 3fd nfUof]
eg] o'/f]lkogx¿ v';LofnL dgfpF5g\ . cfˆgf] ;fx|} ;]tf] uf]/f] /+unfO{ clns
v}/f] agfpg ;d'Gb| lsgf/sf] afn'jfdf 9lndnL u5{g\ / ;g jfy u5{g\ .
% 3G6f !) ldg]6 bf]xf;Dd
kf}g] rf/ ah] aNn xjfO{hxfhleq a:of}F . x]/f}F 7Ls ;dodf xjfO{hxfh
p8\5 ls p8\b}g . ;Fu} Ps aflnsf cfˆgf] df]afOndf g]6 rnfpFb} jf s]xL u]d
v]Nb} l5g\ . of] xjfOhxfhdf Ps nfOgdf gf} l;6 /x]5g\ . hDdf #^ nfOg
5g\ #^ X ( = #@$ hgf
Jofkfl/s Snf;sf] cnu l;6 ubf{ sl/a #%) hgf hlt k];]Gh/ / qm' l6d af]Sg] /x]5,
hDaf]h]6 xf]nf .
:6sxf]daf6 stf/ cfpg] xjfO{hxfh k"j{;f]leot o'lgog, h:t} a]nf?if,
o'qm]gsf] lse eP/ cfpg] /x]5 . clxn] Ps 7"nf] ;x/ b]lvof] ;fob olxg}
o'qm]gsf] /fhwfgL lse xf]nf . gS;fdf xjfO{hxfh klg lsedfly pl8/x]5 .
k"jL{ o'/f]k klg ;Ddk/]sf] e"efu /x]5 . of] Kn]gdf @ hgf sf]l/og
Po/ xf]:6]; /x]5g\ . d}n]
cGofª3f;]of]eGbf xfp 8' o' gf] sf]l/og eg] . Ps hgf ;pnsL csL{ a';fg ls
/lxl5g\ . o'/f]ksf] ljz]iftf eGg' g} ;Ddk/]sf] hldg lgs} jgIf]q xl/ofnL /
v]tLkftL ug]{ 7fpF . ;fob xfd|f] xjfO{hxfh lse s6]/ blIf0flt/ nfUb} 5 .
oxfFaf6 aubfb O/fs dflyaf6 aNn bf]xf k'Ug]5 . bf]xf / b'aO{ b'j} c/a
vf8Lsf] b'O{ lsgf/df cjl:yt ;x/ /x]5g\ .
clxn] xfdL 6sL{, o'qm]g / ?; aLrsf] vf8Ldfly p8\b} 5f}F . o;sf]
kfl/kl6 7"nf] a:tL 5 . b'O{ 3G6f;Dd t xfd|f] hxfhn] uha;Fu tndfly
u/]/ afbnaLr / dfly hfg] sfd u/]sf] lyof] . clxn] 6sL{dfly p8\b} 5f}F .
6sL{sf] pQ/df 7"nf] vf8L /x]5 . Kn]gdf w]/} l;6 vfln /x]5 . stf/
Po/j]hdf sf7df8f}+ uy]gju{ slt l6s6 nfU5 dnfO{ yfxf 5}g sf7df8f}+ uP/ kQf nufpg
sf]l;; ug]{ xf] . ;fob *.()) ;o 8n/ nfUof] xf]nf ls < xfdL r9]sf]
xjfO{hxfh $!,))) lkm6 dflyaf6 p8]sf] 5 . o;sf] u|fpG8 l:k8 !)@& lsnf]
ld6/ k|lt3G6f 5 . clN6Ro'8 $!,))) ld6/ sl/a %))) lsnf]ld6/sf] ofqf /x]5
:6sxf]db]lv bf]xf;Ddsf] b"/L . clxn] c+sf/fsf] k"j{ / afs'sf]
klZrd eP/ hfFb} 5 Kn]g . :6sxf]d– $%*% lsnf]ld6/ bf]xf sf7df8f}+ ##^*
lsnf]ld6/ ##^*±$#!^±@))) Ö ())) t]n
kfpg'cl3 bf]xf stf/sf] hg;+Vof hDdf @%,))) hlt lyof] / ^) jif{cl3 clxn] !( nfv
hg;+Vof eO;Sof] /] . klxn] e]8f / pF6;Fusf] 3'dGt] hLjg latfpg]x¿ xfn r/d
wgsf] jiff{df 5g\ . clxn] aubfb b]lvFb} 5, O/fs guP klg cfsfz dfu{af6 O/fs
kf/ ul/Fb} 5 . Ps}l5gkl5 xfdL r9]sf] xjfO{hxfh stf/ k'Ug] 5 .
g]kfn–sf]l/of
s"6gLlts ;DaGw
g]kfn sf]l/ofd}qL
;DaGw ePsf] $) jif{ eO;Sof] . o;aLr sf]l/ofsf] Oltxf;, ljsf; / cGt/f{li6«o
;DaGwsf sf/0f jfgsL d'gsf dfWodn] klg sf]l/og s"6gLltsf] ;kmntf emNsfpF5 .
;fgf] / cljsl;t /fi6«sf] ¿kdf ljZj ;+:yfdf cfa4 x'Fbf g]kfn o'Pg ;b:o /fi6«sf]
¿kdf ljZjsf] zflGt ld;gdf ;xefuL x'g] a]nf;Dd sf]l/ofn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]
;b:otf;d]t k|fKt u/]sf] lyPg . /f]huf/L efiff, ;flxTo, wd{ / ;+:s[ltnfO{
efiffn] c;/ kf5{ g} . ;g\ !((( df d ljZjefiff SofDk;df SofDk; k|d'vsf]
¿kdf lgo'Qm eP/ hfFbf ToxfF b'O{ hgf sf]l/og efiff lzIfssf] ¿kdf …sf]Osf :jo+;]jsÚ
sfo{/t lyP . l;d p lhg / hª, l;d p lhg, kl5 g]kfn k|x/L tflnd s]Gb|df
k|lzIf0f/t ljz]if1 t]SjfGbf] k|lzIfs;Fu ld:6/ Sjfª ljjfxaGwgdf afFlwO{ g]kfnd}
a;f]af; ub{} l5g\ . hªrflxF tTsfnLg cj:yfdf k7gkf7gdf sfd sd ePsfn]
e8\lsnf] klx/gsf sf/0f SofDk; kl/jf/sf] rrf{sf] ljifo x'lGyg\ . b'O{ hgf
ljb]zL :jo+;]jsn] k9fpg bz hgf klg ljBfyL{ pknAw lyPgg\, ljZjefiff SofDk;df .
To;sf/0f xfdLn] Ps hgf :jo+;]js 36fpg'k¥of] . To; a]nfsf sf]l/og
/fhb"t / sf]Osf /]l;8]G6 l/k|h]G6]l6enfO{ ;+:yf k|d'vsf] lx;fan] d}n]
;'emfj lbPsf] lyPF . sf]l/og efiffk|lt cfsif{0f a9fpg efiffdf /fd|f] c+sNofO{
kf; ug{]nfO{ sf]l/of cWoogsf] cj;/sf] 5fqj[lQ lbg';\ . h;/L :k]g, rLg /
hfkfgn] lbg] u/]sf 5g\ . csf{], sf]l/of cf}Bf]uLs/0f ePsf] d'n's ePsfn]
cw{ bIf jf cbIf sfdbf/nfO{ sf]l/ofdf sfd ug{] cj;/ lbPsf] v08df efiff l;Sg]
cfkm} a9\5g\ . To; a]nf;Dd sf]l/ofdf …Olko;Úsf] ¿kdf sfdbf/ dufpg] ul/Psf]
lyPg .
geGb} xfn g]kfndf
sf]l/og efiffsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] dfu ePsf] 5 . &))) sfdbf/sf nflu
efiffof]Uotf k/LIff lbg ! nfv g]kfnLn] efiff l;Sg] sfd u/] . %),))) eGbf
a9L s]Pnlk6Lsf] k/LIffdf ;fd]n eP . g]kfnn] of] jif{ sf]l/og efiff k/LIff
kl5 yk sf]6f kfPsfn] !% xhf/ hgf of] jif{sf] sf]l/og efiff k/LIffdf pQL0f{ ePsf
5g\ . ljZjel/ xfn !!# b]zdf sf]l/og efiff k|lzIf0f x'G5 . efiff g}
;+:s[ltsf] d"n cfwf/ xf] . sf]l/og efiff;Fu, lsDrL ;+:s[lt klg kk'n/
x'G5 . ljZjdf sf]l/og vfgf sf]l/og, ;Eotf, ;+:s[lt, e]ife"iff klg
ljZj ahf/df ;fd;'ª / x'G8fO{ sf/;Fu} k|l;4 x'g] g} eof] .
xfn sf7df8f}+df dfq}
@$÷@% j6f sf]l/og /]:6'/]G6 v'n]sf 5g\ . h;/L kj{tf/f]x0f / 6]«lsªsf]
ljsf;n] g]kfn, g]kfnL efiff, g]kfnL vfgf u'Gb'|s eft, l98f] / l6d'/] crf/sf]
ahf/ lj:tf/ x'G5 . To:t} g]kfnL sfdbf/ ylkFbf sf]l/ofsf] /fhwfgLdf klg @%÷#)
g]kfnL /]:6'/]G6 tyf g]kfnL k;n v'n]sf 5g\ .
b+b]d'gjl/kl/ ;fFemkv c;gh:t} b]lvG5, g]kfnLsf] hd36 . gf]s/L
kfpg]eGbf lbg]sf] k|efj a9L x'g' c:jfefljs xf]Og . To;}n] sf]l/ofsf]
cfly{s ljsf;n] ljZjsf !(( b]zdf sf]l/og k|8S6sf] ahf/ lj:tf/ eof] . ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3sf dxf;lrj jfgsL d'gsf] kf]lh;g klg sf]l/og ;kmn s"6gLlts sf/0f
xf], sf]l/ofsf] 7"nf] gfs a9fpg . ut jif{ ;DkGg hL– @) cf}Bf]lus
/fi6«sf] a}7ssf] cfof]hs /fi6« sf]l/of, ljZjsk km'6an, cf]nlDkssf] ;x–cfof]hs
eP/ klg ljZj /+ud~rdf k|l;l4 kfPsf] b]z xf] .
cfkm\gf] vlgh geP/
klg, c:6«]lnof, ef/t / Sofg8faf6 cfoftLt sRrf kmnfdaf6 k|zf]wg / lgdf{0f u/L
kf]S;f]] k'xfg l:6n sDkgLn] tof/ kf/]sf] l:6n / kmnfdn] sf]l/og Osf]df]ldnfO{
prfOdf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . ljZjel/ k|of]udf cfpg] dfOqmf]lrK; pTkfbg ug{],
;fd;'ªsf sf/0f sf]l/of xfn ljZj k|l;4 ePsf] 5 . olb, g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf
hfg] JolQmsf] :t/f]Gglt u/L :jb]zdf pTkflbt sDKo'6/ OlGhlgo/, ;ˆ6j]o/
OlGhlgo/nfO{ klg ;fd;'ªb]lv kf]S;f];Dd sfd lbnfpg;s] g]kfndf lelqg] /]ld6\ofG;
% u'0ffn] j[l4 x'g] lyof] . sf]l/og ;Lk ePsf k|fljlwsn] / sf]l/og lgdf{0f
sDkgL hfkfg, cd]l/sf, o'/f]k / dWok"j{df w]/} sdfO ug{]lt/ hfG5g\ .
g]kfnL k|fljlwsn] sf]l/ofdf sfd kfPdf $ xhf/ 8n/b]lv ^))) 8n/ k|ltdlxgf k|fKt
ug{ ;S5g\ . o;/L sf]l/ofdf g]kfnsf] lxt x]g{] s"6gLlt1 s]xL cg'ejL,
;lqmo / rgfvf] ePdf g]kfn sf]l/of ;DaGwnfO{ wfld{s, ko{6sLo, cfly{s, j}1flgs,
z}lIfs, k|fljlws ;DaGw lj:tf/ u/L cem k|efjsf/L / uf9f agfpg ;lsG5 .
sf]l/ofdf
sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf sfd ug{] cg'dlt lbg] k4ltsf] ;'?cft ;g\ @))% kl5 dfq ePsf] xf] .
!((( df t sf]l/of cfly{s ;+s6n] u'h|]sf] lyof] . To;a]nf y'k|} pBf]ukltn]
a}+ssf] C0f ltg{ g;sL xfg gbLdf xfd kmfn]/ cfTdxTof;d]t u/]sf lyP . b]zdf
cfly{s ;+s6 ePkl5 ;/sf/n] sd{rf/Lsf] tna @)Ü 36fPsf] ;d]t lyof] . ;g\ @)))
;Dd sf]l/ofdf hfg / sfd ug{ g]kfnL jf cGo gful/snfO{ cg'dlt lng'kb{}gYof] .
To;a]nf;Dd ;d'lGb|s
jf xjfO{dfu{af6 sf]l/of k'u]sf g]kfnL k|yd k':tfsf j}w sfdbf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
ltgLx¿sf] ;+Vof eg] guGo 5 . To;dWo] s]xL sf]l/og dlxnf;Fu lax] u/L pt}
a;]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL k;n / /]:6'/]G6 To;dWo] s]xL dfq kfPsf] sfddf lrQ
ga'emL jf s[lif kmd{ jf df5f dfg{] sfddf ;d'Gb|df nfdf] ;do sfd ug{ g;sL 3/
kms{]sf cyjf pt} sf]l/ofdf cj}w sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
o;/L sf]l/of
k'u]sf sfdbf/n] l;s]sf sltko ;Lk cf}Bf]lusLs/0f gePsf] g]kfndf k|of]udf cfpg
;Sb}gg\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu sf]l/ofdf sf/sf x]8nfO6 jf ;fO8 nfO6 agfpg] /
To;df ;]tf] rlDsnf] /ª nufpg] ;fgf of demf}nf pBf]udf sfd u/]sf sltko sfdbf/
g]kfndf kms{]kl5 a]/f]huf/ eP/ a;]sf 5g\ .
s]xLn] sdfPsf] k};f w]/}h;f] kl/jf/sf nflu nfpg vfgd} vr{ u/]sf 5g\ .
s]xL ljnfl;tfn] a;]kl5 vrf{n' eP/ yf]/} k};f lkmS; P;]6sf] ¿kdf sf7df8f}+ jf
t/fO{df hUufdf nufgL u/]sf u/]sf x'G5g\ . To;sf/0f :jb]z kms{]kl5 a]/f]huf/
eO{ a:bf hLjg emg\ lvGg ePsf pbfx/0f klg 5g\ . lk|lG6ª k|]; jf
hflvdk"0f{ sfddf xftv'§f u'dfO{ ckf+u eP/ 3/ kms{]sf klg bfh'efO, lbbLalxgL
g]kfndf b]Vg ;lsG5 .
g]kfnsf] n'lDagLdf
hGd]sf a'4sf] k|efj rLg, hfkfg, sf]l/ofdf k|ToIf b]Vg ;lsG5 . ToxfFsf a'4 d"lt{
d+uf]lnog cg'xf/s} 5g\ . …l;Nnf 8fOg]l;6Ú sf]l/ofsf] Oltxf;sf] :j0f{ o'u
dflgG5 . l;Nnf /fhfx¿sf] a]nf sf]l/ofsf]
/fli6«o wd{ a'l4Hd lyof] . To; a]nfsf] sf]l/og ;Eotf ;DkGgtfsf] gd'gf
Sof]h' ;x/df, a'Nu'S;f dlGb/b]lv sf]l/ofsf kxf8df lgld{t ;'Gb/td\ a'4 dlGb/ / d"lt{df
b]Vg ;lsG5 . sf]l/ofn] ;g\ @)!) df a}+sdfk{mt k7fPsf] /]ld6\ofG; !) ca{
8n/ 5 . To;sf] bzf+z dfq g]kfn leq\ofpg ;s]sf] eP g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf 7"n}
;sf/fTds k|efj kg{] lyof] .
o; jif{sf] !% xhf/
sfdbf/ sf]6faf6 sf]l/ofdf 7"n} g]kfnL pkl:ylt x'g] b]lvG5 . 5';ssf]
a]nfb]lv jiff{Gt;Dd sf]l/ofdf sfdbf/ k7fO;s]kl5 klg sf]l/ofsf] sfdbf/sf]
cfjZostf k"/f x'Fb}g . clg, ;g\ @)!@ df yk $, % xhf/ sfdbf/ k7fpg
sf]l/ofsf] >d dGqfnocGtu{t s]Pnlk6Ln] csf{] efiff k/LIff lng]5 . To;f]
eP/ yk % xhf/ sfdbf/sf] cfk"lt{ g]kfnaf6} ePdf g]kfnn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6
k|fKt ug{] kl/jTo{ ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g / sf]l/og ;fdfg cfoft ubf{ nfUg]
nufgLnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug{] ;Defjgf 5 . xfd|f] b]zaf6 sf]l/ofdf guGo dfqfdf
;fdfg lgof{t x'G5g\ eg] sf]l/ofaf6 PnhL, ;fd;'ª, -sf]l/og efiffdf x'Gb]_ xf]G8fO{h:tf
dxTjk"0f{ pTkfbg g]kfnL pkef]Qmf / g]kfnL ;/sf/L kIf;d]tnfO{ cfsif{s
pkef]Uo cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg x'g\ . eL/ dfx'/Lsf] dx, k|fs[lts dx, g]kfnL vfB
kbfy{ g]kfnL /]:6'/]G6 tyf k;nsf nflu ;Lldt dfqfdf kl:dgf, s]xL of;f{ u'Daf,
3/a'gf cflb sf]l/og ahf/sf nflu hfg] g]kfnL pTkfbgsf j:t' x'g\ . k|To]s
jif{ sf]l/ofaf6 g]kfndf cfoft x'g] ;fdfgsf] dfqf a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ;f]xL cg'kftdf
g]kfnL j:t'sf] lgof{t gePkl5 sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf k7fPsf >ldssf] >daf6 cfh{g u/]sf]
/]ld6\ofG; xfd|f] b]zdf ljnfl;tfsf ;fdfg cfoft k|lt:yfkg ug{ cfjZos k5{ .
sf]l/ofsf] cy{tGq lgs} alnof] /x]sfn] ljZjdf cd]l/sL 8n/sf] cl:y/tf x'Fbf,
cd]l/sL cy{tGqdf u8a9L x'Fbf sf]l/ofsf] Ps sf]l/og a}+sn] dfq Ps dlxgfcl3 @% 6g
;'g vl/b u/]kl5 ljZj ahf/df ;'gsf] d"No cfsflzPsf] lyof] . !@) c/a
8n/nfO{ sf]l/ofn] ;'g jf cGo ljb]zL d'b|fdf ;6xL ubf{ ljZj cy{tGqdf k|efj kg{
uPsf] lyof] . e"uf]ndf g]kfneGbf ;fgf] blIf0f sf]l/ofsf] PSsfO;f}F
ztfAbLsf] ljZjdf pNn]Vo e"ldsf 5 . hals, g]kfnsf] ljZj cy{tGqdf guGo
jf k|efj} 5}geGbf klg x'G5 . ljZjs}
;aeGbf 7"nf sfuf{] l;k agfpg] x'Gb] l;k d]lsªb]lv x'Gb] x]eL OlSjkd]G6sf]
lgdf{0fdf kf]:sf]sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf] 5 .
sf]l/of e|d0f,
@))(
sf+gfd, lqlj / ;gd'g
ljZjljBfno eg]kl5 ;a}df lglZrt Ps¿ktf x'g'kg{] xf] . kf7zfnf, cWoog s]Gb|,
:s'n, db/;f jf u'?s'nsf] dfg] klg cWoog s]Gb| eg]/ lrlgG5g\ . cfw'lgs
ljZjljBfno k4ltsf] ljsf; qmdsf] rrf{ ubf{ lglZrt dfkb08 cfjZos ef}lts
k"jf{wf/, pknAw bIf hgzlQm, ljBfyL{ / k|zf;g ljZjljBfnosf k"jf{wf/
x'g\ . cfhsf lbg;Dd ljZjdf sltj6f ljZjljBfno 5g\, dnfO{ yfxf 5}g .
ljqmd ;Djt\ @)!^ ;fncl3;Dd xfd|f] d'n'sdf Pp6f klg ljZjljBfno lyPg . k|yd
ljZjljBfnosf] ¿kdf lqe'jg ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ePkl5 g]kfndf ljZjljBfnoLo Oltxf;
;'? ePsf] b]lvG5 . xfn kf}g] # s/f]8 hg;+Vofsf nflu dfq lqlj, g];+lj, sfljlj,
klZrdf~rn ljlj, k"jf{~rn ljlj / n'lDagL ljZjljBfno u/L hDdf ^ j6f
ljZjljBfno ;~rfngdf 5g\ . logLx¿aLr w]/} s'/fdf ;dfgtf kfOFb}g . cem}
lakL sf]O/fnf d]l8sn OlG66\Ro'6 w/fg, jL/ c:ktfn ljsf; kl/ifb\ klg
ljZjljBfno;/x dflgG5g\ . of]hgf, gLlt, lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjogdf :ki6tf,
k|lta4tf kSsf gePsf xfd|fh:tf /fhg]tf ePsf] d'n'sdf nx8df, ;'k, /fhlif{ hgs, s[lif
ljZjljBfno /fdk'/, dk ljZjljBfno ;'v{]t klg ah]6 efif0f jf /fhg]tfsf
d'vf/ljGbaf6 lgl;|t k/Gt' sfof{Gjogsf] cefjdf ¿dlnPsf] cj:yfdf 5g\ .
ljZjljBfnosf] Ps ;fwf/0f k|fWofks nfdf] wfld{s labfdf k"hfkf7, vfgkfg /
v]ndfn 5f]8]/ sf]l/ofsf] lghL e|d0fdf hfg kfpFbf e|d0fnfO{ b[Zofjnf]sgsf]
p2]Zodf ;Lldt g/flvsg sf]l/ofsf] z}lIfs If]qsf] ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L lng] ljrf/ eof] .
To;} qmddf d}n] sf]l/ofsf b'O{j6f ljZjljBfnosf] e|d0f u/]F . oL b'j}
ljZjljBfno lghL:t/af6 ;~rflnt x'g\ . ;fy} sf]l/of ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks
rf]o;Fu -OG8f]_ u+uf /]:6'/]G6 UjfFxfd'gdf nGr vfFbf sl/a ;f9] Ps 3G6f ePsf] jftf{nfkn] dnfO{ b]zsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] /
;aeGbf 7"nf] ljZjljBfnosf] k|fWofks ePsf]df uj{ dx;'; x'g ;s]g .
xfn sf]l/ofdf sl/a
% s/f]8 hg;+Vof 5 . Tof] hg;+Vofsf nflu @@) j6f ljZjljBfno ;~rfngdf 5g\ .
h;dWo] !*) k|fOe]6 ljZjljBfno, JolQm jf ;+:yfn] :yfkgf u/]sf / $) j6f ;/sf/L
:6]6 ljZjljBfno 5g\ . ;gd'g ljZjljBfnosf klxn]sf cfly{s dfldnf x]g{] / xfn
bz{g / ko{6g ljifosf k|fWofks of]l;g rf]o;Fu ;f]wk'5 ubf{ of] s'/f yfxf kfPF .
sf]l/ofsf ljZjljBfnodf ())) eGbf a9L ljBfyL{ egf{ x'G5g\ . ljZjljBfno
ljBfyL{sf] z'Nsaf6 k"0f{ ¿kdf rN5g\ . rNg] dfq xf]Og, jflif{s gfkmfdf
klg x'G5 /] Û s]xL d'gfkmfsf] /sd ljZjljBfnosf] vftfdf hDdf x'G5 .
sf]l/ofsf cfdfafa' cfhef]ln aRrf sd kfpg] jf gkfpg] ljrf/ ub{} 5g\ .
To;sf/0f ljBfyL{ gkfP/ sltko ljZjljBfno aGb ug{'kg{] cj:yf b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 .
sf]l/ofsf ljZjljBfnodf Go"gtd kfl/>ldsdf Ps¿ktf 5 . s'g} klg
k|fWofksn] xfd|f] h:tf] gfd dfqsf] sfd p:t} bfd kfpFb}gg\ . ljZjljBfnodf
k9fpFbf $))) 8n/eGbf dfly g} tna kfpF5g\ / sfd klg k"/f u5{g\ .
;a} :yfoL
k|fWofksn] k]G;g kfpF5g\, ;/sf/L, ;+:yfut jf lghL h:tf] ljZjljBfnodf sfd u/]
klg . egf{ ePsf ljBfyL{ ;fdfGotof km]n x'Fb}gg\ . g]kfnsf] lqljsf
dfgljsL, Joj:yfkg, lj1fg, lzIffh:tf lgsfodf egf{ x'g], k9\g] / kf; ug{] ;+Vof
sNkgf g} ug{ g;lsg] cj:yfdf km/s b]lvG5 . 8sl;g dlxnf ljZjljBfnodf e|d0f
ubf{ klg ljZjljBfnosf] jftfj/0f, ;'Gb/tf, :jR5tf, nugzLntfn] ljBfyL{nfO{ ;fFRr}
1fgcfh{g ug{] :ynsf] ¿kdf b]v]F] . dlxnf ljZjljBfnodf ljBfyL{n] u/]sf]
/fhgLlt jt{dfg /fi6«kltsf] gLltsf] kf]:6/, kDkn]6 / Aofg/af6 u/]sf] k|bz{gdf
lzi6tf lyof] . aGb, x8tfn, rSsfhfd / 6fo/ afNg] sfd x'Fb}g . k9\g
cfPsf ljBfyL{dWo] *)Ü ha dfs{]6df -gf]s/L jf Joj;fo_ ul/xfN5g\ .
ljZjljBfnosf]] cfsif{0f s'g ljBfnosf slt Uo|fh'o6n] /fi6«, sDkgL / Jofkfl/s
k|lti7fgsf] dxTjk"0f{ kb kfP eGg] s'/fn] lgwf{/0f u5{ /] .
ljZjljBfnodf
ljBfyL{sf] z'Ns dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . s'g ljZjljBfno slt dxTjk"0f{ 5
eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ;f] ljZjljBfnodf ljBfyL{sf] jflif{s z'Ns slt 5 eGg]
s'/fn] ;d]t lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . To;}n] t ;+o'Qm/fHo cd]l/sL ljZjljBfno xjf8{,
lk|G;6g, o]n / sf]g{]nh:tf ljZjljBfnosf] :t/Lotf dfkg ug]{ cfwf/ z'Ns,
dxTjk"0f{ 5fqj[lQ, k|rlnt, k|Voft ljifout k|fWofks, pTkflbt hgzlQmsf]
ahf/df vkt cflb ljifo dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ gls ljBfyL{ ;+Vof .
sf]l/ofs} ;fgf] /
gAa]sf] bzsdf :yflkt ;gd'g ljZjljBfnodf cG8/ Uo|fh'o6 -laP_ cWoog ug{]
ljBfyL{sf] jflif{s z'Ns &,))),))) jg sf]l/og d'b|f sl/a &,))) 8n/ nfUg]
/x]5 / -kf]:6Uofh'o6_ :gftsf]Q/ PdPdf cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{sf nflu jflif{s z'Ns
(,)))$ k5{ . xfdL
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf sfd ug{] k|fWofkssf nflu sltko s'/f a'‰g g} ufx|f] kg{] .
z'Ns dfl;s $) ¿lkofFaf6 !)) agfpg vf]Hbf x8tfn, rSsfhfd, s';L{ hnfpg] / SofDk;
aGb ug{] k4ltn] ljZjljBfnodf s] s;/L ;'ljwf lbg ;lsG5 < # nfv $@ xhf/
ljBfyL{ / @) xhf/ k|fWofks 5g\ lqljdf eGbf cg]sf}F k|Zg t]l;{OG5g\ .
ljZjsf s'g} klg ljZjljBfno e|d0f ubf{ s;/L rnfpg'x'G5 Tof] ljZjljBfno < Pp6f ljZjljBfno ;~rfng ug{ s]slt rflxG5 <
xfdLnfO{ nueu cGbfh ug{ ;lsG5, ;gd'g ljZjljBfnodf ())) hgf ljBfyL{ 5g\ . @#)
hgf k"0f{sfnLg k|fWofks / !)) hgf k|zf;lgs sd{rf/L 5g\ .
sf]l/ofdf /fhtGq
;dfKt ePsf] Ps ;o jif{ gf£of] . e/v/ dfq UjfFxfd'gdf sf]l/og /fhfsf] ;flns
jt{dfg /fi6«kltn] cgfj/0f u/] . sf]l/og gf]6df /fhfsf] kmf]6f] c+lst 5 .
sf]l/ofn] o;} jif{ dfq} %),))) sf] gf]6 ahf/df NofPsf] 5 . !))), %))), !))))
/ %),))) sf gf]6 sf]l/og a}+s gf]6 x'g\ . ! b]lv %)) ;Dd sf]l/og jg l;Ssfs}
¿kdf 5g\ . ToxfF xfd|f] h:tf] Ps ¿lkofFsf] !)) k};f x'Fb}g . jg
eg]sf] cfkm}df Ps sf]l/og d'b|f xf] .
ofqf j[QfGt,
@)^^
@)^^ ;fn cflZjg %
ut] tbg';f/ ;g\ @!, ;]K6]Da/ @))( sf lbg b;}+ labf dgfpg] ljrf/n] laxfg ;fdfg
tof/ kf/]/ ;f9] P3f/ ah] w'Daf/fxL ;'s]wf/f 3/af6 6\ofS;Ldf ljdfg:yntkm{ k|:yfg
u/]F . dnfO{ lqe'jg ljdfg:yn k'¥ofpg b'O{ hgf 5f]/f cfP . ljdfg:yndf
k'u]kl5 5f]/fx¿ leq hfg gldn]sfn] 3/ kms{] . dnfO{ nu]h hfFr / cWofudg ;'/Iff
hfFrsf] klqmof k"/f ug{ lgs} ;do nfUof] . cWofudg Sn]/]G; u/]kl5 8f]ª
ljg;Fu e]6 eof] . d}n] pgsf] sf]6 lbPF . d;Fu klxn] ;fk6 lnPsf] @ ;o
8n/ 8f]ª ljgn] dnfO{ kmsf{P . d}n] w]/}k6ssf] j}b]lzs ofqfdf hfFbf
cWofudgdf olt 7"nf] eL8 slxNo}
b]v]sf] lyOg\ . o;n] dnfO{ yfxf eof] g]kfndf ko{6s a9]sf /x]5g\ .
kf}g] Ps ah]
ljdfgleq of] 8fo/L n]Vb} 5' . sf7df8f}+df afbn nfu]sf] eP tfklg udL{ 5 .
ljdfg p8fgsf] k|tLIffdf 5' . ;Fu;Fu} sf]l/og Po/,
l;Ns Po/n] klg p8fg eg{] ePsfn] cfh k|:yfg sIf vrfvr / el/e/fp 5 . g]kfnsf] Ps dfq cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn
Jo:t / ;fgf] x'g k'u]5 . a+unfb]z ljdfg tof/Ldf 5 . kfls:tfgL xjfO{
;]jf ev{/ cjt/0f u¥of] . xfdLnfO{ Ps yk cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn cTofjZos eO;s]5 .
ljdfg:yndf s'/]sf]
sl/a cfwf 3G6f eO;Sof] . aNn cfO;Lsf] ljdfg wfjgdfu{df tof/L cj:yfdf
b]lvG5 . b'O{ ah]/ !# ldg]6 hfFbf;Dd ljdfg p8]sf] 5}g . uf]7f6f/kl§sf]
aflx/L efudf yf]qf xjfO{hxfh y'kf/L /fv]sf /x]5g\ . b]Vbf klg g/dfOnf]
nfUg] To:tf ljdfg y'kfg{'sf] ;f6f] st} 8lDkª u/] s] lau|GYof] xf]nf <
;jf b'O{ ah]kl5 aNn
xfd|f] ljdfg p8fg eg{ /gj]df lj:tf/lj:tf/ cl3 a9\g yfNof] . g]kfn
Po/nfOG;sf] ABO 6'Ogc6/ ljdfg ev{/}
cjt/0f u¥of] . l6hL klg l:k8 -j]u_ a9fP/ p8fgsf] k"0f{ tof/Ldf
b]lvof] .
d]/f] 38Ldf
lbpF;f]sf] @ ah]/ @@ ldg]6df aNn yfO{ Po/j]h cfsfzdf t}/g k'Uof] . vrfvr
3/}3/n] etfe'+u d]/f] /fhwfgL vfN6f] pbf+u b]lvof] . k|s[ltnfO{ s'¿k agfPsf]
Kof/f] ;x/ pkTosf 5f]8\b} PSs}l5gdf xjfO{hxfh afbn;Fu n'sfdf/L v]Ng k'Uof] .
pkTosfsf] b[Zo cf]em]ndf k¥of] . km]l/ b]lvof] pkTosf t/ pkTosfsf] aflx/L efu
xf]nf . kf}g] # ah]lt/ g'lgnf] abfd, h';, /S;L cflb cfof] . d}n] kfgL
/ jfOg dfq vfPF .
clxn] g]kfnL
;dofg';f/ % ah]/ !% ldg]6 x'g nfUof] . TG #@) sf] ljdfg a+}ss ljdfg:yn glhs k'Ug nfu]sf] PgfpG;d]G6
ljdfg kl/rfl/sfn] ul/g\ . ;a}nfO{ gp7\g / cfkm\gf] l;6a]N6 afFw]/ a:g
elgg\ . a}+ssf] aflx/L tfkqmd #) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]6 5 . ;'j0f{e"ld
-:j0f{e"ld_ Po/kf]6{df k'Ug} nfUof}F . clxn] v]tLkftLsf] ufpFaf6 ;x/lt/ lah'nL ;8ssf] rds klg b]lvg yfNof] .
-:j0f{e"ld_ Po/kf]6{df k'Ug} nfUof}F . clxn] v]tLkftLsf] ufpFaf6 ;x/lt/ lah'nL ;8ssf] rds klg b]lvg yfNof] .
a}+ss hfg]
/fhdfu{x¿ klg :ki6 b]lvg yfn] . d}bfgL efu ePsfn] ;Lwf nfdf / 7f8f ;8s
ndtGg k/]sf 5g\ . ca xjfO{hxfhn] cjt/0fsf nflu kf+u|faflx/ tfg]sf] :ki6
;'lgof] . a}+ss jl/kl/sf] u|fdL0f Onfsf klg ljB't\, ;8s / pBf]un] el/Psf
/x]5g\ . klZrdkl§ ;"of{:tn] afbn ;'Gb/ /ftf] / sfnf] ePsf] 5 .
lg:k§ cGwsf/ geO;s]sf] yfONofG8 v]tdf kfgL, ;8sdf aQL, /+uLr+uL a}+sssf]
dgdf]xs b[Zo ;fFRr} ;'Gb/ b]lvof] . ;'j0f{e"ld ljdfg:ynnfO{ ;'gf}nf]
/+usf] c:tfpFbf] ;"o{ ls/0fn] sfnf] afbnnfO{ ;'gf}nf] agfPsfn] ;fFRr}
;'j0f{do ePsf] 5 . olQs}df rf/n]gsf] ;8s b]lvof], ljdfg wfjgdfu{df cjt/0f
u¥of] . g]kfnL ;dofg';f/ ;fFemsf] % ah]/ @) ldg]6 uPsf] lyof] .
d ^ ah]/ %)
ldg]6df ;f]n ljdfg:yndf k'u]F . aflx/ lg:sg s]xL ;do nfUof] .
cWofudgaf6 aflx/ hfg]lalQs} dnfO{ :jfut ug{ cfPsf ;fyL e]6 eOnfNof] . clg,
;fdfg pxfFsf] sf/df /fv]/ xfdL ;x/lt/ nfUof}F . ;f]ndf klxn] d]/f]
d+uf]lnofdf ;xof]uL ePsf …h'ª ;fªÚ;Fu 3/df e]6 eof] . Ujfªj's Kofn]; glhs
-Kofn]; ufpF_ eGg] 7fpFdf To;} 3/df a;]F . 3'd3fd u/]kl5 dnfO{ lng cfPsf
hfg ;g\ vfgf vfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/ kms{g'eof] . d k}bn otfptf sf]l/og Do'lhod,
ahf/, kfs{, 3'd]F . a]n'sf nL;Fu e]6eof] . klxn] g]kfndf d]/f] 3/df
Ps dlxgfhlt a;]sf dfG5] . xfdLn] ;Fu} /fltsf] vfgf g]kfnL b'uf{ /]:6'/]G6df
vfof}F . vfgf vfPkl5 km]l/ 3'd3fd u¥of}F . dnfO{ lgGb|f nflu;s]sfn]
/flt ( ah] g} ;'tF] . laxfg ^M#) ah] p7]F / @# ;]K6]Da/ 8fo/Lsf] kfgfdf
sf]/sf/ u/]F .
cfh ;]K6]Da/ @#
tfl/v laxfg a|]skmf:6 vfP/ d ;fyL Joon h'ª
-h'g_ ;fª;Fu pxfFsf] xh'/a'afb]lv rlncfPsf] kmfpG8];gsf] clkm;df cfO{ sf]l/og ;dofg';f/ ( ah]/ !% ldg]6df of] b}lgsL n]Vg yfn]F . h'g ;fªsf] xh'/a'af !($* df Kof]ªofª pQ/ sf]l/ofdf PsLs/0fsf nflu jftf{nfk ug{ hfg'ePsf] kmf]6f] sf]7fdf e'mlG8Psf] /x]5 . blIf0f / pQ/sf]l/ofsf] jftf{ e+u ePkl5 sf]l/og u[xo'4 pQ/ blIf0fsf] n8fOF ;'?eP5 . pQ/ sf]l/of guP tfklg hf]g ;fªsf] pQ/sf]l/ofk|lt dfof /x]5 . k'Vof{}nL nufjsf sf/0f of] ePsf] xf]nf . pxfFsf] xh'/af cfls{6]Sr/ eP/ pQ/ sf]l/of hfg'ePsf] /x]5 . pxfF sf]l/ofsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / k|l;4 8\ofd lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg x'g'x'Fbf] /x]5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf of] P]ltxfl;s b/af/, xfn /fi6«klt ejg ePsf] 7fpF k'/ftflTjs / P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf] 7fpFsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s lqmofsnfk / ljsf;sf b[li6sf]0fn] xfg gbLsf] blIf0fL / k"jL{ efult/ Dof]ª8'ª If]q ;f]nsf] dxFuf] If]q xf] . of] 7fpF k'/fgf] b/af/sf] ufpF eP klg Dof]ª8f]ª hlt dxFuf] 5}g . ;'Gb/, zfGt, P]ltxfl;s 7fpF ePsfn] a:gsf nflu eg] of] 7fpF /fd|f] 5 . of] 7fpFsf] gfd …hf]ªgf]Ú xf] . of] 7fpFdf % gDa/sf] …;aj]Ú ;x/d'lg rNg] /]n cfpF5 . of] ufpF ;f]nsf] xfªsfª gbLsf] pQ/df cjl:yt 5 .
-h'g_ ;fª;Fu pxfFsf] xh'/a'afb]lv rlncfPsf] kmfpG8];gsf] clkm;df cfO{ sf]l/og ;dofg';f/ ( ah]/ !% ldg]6df of] b}lgsL n]Vg yfn]F . h'g ;fªsf] xh'/a'af !($* df Kof]ªofª pQ/ sf]l/ofdf PsLs/0fsf nflu jftf{nfk ug{ hfg'ePsf] kmf]6f] sf]7fdf e'mlG8Psf] /x]5 . blIf0f / pQ/sf]l/ofsf] jftf{ e+u ePkl5 sf]l/og u[xo'4 pQ/ blIf0fsf] n8fOF ;'?eP5 . pQ/ sf]l/of guP tfklg hf]g ;fªsf] pQ/sf]l/ofk|lt dfof /x]5 . k'Vof{}nL nufjsf sf/0f of] ePsf] xf]nf . pxfFsf] xh'/af cfls{6]Sr/ eP/ pQ/ sf]l/of hfg'ePsf] /x]5 . pxfF sf]l/ofsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / k|l;4 8\ofd lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg x'g'x'Fbf] /x]5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf of] P]ltxfl;s b/af/, xfn /fi6«klt ejg ePsf] 7fpF k'/ftflTjs / P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf] 7fpFsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s lqmofsnfk / ljsf;sf b[li6sf]0fn] xfg gbLsf] blIf0fL / k"jL{ efult/ Dof]ª8'ª If]q ;f]nsf] dxFuf] If]q xf] . of] 7fpF k'/fgf] b/af/sf] ufpF eP klg Dof]ª8f]ª hlt dxFuf] 5}g . ;'Gb/, zfGt, P]ltxfl;s 7fpF ePsfn] a:gsf nflu eg] of] 7fpF /fd|f] 5 . of] 7fpFsf] gfd …hf]ªgf]Ú xf] . of] 7fpFdf % gDa/sf] …;aj]Ú ;x/d'lg rNg] /]n cfpF5 . of] ufpF ;f]nsf] xfªsfª gbLsf] pQ/df cjl:yt 5 .
sf]l/ofaf6 ;f+3fO{
rLgsf] ofqf sf]l/og Po/df !&)$ rf/ lbgsf] vfgf xf]6n a;fO, ;f+3fO{sf] 6fj/ r9\g], km'6d;fh,
vfgf, :yfgLo e|d0f ;Dk"0f{;lxtsf] dfq !&) 8n/ kg{] cgnfOg Po/ l6s6sf]
lj1fkg b]v]F . ;fy} a}+sssf] p8fg #%) 8n/ rf/ lbgsf] xf]6nsf] af;, vfgf,
6\ofS;;lxtsf] ;:tf] ofqf % 3G6fsf] xjfO{ofqf Psftkm{ cft]÷hft] u/L s;/L ;Dej
x'Fbf] xf]nf < wgL dfG5]n] ;:tf]df ofqf ug{ ;S5g\ t/ ul/a dfG5]n]
k"/f k};f ltg{'k5{ . g]kfnaf6 a}+ss # 3G6fsf] xjfO{ b"/Ldf 5 t/
g]kfnLx¿n] of] ofqfdf hfFbf $ ;o 8n/eGbf a9L t ljdfgsf] ef8f g} ltg{'k5{ lsg
< sf]l/ofaf6 e|d0fdf hfg]x¿ rfOgf, xªsª, yfONofG8df ;d"xsf ;d"x
hfg] ePsfn] ofqf ;x'lnot b/df pknAw 5 t/ g]kfn hfg Tolt ;:tf] 5}g . of]
7fpFdf sf]l/og P]ltxfl;s ;+u|xfno 5 . cfh 8s;'ª dlxnf ljZjljBfnodf MOU ug{] ljifodf s'/f ug{ uPF .
ToxL ljZjljBfnosf] tkm{af6 Ps xf]6ndf nGr vfof}F . @ ah]kl5 ToxfFaf6
sf]l/ofsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] g]qxLgsf] ljBfno x]g{ uof}F . cTolws k|efj kfg{]
lsl;dsf] ljBfno ;'ljwf ;DkGg lyof] . 8s;'g ljZjljBfnodf klg %%)) ljBfyL{,
#%) k|fWofks, ^)Ü dlxnf, $)Ü k'?if k|fWofks /x]5g\ . ljBfyL{ /fhgLlt oxfF
klg x'Fbf] /x]5 . k/Gt' tf]8kmf]8 rSsfhfd 5}g . ;/sf/ lj/f]wL
pQ/sf]l/ofsf] ;dy{g . cd]l/sf hfkfgsf] lj/f]w ug{df ;+nUg 5g\ /] 5fqfx¿ .
8s;'g dlxnf ljZjljBfno / sf]l/ofsf] g]qxLgsf] ljBfno x]/]kl5 3/ kmSof+{} .
s]xL vfg]s'/f vfof}F / ^ ah]lt/ /fltef]h vfg b'uf{ gfdsf] g]kfnL /]:6'/]G6df
uof}F . tGb'/L lrsg, gfg / safa vfof}F . ToxfF cfTdxl/;Fu e]6eof] .
of] xf]6n DofUbLsf] dfG5]sf] /x]5 .
vfgf vfO{ a]n'sf
5+u]5glt/ 3'Dg hfFbf af6f]df ( jif{cl3 d}n] g]kfnL efiff l;sfPsf 8fS6/ oª;s
lnd;Fu crfgs e]6 eof] . lx+8\bflxF8\b} Psl5g ukm u¥of}F / 5u]5gsf] jfl/kfl/
lsgf/f 3'Dof}F . af6f]df x'Gb] ;f]gf6f gofF df]8nsf] sf/ k|bz{gdf /fv]sf]
b]Vof}F . To;kl5 3'd3fd ub{} 3/lt/ kmSof{}+ . /fltsf] !) ah] d ;'Tg
cfO{ 8fo/L n]Vg a;]F . 5+u]5g nfdf] ;dob]lv sf7df8f}+sf] 6's'rf / wf]jLvf]nfh:tf]
kmf]xf]/L lyof] /] . xfn ;kmf kfgL aUg], jfl/kfl/ k}bnofqf ug{] dfu{,
7fpF7fpFdf ljB'tLo ls/0fn] agfpg] /] ljDasf km"n / #)) jif{ klxn] sf]l/og
/fhfsf] kfnfdf agfOPsf] 9'+u] k'n;d]t x]/]F . emG8} aemfªsf] d]/f] 3/
glhs}sf] b'O{ 9'+ufn] ag]sf] df6] ;fF3'h:t} 7f8f] / t]];f]{ 9'+uf /fvL agfOPsf] .
s'g} a]nf elTsP hldgd'lg x/fPsf] k'nnfO{ ;aj] agfpFbf pTvgg u/L cfw'lgs ;f]n
dxfgu/n] k'/fg} ¿kdf k'glg{df{0f u/L oyfjt\ :yfgdf /fv]sf] /x]5 . To;sf/0f
sf]l/ofsf] ;x/sf] aLrdf P]ltxfl;s / cfw'lgs sf]l/of;Fu} b]Vg ;lsG5 .
;]K6]Da/– @$
cfh laxfg ^ ah]
p7]/ :gfg cflb u/L gjb'uf{sf] ;+lIfKt kf7sf] ;Demgf u/]F . * ah] k|ftsf]
vfgf vfPF clg k}bn 3'Dg uPF . af6f]df kg]{ DofUbLsf] ljgf]b s'Fj/sf] b'uf{
/]:6'/]G6df cfTdxl/nfO{ e]6\g uPF . Ps sk lrof vfO{ ukm;km u/] . ;f]ndf
klg g]kfnLsf y'k|} /]:6'/]G6 /x]5g\ .
snf ls unf g]kfndf
elgG5 . dflg;nfO{ afFRg ls snf rflxG5 cyjf unf rflxG5 . g]kfnL
snfsf/x¿ lht' g]kfn, c~h' kGt, gGbs[i0f hf]zL, lgdf ?Daf;lxt y'k|} g]kfnL
snfsf/ b;}+nuQ} sf]l/og 5';s -lkt[kIf_ sf] 7"nf] rf8df g]kfnL uLt, gfr /
k|x;g b]vfpg ;f]n k'u]sf /x]5g\ . cfh sf]l/ofsf] k'/fgf] Ujfªxfd'g -b/af/sf]
9f]sf_ sf] ufpF elgg] ;xl/of 7fpFb]lv An'xfp; -sf]l/og /fi6«klt ejg h;sf] 5fgf
gLnf] 5_ x]b{} k}bn OG;fbf]ª eGg] 7fpF;Dd k'Ubf, b]v]sf cTofw'lgs dxnx¿, Jofkfl/s
k|lti7fg, hldgd'lgsf] Jo:t ;x/L] ;aj] / :6];g;Fu} rf/}lt/ km}lnPsf] cG8/u|fpG8
ahf/ sf]l/og cfw'lgs lgdf{0f snfsf] gd'gf x'g\ . oxL lgdf{0f snfsf sf/0f
sf]l/og lgdf{0f Joj;foL cfkm\gf] b]znfO{ dfq cfw'lgstflt/ 8f]¥ofO/x]sf 5}gg\,
clkt' b'aO{, ;fpbL c/]laofh:tf d'n'sdf hxfF d?e"ldsf] pu|tfk 5, ToxfF !^)
tnf;Ddsf 3/ agfO{ k};f sdfO/x]5g\ . g]kfnsf] ljdfg:yn cfhef]ln aGb} u/]sf
cTofw'lgs ckf6{d]G6x¿ h;sf] Oltxf; xªsªaf6 ;'? ePsf] dflgG5 . To:tf r'/f]6sf
a§fh:tf cfsfzdfu{af6 b]lvg] t/ ;'ljwf;DkGg 3/ agfpg sf]l/ogx¿n] ;g\ !(^) sf]
bzskl5 ;'? u/]sf /x]5g\ . cfhef]ln ljZjdf hldg 36\b} uPsf] / dfgjsf] ;+Vof
a9\b} hfg] u/]sf] dfq xf]Og, ;+o'Qm kl/jf/eGbf Psn kl/jf/k|lt ljZjsf] gofF
k':tf cfslif{t ePsf sf/0fn] klg 3/sf] ;+Vof a9\bf hldg ck'u x'g' :jfefljs} xf] .
To;sf/0f @÷# tnfsf] ;f6f] @)÷ #) tnfsf ejg agfO{ ;f] 7fpFnfO{ s]xL xl/ofnL If]q;d]t
/fv]/ /d0fLo agfPsf] b]lvG5 . To;}sf] b]vfl;vL ljZjel/sf /fi6«n] ug{]
u/]sf 5g\ . ef/tsf] /fhwfgL lbNnLsf] d]6«f] xf]; ls d+uf]lnofsf] phf8 d?e"lddf
lgdf{0f ul/g] ckf6{d]G6, lgdf{0f snf / lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf;s} sf/0f
sf]l/ofn] dWok"j{, c:6«]lnof, blIf0f Pl;of, clk|msf, k"jL{ o'/f]k;lxt
Pl;ofsf y'k|} d'n'sdf cfkm\gf] snf k|bz{g ub{} yk wgf]kfh{gdf ;+nUg 5g\ .
of] sf]l/ofsf] lzIffdf ePsf] nufgL / d]xgtL kgfn] ;Dej ePsf] xf] . a"9f]
dfG5] clGtd t}of/Ldf ePh:t} dxFuf] 7fpFdf k'/fgf] ;:tf] 3/df ;~rfngdf /x]sf]
-b'uf{ /]:6'/]G6 ef/tLo / g]kfnL_ vfgf egL n]v]sf] ejg @÷# dlxgfleq 9Ng]
t}of/Ldf /x]5 . lsgls, of] e]udf cTofw'lgs cfsfz 5'g] 3/x¿n] 9fls;s]sf
/x]5g\ . k5fl8kl§ ejgx¿ eTsfO{ husf] t}of/L x'Fb} /x]5, clxn] d]/f] 38Ldf
lbpF;f]sf] ;f9] !@ ah] . sfddf Jo:t sf]l/og dflg; xtf/xtf/ /]:6'/]G6df uP/
lbjfef]h -nGr_ vfO{ sfddf kms{+b} 5g\ . drflxF ;8s 5]psf] ¿vd'lg 9'+u] cf;gdf
a;L of] 8fo/L sf]b{} 5' . cfhef]lnsf] df};d sl/a sf7df8f}+ h:t} /x]5 k/Gt'
oxfF uf8Lx¿ w]/} eP tfklg k|b"lift xfjf b]lvFb}g . k|b"if0f ug{]
uf8L ;8sdf rnfpg kfpFb}g xf]nf . zf/Ll/s ;'u7g ePsf lrl6Ss k/]sf o'jf, o'jtLsf]
cg'xf/ eg] cefjdf klg k|fs[lts xfF;f] xfF;]h:tf] g]kfnLsf] h:tf] pHofnf]
xFl;nf] cg'xf/ 5}g . ;fob sfdsf] af]emn] xf]nf ls k|lt:kwf{sf] lk/nf]n] .
;fob sfdsf] tgfjn] sfd af:gf klg x'Fb}g xf]nf . 7fpF ;'Gb/ 5, dfG5] vfOnfO
u/]sf b]lvG5g\ t}klg c¿ s]xL cefj 5, ;fob Tof] ;dosf] xf]nf .
b;}+ labfdf
k"hfkf7afx]s, tf;v]Ng] / df;'vfg] sfd ug{'eGbf sf]l/ofsf] cgf}krfl/s e|d0f
d}n] /f]h]sfn], of] ;8s k]6Ldf a;L uGygdGyg n]Vbf dnfO{ cfgGb nflu /x]5 .
cfh d}n] klg b'uf{d} vfgf vfPF, !!M#) ah]b]lv !M#) ah];Dd nGrsf nflu Jo:t x'g]
/x]5 . a]n'sf % ah]b]lv * ah];Dd . l8g/sf] ;do x'G5 sf]l/ofdf,
sf]l/ofdf k};f 5, To;eGbf klg sfd a9L 5 eg] cfTdxl/ s];Ln] . ;f]ndf hDdf
tLgj6f /]:6'/]G6;lxt r}g ckm /]:6'/]G5 agfPsf /x]5g\ DoflUbsf ;fx' ljgf]bn] g]kfnLnfO{
cf}krfl/s sfdsf nflu le;f kfOg] ePsfn] oxfF sfd ug{] dfG5] ;a} g]kfnaf6 cfPsf
5g\ . s's #, $, j]6/ cfkm} ;fx"x¿ tLg hgfsf] kf6{g/l;k u/]sf ljgf]bn]
:yfgLo sf]l/og dlxnf;Fu ljjfx u/]sfn] /]:6'/]G6 ;~rfng ug{, nfO;]G; lng ;lhnf]
eof] xf]nf . lelh6/ le;fdf cfP/ kl5 Jofkfl/s cg'dlt;lxtsf] le;f agfO{ a;]sf
5g\ oxfFsf kf6{g/x¿ .
a]n'sf sl/s ^ ah]
xfdL 5f]gfg, cf;fg ;gd'g ljZjljBfno k'Uof}F . xfdL # hgf sf/df ;f]nb]lv
5f]gfg k'Ug sl/a @ 3G6f nfUof] . ToxfF k'u]/ lkmnf];f]lk -bz{gzf:q_
k|fWofkssf] sIfdf k'Uof}F . pxfF xf/fªsf] lqmofsnfkaf/] ljBfyL{;Fu
&M#) ah] /flt;Dd sIffsf]7fdf 5nkmndf Jo:t x'g'x'GYof] . Psl5g xfdL
pxfFsf] clkm;df kVof}{+ . s]xLa]/d} pxfFn] xfdLnfO{ af]nfpg'eof] / lrghfg
u/fpg' eof] . pxfFsf % hgf ljBfyL{n] d;Fu w]/} k|Zg u/] . g]kfnL,
hLjg, 8]df]qm];L, c6f]gf]ld / zflGtsf] ljifodf nfdf] 5nkmn / lrghfg eof] .
To;kl5 u'? / ljBfyL{;Fu} l8g/ vfg uof}F . ToxfF n}+lus ;dfgtf lyof] !! ah]
/flt;Dd klg u'? / ljBfyL{;Fu} 5nkmn / vfgkfgdf lyP . l8g/ vfFbf klg ukm;km
eof] . /flt !! ah];Dd vfgf vfPkl5 g]kfndf Xjf/fª btf{ u/L sfd yfNg]
ljifodf uxg jftf{nfk eof] . To;kl5 lsd h'ª;fª …s] 6]S;Ú ;'k/ /]naf6 ;f]ntkm{
nfUg'eof] . xfdL k|fWofks cfjf;lt/
cfof}F, ;fdfg /fVof}F . cfwf 3G6f hlt SofDk; kl/;/df 3'Dof}F .
sl/a !@ aHof]] /flt ;'Tof}F . laxfg Ps hgf ljBfyL{n] ;f9] ;ft ah] dnfO{
vfhfvfg lng cfpg] eg]sf] lyof], pgL cfpFbf d e/v/ p7]/ :gfg ub{} lyPF .
dnfO{ tof/ x'g cfwf 3G6f hlt l9nf] eof] . cf7 ah] a|]skmf:6 vfg uof}F .
a|]skmf:6 vfPkl5 xfdL sf]7fdf cfO{ cf/fd u¥of}F . ljBfyL{ k9\g uP . k|fWofks
k9fpg uP . ;gd'g ljZjljBfnosf] SoflG6g, 5fqfjf;, kl/;/sf] ;/;kmfO pRr:t/sf]
5 . ;Fu} gofF cGt/f{li6«o 5fqfjf; lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] 5 . d of]
ljZjljBfnoleq k|ydk6s k|j]z u/]sf] jif{ ;g\ @))% eGbf clxn] @))( df y'k|}
kl/jt{g eO;s]sf] /x]5 . cfh lbpF;f] k|fWofks of]l;g rf]o;Fu ljz]if 5nkmn
ug{] sfo{qmd 5 .
;gd'g ljZjljBfnodf
jflif{s z'Ns &,)))$ 8n/ cG8/
Uo|fh'o]6 / (,))) 8n/ Uo|fh'o]6sf] 5 . ()$* hgf ljBfyL{ @$^ hgf k|fWofks
!)) hgf hlt sd{rf/L 5g\ . cfh b'O{ ah]/ !@ ldg]6df b]hfgf] eGg] 7fpFdf
k'u]F / j]s;g ldnfO{ e]6]F . e]6]kl5 Psl5g 3'Dg uof}F . 3'd3fd u/]kl5
ToxLFaf6 l8g/ vfg uof}F . %M#) ah]lt/ OG8f] /]:6'/]G6df l8g/ vfof}F .
To;kl5 ;'k/dfs{]6df k'Uof}F, ;fdfg lsGof}F . 8«fOlSngdf lbPsf] n'uf ;gld
j]sn] lnP/ cfOg\ . To;kl5 xfdLn] pxfFsf] 3/df cfO{ l6eL x]¥of}F / ukm;km
u¥of}F . /flt !! ah]lt/ d ;'Tg uPF . cfh kfgL k/]sfn] laxfgsf] vfgf
vfO{ Psl5g 6]lnlehg x]/]/ xfdL b]hf]gsf] /fli6«o ;]ldg/L lrxfg -;dflw:yn_ x]g{ uof}F .
ToxfF -b;}+df >f4_ u/]sf] x]¥of}F . km/s wd{ eP klg Pl;ofnLsf] ;+:s[lt
ldNbf] /x]5 . dL7f] vfgf agfP/ nfg] cyjf :6f]e nu]/ pt} ksfOjl/ lkt[nfO{
;DemL vfgf VjfPkl5, lkt[sf] k|;fb :j¿ksf] vfgf vfg] rng /x]5 . ToxfF Ps
hgf /fi6«kltsf] lrxfg klg /x]5, Head of the state …r] Uo'XjfÚ sf] ;]ldgl/ x]¥of}F .
;]gf, lghfdlt k'ln; / ;j{;fwf/0fsf lrxfgx¿ ;a} gSsnL t/ ;'Gb/ km"nx¿n]
;lhOPsf lyP . clxn] xfdL ufpFsf] af6f] -vfK;f_ eGg] ufpFdf k'Uof}F .
l;nfd -lt/s'nf]_ wfg, t/sf/L ;a} /fd|f kmln/x]sf 5g\ . oxfFaf6 xfdL Ujfªh'
eGg] 7fpF hfFb} 5f}F .
sf]l/ofdf h'g;'s}
wd{df ljZjf; u/] tfklg x/]s sf]l/ogn] dL7f]dL7f] vfgf ksfP/ NofO{ cfkm\gf
lbj+ut kl/hgx¿nfO{ k'iku'R5f r9fO{ vfgf lbO{ >f4 ug{] /x]5g\ . Tof] ;do
g]kfnLsf] b;}+tfsf kg{] /x]5 . Tof] kj{sf] gfd 5';s /fli6«o labfsf] ¿kdf
dgfpg] /x]5g\ .
xfdL clxn] ufK;f
eGg] 7fpFdf cfOk'Uof}F rªgfd k|f]leG;sf] g];n kfs{df cfOk'Uof}F . oxfF
3'Dbf;d]t yfxf kfOof] hfkfgn] sf]l/ofdfly a]nfa]nfdf cfqmd0f u/]sf] /x]5 .
cfh x]/]sf] dlGb/nfO{ klg hfkfgL ;]gfn] ;qf}F ztfAbLdf hnfP/ eid ePsf] /x]5 .
kl5 hf];g\ @# cf}F /fhfn] k'glg{df{0f u/]sf] / c7f/f}F ztfAbLdf km]l/ of]
7fpFdf ;f/]/ gjlgdf{0f u/]sf /x]5g\ . oxfF cjl:yt cldtfe a'4, zfSod'lg a'4
/ a'4sf d"lt{x¿ sf]l/og cg'xf/sf 5g\ . Ps k"0f{sbsf] 9'+ufsf]
a'4d"lt{ 5 . ls+jblGtcg';f/ k"jL{ Pl;ofsf] dxfdfl/sf] ¿kdf
km}lnPsf] /f]u lgsf] kf/]sfn] of] a'4d"lt{nfO{ k"hf ubf{ /f]u lgsf] x'g]
ljZjf; /x]5 .
To;kl5 xfdL ;kmf kfgLsf] tnfp -b]5ªcf]_ x]g{ uof}F, Tof] ;fFRr} ;kmf
/x]5 . jl/kl/sf kxf8df dfgj a:tL k|ltalGwt /x]5 / tfndf 8'+uf rnfpg;d]t
gkfOg] /x]5 . To;kl5 ^ ah]lt/ Totfaf6 kms{]/ xfdLn] OG8f] /]:6'/]G6df vfgf
vfof}F . Ps hgfsf] ;]6 vfgfsf] d"No ^),))) jg cyjf sl/a ^)$ /x]5 . vfgf dL7f] lyof], tGb'/L
lrsg, tGb'/L l;|+k -lemFu]df5f_ :6«j]/L n:;L, ldS; ;nfb, ;df];f, eft / ldS;
t/sf/L :jflbnf] nfUof] . vfgf vfPkl5 xfdL ld; j]ssf] 3/df cfof}F .
cfh lbgel/ sf]l/ofsf 8fF8fsfF8f, ufpF, ;x/ d]/f nflu 8«fleª u/]/ ld; j]sn]
7"nf] u'g nufpg'eof] . sf]l/ofsf ufpFsf 3/x¿ yf]qf eP/ tfnfaGbL eO;s]sf
klg b]Vof}F . gofF k':tf ;x/lt/ nfU5 /] a"9fa"9L d/]kl5 ufpFsf]
3/ a]jfl/;] ePsf] b]Vof}F . Pp6f 3/df PSn} a"9Lcfdf a:g] /lx5g\ .
pgsf ;Gtfgx¿ ;x/lt/} a:5g\ /] .
ljZjel/sf k'/fgf
ufpFsf] o:t} xfnt x'Fb} 5 . ;du|df cfhsf] b]hf]gsf] e|d0f, lemdlemd] kfgL
k/]sf] lbgdf Psbd ;'Gb/ /Xof] . cfgGb;Fu r];g6 tfTtftf] vfFb} kxf8df k}bn
ofqf u¥of}F . xfdLn] OG8f] /]:6'/]G6df vfgf vfof}F / /flt !) ah] ;'Tof}F .
r];g6 d}n] hLjgdf klxnf]k6s ;g\ !(*( df hd{gL / :jL6h/ n}08sf] ofqf ubf{ cS6f]a/sf]
hf8f]df vfPsf] lyP .
;]K6]Da/ @&
cfh laxfg} p7]F, g'xfOwf]O ubf{ %M#) aHof], To;kl5 cfh k|:yfg ug{] lbg ePsfn] ;fdfg t}of/ kf/F] . l6eL sf]7fdf a;]/ s]xL n]v]F .
lxhf]sf] /dfOnf] lbgsf] ;Demgf eof] . & ahf] a|]skmf:6 vfg yfNof}F .
ukm ub}{ a|]skmf:6 vfFbf ;jf cf7 aHof] . a|]skmf:6df dx / hfd;Fu kfp/f]6L,
bxL, ;nfb, c+u'/, s]/f, cf¿, -sf]l/og efiffdf vfd_ xn'jfa]b, lrof / cDn]6 vfof}F .
d]/f nflu eP/ kf]s{ / lakm gePsf] a|]s kmf::6 t}of/ ul/g\ a]sn] . Psl5g d}
pgsf] >Ldfg\n] sf/ lnP/ cfP / xfdL;Fu} /]nj] :6];glt/ nfUof}F . lsgeg]
pgsf] >Ldfg\sf] clkm; b]hf]gsf] ;'Gb/td cTofw'lgs / cUnf] dWosf] Ps clkm; ljlN8ª
sf]l/og /]nj]sf] clkm; :6];g;Fu} 5 . j]sn] cfkm\gf] clkm;df d cfh cln
l9nf] x'g] eP eGg] ;"rgf lbOg . :6];gdf k'u]kl5 pgsf >Ldfg\sf]
sf8{af6 d]/f nflu -;'k/kmf:6 /]n_ hfkfgsf] a'n]6 6«]g h:t} KTX sf] l6s6 a's ul/g\ / >Ldfg\nfO{
labf u¥of}F . pgL d;Fu d]/f] r9\g] /]nsf] l8Aaf;Dd ;Fu} cfP/ al;g\ .
cfh ! ah]/ %@ ldg]6df cf;fg 5f]gfg\ 6«]g :6];gaf6 s]6]S; /]ndf b]hf]gsf nflu
k|:yfg u/]F . b]hf]g / cf;fgsf] b"/L ^) lsld /x]5, s]6]S; b]hf]g
h'Ubf @ ah]/ !@ ldg]6 eO;s]sf] 5 . olb, g]kfndf klg olt 5f]6f] / olt l56f]
ofqf ug{ ;lsg] eP sf7df8f}+ x]6f+}8faf6 k]lgs sfd ug{ cfpghfg ;lsGYof] . To;}n]
b|'tdfu{ / ;'?ª dfu{sf] ;f]r cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 x]6f}8f hf]8\g . d}n] Sofd/fsf
nflu ;f]ndf @$()) jg df sl/a @% 8n/df d]df]/L sf8{ lsg]F . ;f]nsf] k'/fgf]
b/af/ glhs}sf] k;ndf To;sf nflu d}n] Ps ;o 8n/ ;f6]F . !)) 8n/sf] sf]l/og
jg a}+saf6 lnP/ d]df]/L sf8{ / Aof6«L lsg]F .
/]n cfpg] a]nf
eP5, s]l6PS; cfOk'Uof] . % gDa/ Kn]6kmfd{df d !# gDa/sf] l8Aaf jf r9]F .
7"nf] ;fdfg /fVg r9\g]lalQs} e¥ofª glhs b/fh h:tf] 7fpF x'g] /x]5 .
ToxfF j]sn] b]vfPkl5 d}n] ;fdfg /fv]F . d eg] 6f9f !@C gDa/sf] l;6df a:g uPF . ef/tsf]
/]ndf ofqf u/]sf] eP ;fdfg ufoa x'GYof] xf]nf . Psl5g /]ndf lgGb|f nfu]5 .
d r9]sf] bf]b]u' -k"jL{b]u'_ /]n t ( ah]/ !$ ldg]6df eGg] :6];gdf k'u]5 .
d}n] ;Fu} a;]sL sf]l/og sGofnfO{ ;f]w]F .
clg, t d ;'k/kmf:6 /]naf6 aflxl/g] a]nf eO;s]5 . aflx/ hfg]lalQs}
Psl5g ;'Gb/ k"mnn] ;hfPsf] /]nj] :6];gsf] kmf]6f] lvr]F . To;kl5 klAns
kmf]g sxfF 5 egL ;f]w]F . km]l/ ^ gDa/sf] :6];gsf] u]6leq uO{ 8f]ª ljgnfO{
kmf]g u/]F . p;sL cfdfn] d]/f nflu Ari ANA cl/cgf xf]6n a's u/]sL /lx5g\ . To;kl5 6\ofS;LnfO{
;f]w]F Pp6fn] d hfGg eGof] . kl5Nnf]n] -sl/a b'O{ 8n/_ d hfG5' eGof] .
;fdfg 6\ofS;Ldf /fv]/ ahf/lt/ nfu]F . 6\ofS;Ldf ld6/ 8fpg ubf{ @@)) jgaf6 ;'?
x'g] /x]5 . xf]6ndf k'Ubf ^ xhf/ & ;o ePsf] lyof] . d;Fu v'b|f
klg lyof] t}klg slt kf] lnG5 eg]/ d}n] !),))) sf] gf]6 lbPF . 6\ofS;L
8«fOe/n] dnfO{ $ xhf/ jg lkmtf{ u¥of] . 7Ug' xfd|f] ;+:s[lt xf]Og, 7Ug'
/fd|f] klg xf]Og . k/Gt' sf7df8f}+df ePsf] eP Tof] 6\ofS;L 8«fOa/n] s]
k};f lkmtf{ lbGYof] < dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . k]6«f]n kfOFb}g, 6f9f 5 cflb
axfgf u/L e/;s ;a} k};f /fVYof] . xf]Og eg] #))) eGbf s'g} xfntdf lkmtf{
ub{}gYof] xf]nf .
dnfO{ /dfOnf] /
;'/lIft nfUof] sf]l/ofsf] ofqf . /fx'n ;f+s[Tofogn] ofqf ub{}, efiff l;Sb}
#@ b]z 3'd]sf lyP . o;kfnL d klg sf]l/ofdf /x]sf cfkm\gf ;fyL;Fu a:b}, pgLx¿;Fu 3'Db} hg:t/sf] e|d0f ul//x]sf] 5' .
xf]6ndf k'u]kl5 a'lsª ePsf] yfxf kfPF . clg, l/;]K;gdf uO{ kmf/d e/]F .
cfkm\gf] gfd kf;kf]6{ gDa/ 7]ufgf, pd]/ cflb . kfFrf}F tNnfdf /x]sf] %))^
gDa/ sf]7fdf ;fdfg /fv]F . xftuf]8f 3f]PF / Psl5g cf/fd u/]/ ;'t]F .
p7]kl5 8fo/L n]Vg a;]F . sf]l/ofdf em/L k/]sf] ?Gr] lbg lxhf] cfh dfq}
d}n] dx;'; u/]F . x'g t d sf]l/ofdf ljleGgk6s rf/ dlxgfeGbf a9L al;;s]sf
5' . t/, o;kfnLsf] h:tf] o'/f]ksf] h:t} cfsfz gb]vL 3/L l;dl;d] 3/L cln
7"nf] kfgL k/]/ k"/f lbgg} afSs / lbSs nfUbf] eg] cfh} b]v]F .
sf]l/ofdf ;fj{hlgs oftfoft klg /fd|f] 5 . x/]s JolQm sf/df jf a;df hfg]
ePsfn] ;d:of 5}g . sf]7fdf P;L 5 . ;8sdf df]6/ 5 . ef]s nfu]vfgf
5 . sfdsf] ;d:of 5}g . work is worship sfd g} k"hf xf] eGg] ;+:s[lt ePsf]
d'n'sdf hLjg ;w}F k|ultkydf nflu /x]5 . 5';+8df]s gfd u/]sf] ;fgf] tfnsf]
jl/kl/ 3'Dbf dnfO{ nfUof] sf]l/ofdf ax'tn] ckf6{d]G6 agfP/ oxfFsf] jftfj/0f arfpg
sfd u/]sf 5g\ . ;fy} oxfF pknAw kfgLsf] ;|f]tn] dflg;nfO{ afFRg ;xh
agfPsf] 5 . jl/kl/ xl/of 8fF8fn] 9fs]sf] …r';sdf]sÚ tfnsf] kfgL /fgL kf]v/L
h:tf] kmf]xf]/ geO{ ;kmf kfgL 5 . rf/}lt/ k}bn ofqLsf nflu af6f] agfOPsf]
5 . s]xL xfF;sf] cfs[ltsf] 8'+ufdf ;d]t t}/b} 5g\ . k"j{ / pQ/df
7"n7"nf ckf6{d]G6 5g\ . blIf0flt/ ;'Gb/ xl/of] lxn 5 .
klZrdkl§ klg cfjf;, ejg lgdf{0f x'Fb} 5g\ . Ps lau|]sf] xjfO{hxfhnfO{ /]:6'/]G6df
kl/0ft u/L /flvPsf] 5 . jl/kl/ /dfOnf kxf8sf] aLrdf b]lvg] b]u' pkTosf
dnfO{ Psbd /dfOnf] nfUof] . dw'/ ;+uLtsf] w"g tfnsf] jl/kl/ /x]sf
vDafdf aHb} 5g\ . Ps hgf k|fljlws cfP/ cfk\mgf] Nofa6k sDKo'6/;Fu hf]8\b}
;a} vDafdf /x]sf Do'lhs l;:6dnfO{ b'?:t kf¥of] . ;fob Tof] dxfgu/kflnsfsf]
sd{rf/L xf]nf .
dnfO{ a:gsf nflu
/dfOnf] x'G5 xf]nf eg]/ xf]nf 8fS6/sL >LdtLn] ;x/aflx/ k|s[ltsf] sfvdf xf]6nsf]
Joj:yf ul/5g\ . of] 7fpFsf] gfd -;';ªdt_ tfnsf] glhs} af6f]df Ps ;fgf]
s's'/n] lb;f u¥of] . p;sL dflnsgLn] lb;f p7fOg / pgsf] >Ldfg\n] s's'/sf]
lb;f af]s]/ nUof] . s's'/nfO{ d'v / rfs k'5\g klg l6:o'k]k/ /x]5 .
;a} ;kmf u¥of] clg kf] ;Fu} /fV5g\ xf]nf ;–;fgf ;'Gb/ s's'/nfO{ .
b]u'sf] xf]6ndf laxfg
lgGb|f v'n] klg sfd gePsfn] 6]lnlehgdf Discorevy Channal x]/]/ klN6 /x]F . lj:tf/} p7]/
b"w / s]xL lkg6 vfP/ cf}iflw vfPF . km]l/ kN6]F, cf7 ah]kl5 g'xfOwf]O
u/]F . ( ah]kl5 a|]skmf:6 vfg tn /]:6'/]G6df uPF . ToxfF cd]l/sg
a|]skmf:6 vfPF . a|]s kmf:6sf] !#,))) jg cyjf !# 8n/ nfUof] .
a|]skmf:6 vfPkl5 sf]7fdf cfO{ b}lgsL n]Vg yfn]F . cfh a]n'sflt/ 8ªljg
cfpF5 xf]nf . To;kl5 p;Fu 3'Dg] / a]n'sf p;sf a'afcfdf;Fu l8g/ vfg]
sfo{qmd 5 .
cfh klg hfkfgL
pklgj]z ePsf] a]nfdf hfkgLåf/f lgdf{0f ul/Psf] kf]v/L jl/kl/ ;do latfpFb} 5' .
;dosf] kl/jt{g / b]z ljsf; ug{] qmddf b]u' dxfgu/kflnsfn] of] tfndf yk ;'ljwf,
cfsif{0f yk]5 . k|s[ltsf] sfvdf s[ltdtfn] ;'Gb/td agfPsf] kf]v/Lsf]
;'Gb/tfnfO{ km]jf tfn / j]ugf; tfn;Fu dgdg} bfhF] . dnfO{ nfUof] g]kfndf
ePsf] eP ;a}eGbf klxn] tfgfzfxL ljb]zLn]
agfPsf] tfn egL eTsfpg] sfd x'GYof] . cyjf kfls:tfgsf lxGb"
dlGb/ kl/;/nfO{ d'l:ndn] jl/kl/ kmf]xf]/ u/] h:t} rf/}lt/, kmf]xf]/ x'GYof] .
s'g} klg d'n'sdf ljsf; Ps /ftsf] pkh x'Fb}g . ljsf;sf nflu PsPs OF6 yKb}
hfg'k5{ . To;}n] t sf]l/ofsf] ld/fsn¿kL cfly{s ljsf;;Fu} ;x/L afl;Gbfsf
nflu rf}la;} 3G6f lj>fd:yn pknAw u/fPsf] 5 dxfgu/n] Tolt dfq} xf]Og dgf]/~hgfTds,
cfgGbbfoL ;'Gb/td tnfpsf] ¿kdf l;Fuf/k6f/ u/L gjb'nxLe}Fm ;hfPsf 5g\ . ;'ljwf ;DkGg rkL{, ljljw pd]/sf] v]Ng] 7fpF .
rf/}lt/ 3'Dg rf}8f af6f] . hlxn] klg ;/;kmfOdf tNnLg /fi6«;]js .
tnfpsf] dWoefudf cjl:yt nfO6 PG8 ;fpG8;lxtsf] kfgLsf] rdTsf/ ePsf] kmfpG6]g .
/fhx+;sf] gd'gfsf 8+'ufx¿ . kmf§km'§ hf]8f hf]8Ln] k}bn af]l6ª u/]sf] .
d]/f] cg'ejdf cfheGbf ;QfO{; jif{cl3 blIf0f ef/tsf] d};'/ ;x/df cjl:yt s[i0f
/fhf;u/ 8ofdsf] blIf0f efudf cjl:yt j[Gbfjg uf8{]gsf] kmfpG6]g 8fG; ;'Gb/ /
/dfOnf] nfu]sf] lyof] . Tof]eGbf klg w]/} u'gf ;'Gb/ / cfw'lgstf;fy
lgdf{0f u/]sf] b]u'sf] ;'Gb/tf ;fFRr} dgdf]xs lyof] . sf]l/ofsf] /fhwfgL ;x/
;f]nsf] d'6'df /x]sf] xfªsfª gbLdf ljZjsk km'6antfsf agfPsf] kmfpG6]geGbf klg
;'Gb/ of] tfndf lgld{t k|s[ltdfly s[ltdtfsf], cg'kd ;+of]u g} dfGg'k5{ .
o;n] tfnsf] ;'Gb/tf dfq yk]sf] 5}g, clkt' sf]l/og cfls{6]Sr/ / On]S6«f]lgs
lzNksf}znsf] ljsf; / ;DkGgtfnfO{ ;d]t emNsfPsf] 5 . ;Eo gful/s ljljw pd]sf
o; tfnjl/kl/ ;fOsn rnfpg ;S5g\ . k}bnofqf ug{ ;S5g\ . lsgf/df agfPsf
d]rdf cf/fd u/L a:g ;S5g\ . k|ft / ;fFem sfdaf6 km';{b kfPsf avt tfnjl/kl/
sl/a b'O{, tLg lsnf] ld6/sf] k}bnofqf ug{] /x]5g\ . rf}aL;} 3G6f hgtfsf]
;]jfdf /x]sf] tfnsf] kfgL ;x/sf] kfgLnfO{ l6«6d]G6 u/]/ klg /fv]sf] /x]5 .
s]xL kxf8af6 d"nsf] kfgL klg ld;fOPsf] /x]5 . ;fob of] tfn agfpg] a]nfdf
k|fs[lts vf]nfsf] kfgLnfO{ afFw h:tf] agfP/ agfOPsf] lyof] xf]nf .
kl5 kfgLsf] sdL
eP/ ;x/sf] kfgLnfO{ ;d]t l6«6d]G6 u/L ld;fPsf] x'g ;S5 . jl/kl/sf] xl/ofnL
cfFvfsf nflu slt /fd|f] ePsf] 5 . 7"n7"nf xfF;x¿sf hf]8fhf]8L
otfptf lxFl8/xsf, k/]jfx¿ af6f]df lgw{Ss cfkm\g} lsl;dn] lxF8]sf] b[Zon] ;dfhdf
Ps ju{n] csf{] ju{nfO{ b'Mv glbg] cfef; eof] .
a]n'sf nfO6 PG8
;fpG8;Fu} aLr tfndf af3 bu'/]sf], dfG5]n] df5f NofPsf], a]n] gfr]sf] / vfgf
kfPsf] ;a} hfb' h:t} nfO6sf] /+lugtfsf] sdfn of] tfnsf] ljz]iftf g} /x]5 .
d lxhf]b]lv al;/x]sf] xf]6nsf] gfd cl/ofgf xf]6n xf] . Ps /ft ;'t]sf]
!,#),))) sf]l/og jg / !#) cd]l/sL 8n/nfUbf] /x]5 . a|]s kmf:6 !# 8n/ Pp6f
skmL & 8n/, nGr / l8g/ !& b]lv $) 8n/;Dd nfUg] /x]5 . cNsf]xn
vfPdf c¿ yk kbf{] xf]nf . 7fpFrflxF kf]v/fsf] km"naf/L l/;f]6{
Pl/ofeGbf sd 5}g . labf dgfpg of]eGbf pQd 7fpF s] x'g ;S5 . a]n'sf sl/a
^ ah] 8f]ªljg d a;]sf] xf]6ndf cfOk'Uof] . clg, xfdL ;Fu} l8g/ vfg uof}F .
/]:6'/]G6df sf]l/og /fhfn] vfg] lsl;dsf] k/Dk/fut sf]l/og vfgf vfof}F .
sf]l/ogx¿ u0ftflGqs ePsf] ! ;o jif{ gf3] tfklg /fhlif{ 7fF6 dgk/fpg] /x]5g\ .
xfd|f sfd|]8 / sf+u|];n] e'hf Ho'gf/ u/]h:t} . d}n] p;sf] a'afnfO{ ;'Gb/
a'4d"lt{ / kl:dgf pkxf/ lbPF . To;kl5 d / 8f]ª ljg b]u' 8fpg 6fpg 3'Dg uof}F . ToxfF 3'd]kl5
csf{] lbg a';fg hfg] lgwf] u¥of}F . b]u' 8fpg 6fpg ahf/af6 6\ofS;Ldf xf]6n
kms{]kl5 d kfs{ / tfnlt/ 3'Dg uPF . /flt ;f9] !! ah] ;'Tg] t}of/L ubf{
a';fgdf l;4nfO{ kmf]g u/]F . l;4/fh hf]zL aemfËaf6 sf]l/ofdf cfP/ sfd
ul//x]sf] efO{ x'g\ .
cfh laxfg l5§} p7]F .
g'xfOwf]O u/]/ 6]lnlehg x]g{ yfn]F . ;f9] & ah] a|]skmf:6 vfg uPF .
!# xhf/ jgdf cd]l/sL a|]skmf:6 vfPF . ( ah]lt/ a';fg hfg] sfo{qmd ePsfn]
t}of/ eP/ a;]F .
( ah]lt/ 8f]ª ljgsf]
kmf]g cfof] / d emf]nf af]s]/ tn em/]F . xfdL 8f]b]u' eGg] /]n :6];g;Dd
6\ofS;Ldf uof}F . ToxfF k'u]kl5 PSs}l5g kv{]sf lyof}F /]n cfOk'Uof] .
clg, xfdL /]ndf a:of}F / k';fglt/ nfUof}F . af6f]df Sof]+h' pT;fg kg{]
/x]5 . d}n] sf]l/ofsf u|fdL0f If]qsf] kmf]6f] lvrF] . 8f]ªljg /]ndf
;'Tof] . sl/a kf}g] # 3G6fdf xfdL r9]sf] /]n x'Gb] :6];g a';fgdf k'Uof] .
ToxfFaf6 lxF8]/ xfdL ;d'Gb|L lsgf/f vf]Hb} lxF8of}F . kf}g] ! ah] Xo'Gb] lardf
k'Uof}F . of] 7fpF d klxn] klg tLgk6s k'lu;s]sf] lyPF . t}klg, x]g{
dg nfUof] . d klxn] sf]l/og ;/sf/sf] lgdGq0ffdf cfpFbf a;]sf] j]:6g hf];g
lar xf]6n / u|fOG8 xf]6nlt/sf] b[ZonfO{ Sofd/fdf s}b u/]F . To;kl5 h'Qf
km'sfn]/ ;d'Gb|L lsgf/df k}bn lx+8]F sf]l/of
hfg'sf] dHhf blIf0f ;d'Gb|df 5fnsf] cfgGb lng' klg Ps xf] . ef]s
nfu]sfn] Pp6f /]:6'/]G6df vfgf vfg uof}F . hfkfgL ;'l; xf]nf sfFrf] df5f /
z+v]sL/f, cS6f]k;, df5f / c¿ s]s] vfof}F yfxf 5}g . k};f ltg{] a]nf aNn
yfxf eof] b'O{ hgfn] vfPsf] !^% 8n/ k'u]5 . olt dxFuf] sNkgf ug{ klg
g;lsg] . uf]hLsf] k};f ;dfKt ePsfn] 8f]ª ljgn] cfkm\gf] qm]l86 sf8{;d]t
lbO{ k};f lt¥of] . dnfO{ vfgdf dHhf gcfP tfklg /fd|f] 5, dL7f] 5 eg]F .
vfgf vfO;s]kl5 km]l/ ;d'Gb|L lsgf/df 3'Dg uof}F . Psl5g 5fn cfPsf] x]/]/
a:ofF} / kmf]6f] lvRof}F . # ah]kl5 x'Gb] /]n :6];g ;f]Wb} lx+8\b} cfof}F
/ xfdLn] klxn] lsg]sf] l6s6 csf{] :6];gsf] ePsfn] /]nsf] l6s6 SoflG;n u¥of}F /
gofF l6s6 lnof}F . lsgeg], lxhf] of] :6];gaf6 l6s6 lyPg, cfh s;}n] SoflG;n
u/]5 / xfdLn] l6s6 kfpg] eof}F . lxhf] sf6]sf] l6s6 csf{] :6];gaf6sf] lyof]
ToxfF k'Ug km]l/ ;aj]df hfg'kYof{] / sl/a $)÷$% ldg]6 nfU5 csf{] /]ndf .
dnfO{ 3'dfpg] efO 8f]ª ljgnfO{ Tof] bf]xf]/f] rSs/eGbf a9L k};f k/] klg ot}af6
l6s6 sf6\g dg nfUof] . o; qmddf k};f t kSs} 3f6f nfUof] . t/,
bf]xf]/f] /]n r9\g' k/]g Joj:yf ;lhnf] eof] . ca ;jf $ ah]lt/ /]n cfpF5 /]
eg]/ xfdL Kn]6kmfd{sf] k|tLIffnodf klv{/x]sf 5f}F . /]naf6 b]u' kms{]kl5
xf]6ndf emf]nf /fvL d kfs{lt/ 3'Dg uPF . af6f]df Ps hgf ^@ jif{sf sf]l/og dfG5] e]6]F . Psl5g 6'6] km'6]sf]
c+u|]hL / sf]l/ogdf ukm;km u¥of}F . To;kl5 pgsf] 3/df uof}F .
d a;]sf] xf]6n glhs} /x]sf] pgsf] 3/ . pxfFsf] 3/df %* jifL{o >LdtL /
>Ldfg\ dfq /x]5g\ . 5f]/f sf]l/og cfdL{df 5 /] 5f]/L ;f]ndf l8hfOg/ sfd
u5{ /] . pgsf] 3/df kmn]sf] cgf/ / ahf/af6 NofPsf] cf¿, :ofp, ;'sfPsf]
xn'jfa]b, /fO;s]s / skmL vfPF . pgnfO{ g]kfn cfPdf d]/f] 3/df cfpg'xf]nf
egL lgDtf] lbPF .
pgsL >LdtL
k|fOd/L :s'nsf] lzlIfsf /lx5g\ . >Ldfg\ sf]l/og oftfoft dGqfnodf sfd
u/]/ e/v/ l/6fo8{ ePsf /x]5g\ . cfwf klg ga'‰g] efiffdf ukm;km u¥of}F .
Ps cS6f]a/ laxfg g'xfOwf]O, ;fdfg Koflsª u/]F . /]:6'/]G6df uP/ cd]l/sg
a|]skmf:6 vfPF / 6]lnlehg x]/]F clg kmf]g u/]F . OG6/g]6df s]xL d]n k7fPF
/ cf/fd u/]/ a;]sf] 5' . cfh !! ah] xf]6naf6 r]s cfp6 u/L 8f]ªljgsf]
a'afsf] c:ktfndf hfg] sfo{qmd 5 . To;kl5 vfgf vfO{ kf}g] # ah]lt/ ;f]n
hfg] sfo{qmd 5 . b]u'b]lv ;f]n;Dd hfFbf s] 6]S;df hfg] ePsfn] # 3G6f klg
nfUb}g xf]nf . ;f]ndf uP/ sxfF a:g] clxn] kSsf 5}g ;fob klxn] a;]s} 3/df
a:g ;S5' ls ToxfF Jo:t ePdf cGoq a:g'k5{ clxn] yfxf 5}g . sf/0f
cfhef]ln sf]l/ofsf] 7"nf] kfl/jfl/s kj{ 5';ssf] a]nf /x]5 . lbpF;f] !
ah] ;fDu]yfgdf, lhG;]ª / eft e/]sf] l;Fuf] s'v'/fsf] kl/sf/ vfof}F .
8fS6/sf] kl/jf/ / d}n] . To;kl5 pgLx¿n] d]/f] :jf:Yo df]6fO, af];f] /
dfgl;stfsf] hfFr u/]sf] l/kf]6{ ;'gfP . ;f]r, ljrf/ / -dfgl;s tgfj_ 5}g .
Psbd /fd|f] 5 -No stress_ ( lsnf] tf}n a9L
5 . d;ndf @ lsnf] c¿ tf}n rflxG5 . Tof] a9fpg Jofofd / v]ns'b cyjf
bf}8, lx+8fO ug{' hflt x'G5 eg]/ 8fS6/n] ;Nnfx lbP . b'O{ lsnf] af];f]
36fpg'k5{ To;}n] PS;/;fOh ug{' /fd|f] 5 eg] 8fS6/n] . To;kl5 dnfO{ pkxf/
lbP / 8fS6/ cfkm\gf] c:ktfnlt/ nfu] . pgsL >LdtLn] sf/ 8«fOe ul/g\ /
8f]ª ljg / d /]n s]6]S;;Dd ;Fu} uof}F . dnfO{ /]n r9fPkl5 8f]ª ljg 3/
kmSof{] . b]u'b]lv ;f]n;Dd k'Ug @ 3G6f klg nfu]g 6]«gsf] l:k8 @(*
lsnf]ld6/ k|lt3G6f /x]5 . ;f]ndf k'u]/ s]xL kmf]6f] lvr]F clg …hf+u;gÚ
nfO{ kmf]g u/]F . pxfFn] dnfO{ cfwf kf}g] 3G6f ToxL kv{g eGg'eof] .
d}n] To;aLr tLg÷ rf/ g]kfnL / sf]l/og ;fyLnfO{ kmf]g u/]F . t/, a:g]
Joj:yf x'g ufx|f] eof] . To;} a]nf hf+u;g a;af6 ;f]n :6];g cfOk'Ug'eof] .
To;kl5 xfdL ! gDa/sf]
d]6«f] ;aj]df b'uf{ /]:6'/]G6lt/ nfUof}F . ToxfF k'u]/ ;'6s]; yGSofO{
kNnf] 3/df ;fOj/ Sofkm]df uof}F / OG6/g]6df a:gsf nflu xf]6n vf]Hof}F .
u]:6 xfp; ls xf]6n, ;f]nsf] UjfFxfd'g If]q -k'/fgf] /fhb/af/_ df ;fgf] k'/fgf]
3/df OG6/g];gn u]:6xfp; kfPkl5 ;'Tg] ;d:of ePg . /flt *–( ah] b'uf{ /]:6'/]G6df
vfgf vfof}F / Psl5g 3'd3fd u/L !@ ah]lt/ d ;'TguPF . ef]ln b'O{ 7fpFdf
g]kfnLsf] ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd 5 /] . kl;{ ;'b"/klZrdsf g]kfnLsf]
;fwf/0f;ef 5 eGg] ;'g]5' .
! tfl/s k|ft &
ah] p7]F lgTolqmof ;s]/ skmL, kfp/f]6L dSvg / hfd vfPF . To;kl5 b'uf{ /]:6'/]G6lt/
uPF . t/, b'uf{sf] 9f]sf k"/f vf]n]sf lyPgg\ To;sf/0f Psl5g ;8sdf
3'd]/ Ps cUnf] 3/sf] ;Fu} /x]sf d]rdf a;]/ ;fgf] ;f]nsf] ;Demgf n]Vb} b"w
vfFb} 5' . clxn] ;f9] ( alh;Sof] . P3f/ ah] sf]l/og ;fyL hfg;ª cfpF5
/ d]/f] ;'6s]; h'g;fªusf] clkm;df /fVg hfG5f}F . To;kl5 xfdL k|f]km];/
rf]o, sf]l/of] ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks;Fu lbjfef]u -nGr_ vfg] sfo{qmd 5 .
lbpF;f]sf] !@ ahf] clxn] b'uf{ /]:6'/]G6df a;]/ lrof vfPF . sf]l/og
k|f]km];/nfO{ lbgsf] nflu Ps Kofs]6 g]kfnL lrof / Pp6f g]kfnL sfuhsf] 8fo/L
emf]nfdf /fv]F . s]xL ;fdfg xft]emf]nfaf6 ;'6s];df /fv]F . clg, !!
ah] hfg;ª cfpGh]n;Dd klv+{b} 5' . ef]lnsf] g]kfnL sfo{qmdaf/] lj:t[t
hfgsf/L lng] ljrf/ 5 . cfh tfdfªx¿sf] sfo{qmd 5 /] To;df klg ;s];Dd hfg]
ljrf/ 5 . sf]l/ofdf cfP/ klg g]kfnLsf] hftLotfn] ;+3Lotf;Fu} /fv]sf] dnfO{
/fd|f] nfu]g . /fHo lgdf{0fdf eflifs / hftLo cfwf/ dfcf]jfbLn] /fd|} /f]k]
h:tf] nfUof] .
cfh !@ ah] H.S. Choi k|f]km];/ sf]l/of
ljZjljBfnosf] k|fWofksn] nGr Vjfpg'eof] . UjfFxfd'gsf] u+uf /]:6'/]G6df d
/ d]/f] sf]l/og ;fyLnfO{ . Ps hgfsf] vfgfsf] ;Q/L 8n/ k¥of] lgs} dxFuf]
/x]5 t/ vfgf dL7f] lyof] . xfdLn] ToxfF b'O{ 3G6fhlt ukm u¥of}F . pxfF
ev{/} ;fpbL c/asf] /fh s'df/sf] gfddf lgld{t gofF cAb'Nnf, cAb'Nnf k|fljlws
ljZjljBfnosf] ;d'b\3f6gdf ;xefuL eP/ kms{g'ePsf] /x]5 . @@ c/a 8n/ vr{
u/]/ agfPsf] gofF ljZj ljBfnosf] ;d'b\3f6gdf !@ b]zsf /fi6«fWoIf Ps hgf gf]a]n
k'/:sf/ ljh]tf / ljZjel/sf y'k|} ljZj ljBfnosf k|ltlglw / k|fWofks af]nfOPsf
lyP /] . ;a} ;fpbL ;/sf/sf] vr{df Tof] pb\3f6g lgs} eJo lyof] /] . o;
lsl;dn] a'l4sf] ljsfz t x'G5 ls x'Gg k/gt' 7"n} vr{df Ps gofF ljZj ljBfno
d'l:nd /fHodf lgdf{0f eof] eGg'eof] .
lbjf ef]hsf] a]nf
xfd|f] lgs} jftf{nfk, 5nkmn / ljrf/ cfbgk|bfg eof] . pxfFn] of] jif{ lbuf]ljsf;
/ ljZj pi0fLs/0f ljifodf ljleGg ljZj ljBfnosf pks'nklt tyf ;/sf/sf k|ltlglwnfO{
;Fu} /fv]/ ef]lnsf] ljZjaf/] Ps a[xt\ uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf ug{ nfUg'ePsf] /x]5 .
g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;'/]z/fh zdf{nfO{ af]nfOPsf] 5 /] .
To; a]nf sf]l/og ljsf; r'gf}tL g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;Defjgf ljifodf s'/f u¥of}+ .
lqljaf/] ;d]t ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg u¥of}F . xfd|f pks'nklt dfwj zdf{;Fu s'/f
ug{]af/] klg s'/f] eof] . pxfFn] dnfO{ lkPr8L ug{] ljrf/ eP xfdL 5fqj[lQ
lbG5fF} klg eGg'eof] . sf]l/og Pc/nfO{ ljZjsf] ! gDa/ Po/
nfOg / bf];|f] gDa/sf] sfuf{]Kn]g xf] eGg'eof] . ukmug{] qmddf pxfFn]
eGg'eof] a'‰g'ef]Ú dnfO{ s]xL yfxf lyPg d}n] klg g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg;efdf ##Ü
dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] s'/f u/]F . To;f]eGbf s'g} klg Pl;ofnL d'n'ssf]
Joj:yflksf jf ;+ljwfg;efdf /x]sf] 7"nf] dlxnf pkl:ylt g]kfnsf] /fd|f]
/s]8{ b]lvof] . g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf] ;Defjgfaf/] klg s'/f eof] . d}n]
^)! hgf dWo !(& dlxnf 5g eGbf d]/f] gfs 7"n} eof] .
vfgf vfPkl5 pkxf/
cfbfgk|bfg eof] . To;kl5 d sf]l/ofdf g]kfnLx¿åf/f cfof]hgf ePsf] sfo{qmd
x]g{ 6\ofS;Ldf uPF . sfo{qmd /fd|f] lyof] sl/a Ps xhf/ hgfsf] pkl:ylt
lyof] . tfdfª ;dfhn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmddf c~h' kGtsf] uLt
w]/} /fd|f] lyof] . lgdf ¿Daf cGo snfsf/sf] k|:t'lt klg /fd|f] lyof] .
/fO{x¿sf] sfo{qmd cs{} 7fpFdf 5 /] g]kfnaflx/ klg hft eft / ljrf/ wf/fsf]
g]kfnL ljefhg oyfjt\ 5 . ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd x]/]kl5 bªb]d'gdf l8g/ vfO{ 3/
kms{+] . u]:6 xfp;df hfkfgLx¿;Fu lgSs}a]/ ukm u/L 8fo/L n]Vg a;]F .
cfhsf] lbg ;du|df /dfOnf] g} /Xof] .
;]K6]Da/ % k|ft
p7]/ g'xfOwf]O u/L Kofn]; len]hdf uPF . ToxfF h'g;fªsf] clkm;df n'ufkm]/]
/ (M#) ah] OG6/g];gn l8nS6 6\ofS;Ldf of]+lugl:yt sfªgfd ljZjljBfnolt/ nfu]F .
df};d /fd|f] ePsfn] af6f]df kmf]6f] lvRb} uPF . PsrfnL; lsnf] ld6/sf]
af6f] hfFbf cfpFbf / nGrsf] a]nfdf kv{g];d]t u/]/ @,!),))) -b'O{ nfv bz xhf/_
sf]l/og jg cyjf @ ;o !) 8n/ 6\ofS;L ef8f nfUof] . dnfO{ ToxfF e]6\g],
3'Dg] / k|]l;8]G6 ;gOn l;g;Fu s'/f ug{] ;do !! ah]b]lv # ah];Ddsf] /flvPsf]
lyof] . xfdL !% ldg]6cl3 g} k'u]sfn] 6\ofS;Lsf] 8«fOe/n] ;do latfpg skmL
vfg';\ eGof] . xfdLn] Ps k;ndf skL vfof}F / kmf]g u¥of}F . t}klg,
ljZjljBfnodf kfFr ldg]6cl3 g} k'Uof}F . ToxfF bf]ef;]sf] sfd ug{ ;f/f kfs{
a;]sL lyOg . b'O{ hgf k'?if k|fWofks b'O{ hgf dlxnfn] :jfut u/] .
sfªgfdsf] af/]df lel8of] k|bz{g ug{] sf]7fdf nu] . ;j{k|yd ToxfF xfdLn]
cf–cfkm\gf] kl/ro lbof}F . To;kl5 Ps 3G6fhlt sfªgfd ljZjljBfnoaf/] lel8of]
b]vfOof] . d}n] klg cd]l/sL ljBfyL{ / k|fWofksx¿n] lxdfnoaf/] cWoog ug{
cGgk"0f{ a]; SofDk;Ddsf] 6«]lsª -kbofqsf]_ l8le8L b]vfPF . ;fob
g]kfnL 6«]lsªsf] lel8of] k|bz{g dg k/]/ xf]nf ;a} hgfn] pT;'stfk"j{s x/] .
/fd|} eof], To;kl5 ljZjljBfno e|d0f u/L lbjfef]h vfg ToxL l8nS; 6\ofS;Ldf Ps
;fgf] ;x/sf] /fd|f] /]:6'/]G6df uof}F . vfgf vfPkl5 lk|l;8]G6sf] sf]7fdf uof}F .
sl/a kf}g] 3G6f bf]ef;]dfkm{t b'j} ljZjljBfnoaf/] s'/fsfgL eof] . efjL
sfo{qmdaf/] / d]/f] sf]l/of e|d0faf/] klg pks'nkltn] ;f]Wg'eof] . sfªgfd /
lqljsf] bz jif{] ;DaGwnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] / efiff cyjf l/on :6]6af/] gofF
;DaGw lj:tf/ ug{]af/] s'/f eof] . lqljsf pks'nklt dfwj zdf{;Fu s'/f
ug{'kg{] ljifodf klg jftf{nfk eof] . d a}+ss hfg] ePsfn] a}+ssdf /fhb't
gjLg ;/;Fu e]6]/ dL7f] ;Demgf elglbg eGg'eof] . clg, sf]l/of cfpg] sfo{qmd
eP xfdLsxfF kfNg'xf]nf eGg] va/ ul/lbg' eg]/ lk|l;8]G6n] dnfO{ eGg'eof] .
To;kl5 ;fd"lxs kmf]6f] lvr]/ pkxf/ cfbfgk|bfg ub{} d labf ePF . l8nS;
6\ofS;Ldf UjfFxfd'g cfPF . UjfFxfd'g cfO{ d]/f] emf]nf h'g;fªsf] clkm;df
/fv]/ ahf/lt/ nfu]F . hf]ªufs eGg] ;a:6];gdf hfg;ªnfO{ e]6L ;aj] /
6\ofS;Ldf u/L xfdL l8kf6{d]G6 :6f]/df 3'Dof}F . clg, ToxfF Ps ;fgf] Nofk6k
-gf]6a's_ sDKo'6/ $%) 8n/df lsGof}F . a]n'sf & ah] g} l8g/ vfO{ 3/lt/
kms{+bf Do'lhod glhs ;fªld;Fu e]6 eof] . Psl5gdf h+uuGxf] efO cfOk'Uof] .
Psl5g xfdL;Fu} slkm;kdf skmL vfof}F / enfs';f/L eof] . ;jf ( ah] xfdL
5'l§of}F . d d]/f] a:g] 3/df cfPF pgLx¿ cfkm\gf] 3/ uPF . 3/df cfP/
;fdfg Kofs u/]F . 8fo/L n]vL ;f9] P3f/ ah] ;'Tg] t/v/ ub{} 5' .
sfªgfddf @@) hgf k|fWofks &))) hlt ljBfyL{ 5g\ . Ps jif{sf] z'Ns :gfts
txdf k9\bf jflif{s ())) 8n/ nfUg] /x]5 .
^ tfl/v cS6f]a/ Ps
ah]lt/ a}+ss k'u]kl5 cWofudg / eG;f/ hfFr ug{ sl/a Ps 3G6f nfUof] . To;kl5
d kx]Fnf] 6\ofS;Ldf ;'j0f{e"ld ljdfg:ynaf6 g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf;lt/ nfu]F .
Po/kf]6{df g} 6\ofS;L lnFbf gDa/sf] kfnf]af6
hfg] 6\ofS;Ldf #) ef6 yk ld6/eGbf a9L lng] /x]5 . klxn]sf] eGbf
xfnsf] Po/kf]6{ g]kfnL b"tfj;af6 glhs /x]5 . ld6/df !*& ef6 cfP klg
l6K; lbg';\ eg]/ clg #) ef6 Po/kf]6{df ltg{'k5{ eg]/ yk dfUof] . dnfO{ klg
Tolt crfSnL nfu]g To;sf/0f @%) ef6 lt/]F . u]6 glhs 6\ofS;Laf6 cf]n{]kl5
g]kfnL b"tfjf;leq k;]F . u]6sf] rf}lsbf/n] dnfO{ s]xL g;f]lw d]/f] Aofu
af]Sof] / xfdL sDkfpG8leq dfq l5/]sf lyof}F,
d]/f] cufl8 Dof8d b]lvg'eof] . dnfO{ Psbd /dfOnf] nfUof] . d
leq sf]7fdf a;]kl5 6]lnkmf]g cfof] . g]kfnL /fhb"t gjLg k|sfzh+u zfx
;/n] cf/fd ug{' clkm;sf] sfd ;s]/ d ToxLF cfpF5' eGg'eof] . d}n] kfFr ah];Dd
sf]7fdf lrof vfO{ cf/fd u/]F . Dof8d;Fu s'/fsfgL eof] clg ;/ klg cfO{
k'Ug'eof] . Psl5g e]63f6 ukm;km u¥of}F . d]/f] k|sfz hË zfx a;fOsf]
;doaf/] s'/f ePkl5 d 3'Dg uPF . /flt (–!) ah]lt/ vfgf vfof}F / sl/a !! ah]lt/
d cltly ;bgdf ;'t]F .
^ cS6f]a/ sf]l/og
OG6/ g];gn l8nS; 6\ofS;L 8«fOe/n] @))( ;]K6]Da/ % sf lbg sfªgfd ljZjljBfno hfg]
a]nf af6f]df eGof] . a'‰g'eof], w]/} sf]l/og dfG5] cGo Pl;og a+unfb]zL,
yfO{, lkmlnlkgf], g]kfnL, kfls:tfgLnfO{ oxfF b]v]/ l/; u5{g\ . logLx¿ cfP/
xfd|f] /f]huf/L sd eof] eG5g\ . h'g s'/f 7Ls xf]Og . cfhef]ln pgLx¿sf]
>d gx'g] xf] eg] xfd|f] y'k|} sfd /f]lsG5 . Tolt dfq sxfF xf] / ;g\ ^)
sf] bzsdf zf/Ll/s >d ug{ hd{g, hfkfg, o'/f]k, cd]l/sfdf sfd / k};fsf] vf]hLdf
hfGYof}F . sf]l/ogx¿ cfhef]ln klg cfkm\gf] ckf6{d]G6 agfpg] ;Lk /
dWok"j{sf] w]/} sdfO b]v]/, ;fpbL c/a, b'aO{, stf/, Od/]6nufot y'k|}
d'n'sdf sfd u5{g\ . k]6«f]naf6 wgL ePsf d'n'sdf cfsfz 5'g] dxn agfpg
xfd|f] ;Lksf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 . ckf6{d]G6, Jofkfl/s s]Gb|, xf]6n cflb agfpg
%÷^ nfveGbf a9L sf]l/ogx¿ jif{]lg ljb]zLg] u/]sf 5g\ . km/s olt dfq xf] pgLx¿sf]
;Lk d]lzg/Lsf] pknAwtf / k|fljlws 1fgn] w]/} sdfpF5g\ . oxfF pgLx¿sf]
7fpFdf sfd ug{] cGo Pl;og oxfF cfkm' Plzofg ePklg Plzog eg]/ u/La /fi6« eGg
vf]h]sf] >ldsnfO{ xfd|f Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgn], Jofk/Ln], df5f dfg{]x¿n] dfq
dfl;s !))) 8n/ lbP/ ;:tf]df sfd nufpF5g\ . o:tf] s'/f tkfO+{ h:tf lghL
e|d0f eP klg ljZjljBfnosf pks'nklt -k|]l;8]G6_ / k|fWofks;Fu e]63f6 ug{] /
cfkm\gf] b]zdf uO{ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hfgsf/L lbFbf jf k9fpFbf o:tf ljifosf] klg
1fg lbg'k5{ . tfls, tkfO+{lt/sf sfdbf/nfO{ Unflg gxf];\ . of] t
xfdLn] sfdu/]/ u'g kf] nufPsf] /x]5 gls xfdLnfO{ s[kf u/]sf] eGg] s'/f a'‰g
;s'g\ . sfddf nufpg] dflns;Fu cfkm\gf] >dsf] d"No dfUg bfaL ug{
;s'g\ . Ps hgf 8«fOe/n] $! lsnf]ld6/sf] af6f] kf/ ubf{ u/]sf] jf:tljs s'/fn]
dnfO{ klg lgs} ;f]Rg nufof] . d}n] 3f]lTnP / ljrf/ u/]F– slt pQd ljrf/ clg
-OG5g OG6/g];gn Po/kf]6{df_ Kn]g klv{+bf n]Vg dgnfUof] .
sf]l/ofsf] dfof – …;f/f+x]
bf+l;l/g\ 5ªdfnf] ;f/f+x]Ú ;+;f/sf ;a} d'n'sdf dfoflk|lt ddtfsf] uLt ufOG5 .
;fob sf]l/ofsf] dflysf x/kmsf] dtna klg d dfof u5{' eGg] xf] . cfh 5}6f}Fk6s
sf]l/ofsf] cTofw'lgs / k|l;4 Po/kf]6{ OG5g\af6 g]kfnsf nflu p8fg eg{ yfO{
ljdfgdf k|j]z u/]kl5 dnfO{ ;fFRr} sf]l/ofsf] dfof nfUof] . !) ah] p8fg
ePsfn] UjfFxfd'g -Kofn]; len]h_ af6 OG5g cfpg sl/a ^) lsnf]ld6/ b"/L a;df !
3G6f a9L nfU5 xf]nf eg]/ d laxfg} $M#) ah] p7]F . g'xfOwf]O u/]F /
-lndf]lhg_ a;df Po/kf]6{ hfg] ljrf/ u/]sf] lyPF . d]/f] ljrf/df sl/a @))
ld6/ lx8]/ Po/kf]6{ lndfplhg a; kfOg] lyof] . To;df cfpFbf !),)))÷-bz xhf/_
jfg ef8f nfUYof] . To;}n], d}n] sl/a ##,))) jfg -sf]l/og ¿lkofF_ vNtLdf
afFsL /fv]sf] lyPF . t/, d t}of/ x'Fbf lsd h'g ;f+un] a|]skmf:6 t}of/ u/L
6]andf /flv;Sg'eP5 . b'j} hgfn] a|]skmf:6 vfof}F . pxfFsL >LdtL p7\g'ePsf]
lyPg . 3/ 5f]8\bf d}n] pxfFnfO{ gd:t] klg eGg kfOg . ;jf ;ft aHg
yfn]sfn] d]/f] ;fdfg lgsfn]/ xfdL hfgsf nflu t}of/ eof}F . lsd h'g ;fªn]
cfkm\gf] clkm;sf] 8«fOe/nfO{ af]nfO;Sg'ePsf] /x]5 . To;sf/0f pxfFn]
eGg'eof] d tkfO+{nfO{ k'¥ofpg hfG5' . d}n] eg], …lsg Tolt 6f9f cf]xf]/bf]xf]/
ug{' . sf]l/ofsf] lndfplhg ;]jf /fd|f] 5, d PSn} u} xfN5' .Ú pxfFn] eGg'eof],
…tkfO+{n] ;fdfg lnP/ lsg @)) ld6/ lx+8\g', d 5Fb} 5', d]/f] 8«fOe/ 5Ú clg t
xfdL ;'Gb/ dxFuf] sf/df a:ofF} . Ps 3G6fleq} OG5g\ Po/kf]6{ k'Uof}F .
sf]l/of]
ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks rf]on] eg]cg';f/ ut jif{sf] cfFs8fdf sf]l/og Po/ ljZjsf]
ofq' af]Sg] klxnf] / sfuf{] af]Sg] bf];|f] xjfO{ sDkgLdf k/]sf] 5 /] .
To:tf] …Pl;og xjÚ df k'u]kl5 lsd h'g ;f+un] ;fdfg r]s u/fO{ dnfO{ Oldu|];g;Dd
k7fpg d2t ug{'eof] / kms{g'eof] . d}n] klg cGofª 3f;]of], uD;fxflDgbf -wGojfb
eg]_ / labf ePF . leq uPkl5 Psl5g l8pl6lk|mdf 3'd]F . Psl5gkl5
Po/kf]6{leq rNg] ;6n6«]gdf !@$ gDa/sf] u]6lt/ nfu]F . ToxfF b'O{ cUnf
Plne]6/ -cfkm} lx+8\g] e¥ofª_ af6 tnlt/ nfdf] b"/Ldf k'u]/ cf]ln{of}F .
km]l/ p:t} @ j6f P:s]n]6/af6 dfly uPkl5 d]/f] yfO{ xjfO{ ;]jfsf] xjfO{hxfhaf6
hfg] !@$ gDa/sf] u]6 glhs k'u]F . ToxfFaf6 b]hf]gdf kmf]g u/L Ps hgf ;fyL;Fu
labf dfu]F . To;kl5 l8kfr{/ nfpGh eP/ ljdfglt/ nfu]F . dxFuf]
sf]l/ofsf] ;:tf] ofqf ubf{ :yfgLo 5fq5fqf, k|fWofks, ;/sf/L sd{rf/L / 8fS6/ ldqx¿sf] cflTdotfn] dfof emNsfpg] …;f/fx]Ú nfO{
kSs} ;lDemg] g} eof] .
xfjfO{hxfh aNn
/gj]lt/ lj:tf/} nfUb} 5 . sf]l/ofdf laxfgsf] ;jf bz alh;Sof] . df};d
;'Gb/ / ;kmf 5 . OG5gdf, lkmlg;, yfO{, Po/rfOgf, ljdfg, e]tgfd Po/nfOg / y'k|}
sf]l/og / cfl;ofgf Po/sf hxfh b]lvPsf 5g\ . dn]l;og, hfn, Po/ Sofg8f,
8«]uf]g Po/ cflb cflb klg 5g\ . cfhef]ln sf]l/ofsf] df};d Psbd ;'Gb/ 5 . g
w]/} udL{ 5 g hf8f] . ;f9] bz ah] xjfO{hxfhn] p8fg e¥of] . ca
;f9] kfFr 3G6fdf a}+ss yfO{ NofG8 k'U5 /] .
p8\g]lalQs} ;d'b|dfly k'Uof], Ps 6fk' b]lvof] . y'k|} kfgLhxfh
;d'b|df t}l//x]sf 5g\ . OG5g\af6 ;Lwf hfFbf a}+ss / sf7df8f}+sf] b"/L
p:t} kg{]/x]5 . clxn] k"j{lt/ sf]l/ofsf] hldg clncln b]lvG5, d'lg
klZrd / pQ/df kfgL dfq b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fob of] rfOgf ;L -rLg / sf]l/of aLrsf]
;d'b|_ xf]nf . km]l/ 6fk' b]vfk/], 6f9f6f9f ;fgf ufpF klg k"j{kl§
b]Vg ;lsG5 . xfd|f] xjfO{hxfhd'lg c¿ hxfh p8]sf] klg b]lvFb} 5 .
csf{] hldgsf] efu b]lvof] ;fob sf]l/ofsf] blIf0f klZrdsf] e"efu afFuf] eO{
rLglt/ kms{]h:tf] 5 . p8]sf] !% ldg]6df xjfO{hxfh km]l/ hldgdfly 5 .
tfn ;–;fgf ;'Gb/ kxf8, aLraLrdf 6fk' j/k/ km}lnPsf] ;8ssf] ;+hfn / ;–;fgf dfgj
a:tL 3gf xl/of jgx¿ x]bf{ k|ydk6s ;kmfdf};dsf] xjfO{ ;km/n] dnfO{ dGqd'Ub g}
kf¥of] . olt g} a]nf :df]s8«fO{ abfd -xf8] abfd_ / sfh', jfOg lnP/ yfO{ Po/
xf]l:6; cfO{ k'lug\ . d}n] jfOg lnPF / r'l:s;Fu} Ps 7"nf] ;x/ b]v]F .
sl/a @$ ldg]6df of] s'g ;x/xf]nf dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . wfg kfsL kx]Fnf] ePsf
Eoflndf /x]sf v]t, y'Dsf h:tf jgn] el/Psf kxf8 wfg sf6]sf v]t . Knfl:6ssf 3/df nufPsf] v]tL x]b{} ubf{
km]l/ ;d'b| glhs cfOk'Uof] .
laxfgsf] P3f/ ah]
clxn] ;fob xfdL sf]l/ofsf] k|l;4 ko{6sLo 6fk' h]h'bf]dfly 5f}F . pQ/
klZrddf xjfO{ u|fpG8 5 dWoefudf cUnf] kxf8 5 . kxf8sf] lz/df ;'s]sf]
kf]v/L h:tf] vfN8f] b]lvG5 . pQ/lt/ 7"nf] gu/ 5 6fk'sf] rf/}lt/ ;8s /
a:tL 5 . TolQs}df vfgf cfof] h]h'bf] uof] . km]l/ ;fd'lGb|s dfu{ ;'?
eof] . d lxGb'ldn vfgfvfg yfN5' . kf}g] af/ ah] lxGb'ldn lbpF;f]sf]
vfgf vfO;s]F . clxn] xjfO{hxfhsf] u|fpG8 l:k8 &%( lsld k|lt3G6f 5 /] . prfO #*%$) lkm6 5 .
xfdL ;u/dfyfsf] r'lnsf] xf/fxf/Ldf cfsfzdf TG df t}l//x]sf 5f}F . a}+ssdf ( ah]/ %$ ldg]6 eof] /] .
prfO !!^$) ld6/ 5 /] Pe/]:6eGbf lgs} dfly . To;}n] t xf]nf h]h'bf] sf6]kl5
vfgf vfpGh]n / clxn] klg xfdL afbns} ;+;f/df 5f}F . afbnafx]s s]xL klg
b]lvFb}g x/]s ofqLsf nflu JolQmut 6]lnlehg 5 . dg nfu]sf] sfo{qmd x]g{
;lsG5 . xjfO{hxfhsf] ult, prfO, 7fpF, tfkqmd;lxtsf] xjfO{ P/f]af6 sxfF
k'Uof] eg]/ b]vfpg] sfo{qmd . sd]8L ;f], l;g]df jf uLt . d]/f] cufl8
b'O{ hgf c;Eo hfkflgh ko{6s 5g\ . w]/} /S;L dfu]/ vfP / clxn] /fd|f] e'ld ePg
eg]/ jf cGo s]xL axfgf agfO{ /fd|L ;'Gb/L Po/xf]:6]h;Fu s/fpFb} 5g\ . pgL
cfO{ Pd ;/L ;/ Yof+so' kmf]/ cG8/ :6flG8ª ld eGb} xfF:b}, d':s'/fpg] gSsn ub{} l5g\ .
pgsf tLg hgf ;fyL cfP/ ;Demfpg yfn] . t}klg hfkflgh d'v{ a'9fx¿ a/a/fpFb} 5g\ .
leq /f]P klg ljdfg kl/rfl/sfn] xfF:g] cEof; ug{'kg{] /x]5 . ljdfg p8]sf] @
3G6f eO;Sof], 3fd nflu/x]5, ofqf ;'Gb/ 5 .
cem} d r9]sf]
ljdfg emg\ prfOdf 5 . sf]l/og ;dofg';f/ @ aHg nfUof] . sltko ;fgf] aQL
afn]/ klqsf k9\b} 5g\ . s]xL sDKo'6/df u]d v]Nb} 5g\ . ;a} ‰ofn aGb
u/]sfn] 6G6nfk'/ w"kdf ljdfgleq cGwfsf/ 5 . ;'t]/ dfq s] ug{] eg]/ d km]l/
;fgf] ‰ofn vf]nL n]Vg a;]F . clxn], sDaf]l8of / leotgfd kf/ eO;s]sf] h:tf]
P/f]n] b]vfpF5 . clxn] u|fpG8 l:k8 %#$ dfon k|lt3G6fsf] /km\tf/df yfO{
ljdfg ;fd'lGb|sdfu{ kf/ ub{ }5 . tTsfnLg prfO hldgaf6 -!@@$* ld6/_ $)!$$
lkm6 5 . u|fpG8 l:k8 *^% lsnf]ld6/, tfkqmd aflx/ %@ ;]lG6u|]6, xfjfsf] axfj
k'R5/lt/, rf/ lsld k|lt3G6f x]8 pOG8 pGgfO; lsnf] ld6/ k|lt3G6f 5 . a}+ssdf
udL{ 5 clxn] a}+sssf] tfkqmd ## l8u|L ;]lG6u|]6 5 . sf7df8f}+sf] j}zfv h]7sf]
pu| tftf] lbg h:t} t/ ;f]n, a';fg, b]u', b]hf]g, 5f]gg\ -cf;fg_ df eg] /dfOnf]
–gfltlztf]i0f_ sf7df8f}+hlQs} tfkqmd / ;'Gb/ ;kmf xfjf lyof] . hLjgdf
:j]R5fn] b;}+sf] hd/f /fvL j}b]lzs ofqfdf lg:s]sf] b'O{ xKtf Psbd /dfOnf];Fu
laTof] . cem} tLg, rf/ lbg a}+ssdf emg} /dfOnf];Fu latfpg] / ;fgf] lsgd]n
ug{] of]hgf 5 . sf]l/ofsf] 7"nf] ;'Gb/ ljdfg:ynaf6 p8fg e/]sf] klg
rf/ 3G6f bz ldg]6 eO;s]sf] 5 . olQs}df ljdfg kl/rfl/sfn] h';, cfO; / jf6/
lnP/ cfOg\ . d}n] b'j} vfPF / n]Vg a;]F . ca a}+ss k'Ug ;fob Ps 3G6feGbf
klg sd ;do nfU5 xf]nf . w]/}h;f] hfkg / sf]l/ofaf6 kms{g] qmddf d a}+ss
hfg] u/]sf] lyPF . To; a]nf sf7df8f}+–sf]l/of ;Lwf xjfO{ ;Dks{ lyPg .
To;}n] sf]l/og ;/sf/sf] lgdGq0ffdf hfFbf sf]l/og Po/sf] l6s6 x'GYof] .
sf7df8f}+–a}+ss -yfO{ Po/jh]_ TG
/ a}+ss OG5g\
-sf]l/og Po/_ KE ctM kms{g] qmddf /fltsf] xjfO{hxfhdf cfpg] ;do x'GYof] . tLgk6s hlt b'O{ tLg ah] a}+ssdf cjt/0f u/]kl5 d pHofnf]sf] kvf{Odf a}+sssf] ljdfg:yndf tLg, rf/ 3G6f s'/]sf] 5' . lsgeg], la/fgf] ;x/df /fltofqf ug{ cfkm"nfO{ Tolt ;'/lIft g7fg]/ xf]nf . x'g t a}+ssdf sf7df8f}+ h:tf] c;'/Iff 5}g / nf]8;]l8ªsf] ;d:of klg 5}g .
-sf]l/og Po/_ KE ctM kms{g] qmddf /fltsf] xjfO{hxfhdf cfpg] ;do x'GYof] . tLgk6s hlt b'O{ tLg ah] a}+ssdf cjt/0f u/]kl5 d pHofnf]sf] kvf{Odf a}+sssf] ljdfg:yndf tLg, rf/ 3G6f s'/]sf] 5' . lsgeg], la/fgf] ;x/df /fltofqf ug{ cfkm"nfO{ Tolt ;'/lIft g7fg]/ xf]nf . x'g t a}+ssdf sf7df8f}+ h:tf] c;'/Iff 5}g / nf]8;]l8ªsf] ;d:of klg 5}g .
5ª\u]5g\
k'u]sf 6's'rfjf;L
5ªu]5g eGg]
sf]l/ofsf] /fhwfgL ;x/ l;of]n -;f]n_ sf] aLrdf /x]sf] ;fgf] vf]nf] xf] .
cfheGbf sl/a #) jif{ cl3;Dd 5+u]5g\ g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL ;x/ sf7df8f}+sf] larf}+FaLr
/x]sf] 6's'rfh:t} lyof] . sf]l/og o'4df sf]l/ofn] y'k|} ef}lts lgdf{0f
u'dfof] . …xfg sfªÚ xfg gfd u/]sf] gbLdf agfOPsf gofF k'nx¿b]lv %,& gDa/sf]
;aj];Dd lgdf{0f eP . xfg gbLd'lgaf6 6g]n 5]8]/ jf/kf/ u/]sf] cfw'lgs ljsf;
b]Vg ;lsG5 . ljsf;;Fu} 6]s', z+sd"n, lqk'/]Zj/sf 3f6b]lv b]jfno, au}Frf
cflbnfO{ :jR5 /fvL ;+/If0f ug{ ;s]sf] v08df sf7df8f}+sf] dfq ;fg xf]Og ls
xfd|f] k|frLg ;Eotfn] klg ko{6snfO{ df]lxt ug{ ;SYof] . jfudtL, lji0f'dtL,
xg'dGt], wf]jL vf]nf xfd|f ;Eotf x'g\ . 6's'rf t k|tLs dfq g xf] . ;x/df
/x]sf ;–;fgf uGw] ;'s'Djf;L a:tL alg;s]sf vx/], 9n ePsf vf]N;fsf] ;kmfOlt/
:yfgLo ;/sf/ klg s]lGb|t eP5 . o:t} qmddf UjfFxfd'gb]lv b+b]d'g -d'g
eg]sf] sf]l/og efiffdf 9f]sf xf]_ b/af/sf] k"jL{, pQ/L, blIf0fL, cflb
k|j]z åf/nfO{ gfdb] d'g, b+b]d'g, UjfFxfd'g cflb elgG5 ;Dd km}lnPsf] vf]nf
Jojl:yt cleofg rn]5 .
olb, 5ªu]5gsf]
;kmfO ug{ ;lsPg eg] cfw'lgs / ljsl;t rdTsf/ ;f]nsf] kl/sNkgf;d]t ug{ ;lsGg eGg]
;f]r ljsl;t eP5 . clg, ;'s'Djf;L a:tLaflx/ Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;f/]/ kmf]xf]/
gfnfsf] ¿k lnPsf] vf]nfsf] s]xL JolQmn] ef]urng u/L Rofk]sf] efunfO{ ;d]t vfln
u/L d'Qm ug]{ sfd eP5 . To;kl5 vf]nfsf] If]qnfO{ km/flsnf] agfO{
UjfFxfd'gdf cG8/ u|fpG8 l8«lnª u/L kfgLsf] d"n / >f]t vf]Hg] sfd u/]5g\ .
;f]nsf] :yfgLo ;/sf/n] To;kl5 ;fO8df k]6L agfpg], udnf, km"n, af:gfbf/
nx/f nufpg] sfd u/]5 . Tolt dfq sxfF xf] / Tof] vf]tNg] qmddf nfdfnfdf 9'+ufaf6
#%) jif{cl3 tL;, rfln; lkm6 nfdf 9'+ufx¿af6
sf]l/og /fhfn] agfPsf] t/ eTs]/ k'l/O;s]sf] k'n klg km]nf k/]5 . clg, To;
k'nnfO{ klg P]ltxfl;s w/f]x/sf] ¿kdf oyf:yfgdf p:t} /fv]/ Oltxf;sf] uj{nfO{
phfu/ ug]{ sfd u/]5g\ . xfd|f] jfUdtL ;kmfO{ cleofgsf] ;'?jft h:t} .
kmf]xf]/ 5ªu]5g glhs
a:g g?rfpg] ;f]n af;L ca To;sf] jl/kl/ km';{bsf] ;do latfpg, a'9];sfnsf] ;do laxfg,
a]n'sL ;':t/L k}bnofqf ug{ ?rfpF5g\ . kfgLsf kmf]x/fsf] cfgGb lng
On]S6«f]lgs d]l;gn] a]n'sf agfpg] /+uLla/+uL km"n, jg:klt, hgfj/,
r/fr'?+uLh:tf rfdTsfl/s s/t't x]g{ klg 5+u]5gsf] ;]/f]km]/f]df hfg rfxG5g\ .
s]6fs]6LnfO{ ;Fu} af]s]/ cfdfx¿ k'/fgf] ;x/sf] dWoefudf /x]sf] 5+u]5gsf] b'j}
lsgf/fdf /fltsf] afx|÷Ps ah];Dd lgz+sf]r 6xNg ;S5g\ . ljb]zL kfx'gf, ko{6s
5+u]5g\sf] k'/fgf] kmf]6f]nfO{ b]v]/ gofFnfO{ ljZjf; g} ug{ ufx|f] dfG5g\ .
o;kfnL 7"nf] ;+Vofdf sf]l/of hfg] df}sf kfpg] g]kfnL sfdbf/n] of]
jf:tljstf x]g{] cj;/ kfpg] g} 5g\ .
of] jif{ sf]l/ofn]
leotgfdsf] sf]6f /2 u/L g]kfnnfO{ yk]sf] OlkP; sf]6faf6 sf]l/of hfg] g]kfnL
sfdbf/x¿, sf]l/of e|d0f hfg]x¿ ;/sf/L sd{rf/L sfg d]Da/, cWoogdf hfg] ljBfyL{ /
/fhgLlts p2]Zon] hfg] /fhgLlt sdL{n] 5ªu]5gsf] jt{dfg lrqnfO{ x]/]/ ljsf; ;Fu} xfn
gf/fo0f lx6Lsf] pQ/ k"j{b]lv lqk'/]Zj/;Ddsf] 6's'rfnfO{ ;kmfO u/L, k|1f
k|lti7fg, cd]l/sL /fhb"tsf] lgjf;–sdn s'~h x'Fb} kßsGof SofDk;;Dd ;'Gb/
agfpg ;s] s:tf] x'GYof] . kßsGof SofDk;sf] k"jL{ efu, dlxnf cfof]u,
alUu vfgf, aG8]8 jo/ xfp;, g]D;, e[s'6Ld08k, An'a8{, If]qnfO{ ;/;kmfO u/L c¿n]
Rofk]sf] hldg 6's'rfnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg nufO{, :jR5, ;'Gb/, x/fe/f, :j:y sf7df8f}+
agfpg ;s]sf] v08df OlkP;cGtu{t sfdbf/ k7fpg], / hfg]x¿sf] pkTosf jf;LnfO{
7"n} of]ubfg x'g] lyof] . h;/L /fhf dx]Gb|n] tt\sfnLg cljsl;t sf]l/ofsf
/fi6«klt kfs{ r'ª xLsf] l;df]n pNbf]ª cleofgnfO{ cfˆgf] sfo{qmd egL @)@$ ;fndf
ufpFkms{ /fli6«o cleofg g]kfndf nfu" u/]sf lyP . To:t} ¿kn] eP klg
b]vfl;lv u/]sf] geg]/ 5+u]5gsf] kmf]6f] skL 6's'rfnfO{ agfpg ;s] g]kfnsf] ko{6g
jif{nfO{ kSs} d2t k'Ug] lyof] . sf]l/of sf]l/of eg]/ hfg] dfq xf]Og, To;n]
u/]sf /fd|f sfdsf] cg's/0f klg ul/g'k¥of] clg dfq} sf]l/ofaf6 cfly{s nfe dfq
xf]Og, ljsf;sf] gd'gf klg xfd|f] d'n'sdf leœofpg ;lsG5 . To;f] x'g ;s]sf] v08df
g]kfnsf] ljsf; / g]kfn–sf]l/of ;DaGw cem k|uf9 x'g;S5 .
6's'rf, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn
5ªu]5g\,
;f]n, sf]l/of @) jif{ cl3 6's'rfh:t} kmf]xf]/ lyof]
6's'rfsf]
pbfx/0fnfO{ k|tLs dfq dfGbf, dgf]x/f, w/x/f, gf/fo0flx6L, ljleGg tfn / kf]v/L,
s'Dd]Zj/, s'n]Zj/sf kfgLsf wf/f, d7dlGb/ b]jfno, lzjfno, jfudtL lsgf/,
lji0f'dtL ;Eotf, :joDe"sf] kmf]xf]/sf] 8+u'/ ;kmf /fVg ;s] emG8} jftfg's"lnt
sf7df8f}+ pkTosf oxfFsf afl;Gbfsf nflu a:gnfos :j:y x'GYof] . cfuGt's
ko{6snfO{ k/Dk/fut z}nLsf o'g]:sf] ;+/If0f ;"rLdf k/]sf cfo{3f6b]lv
rfFu'gf/fo0f, xg'dfg 9f]sf, kf6g, eStk'/ b/af/ :jfo/ cem} ;'Gb/–dgdf]xs /
ko{6snfO{ yk cfsif{0f ug{] lsl;dsf x'g] lyP .
a9\bf] ;x/Ls/0f /
afSnf] a:tL ePsf uNnLdf vf]n]sf rr{n] h;/L sf7df8f}+ s'¿k aGb} 5 . To;nfO{
;'Gb/tf lbg xfd|f] k|s[lt, e"uf]n, uf]s0f{ ;kmfl/ kfs{, /Tgkfs{nufot
jfl6sf pBfg, gfufh{'g, afnfh' yfgsf]6 lqe'jg kfs{, uf]bfj/L klg ljgf;sf]
af6f]df /x] eg] efjL k':tfn] sf7df8f}+df xfnsf] xl/ofnL klg kmf]6f]df dfq kfpg]
5g\ . 5+u]5g\ k'glg{df{0f ug{] ;f]n ;/sf/sf] p2]Zo / sd{nfO{ sf7df8f}+
dxfgu/kflnsfn] klg 9Nsg nfu]sf] a]nfdf klg k'gM ljrf/ ug{ ;S5 . pkTosfsf] a:tLnfO{
Jojl:yt ug{ sd;]sd cfls{6]Sr/df lkPr8L u/]sf g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqLsf] Sofljg]6n]
sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/ kflnsfdf 3/ lgdf{0f ug{ !@ lkm6sf] af6f] k'u]sf] x'g'k5{,
kfgLsf] >f]t jf kfOk k'Ug] / kfgL cfpg] cj:yf x'g'kg{], 9n, lah'nL,
6]lnkmf]gsf] ;'ljwf ePsf] x'g'kg{] eGg] dfq kf; u/]df hlt;'s} ;fgf] cjlwsf]
;/sf/ eP klg /fxtsf] gfddf slgsf 5g{'eGbf s]xL pNn]Vo sfd efjL k':tfn] ;Demg]
lsl;dsf x'Gy] xf]nfg\ .
6's'rfnfO{ 5ªu]5g;Fu
t'ngf ubf{ ;du| dfgl;stf, kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ / ljsf;sf] kl/0ffd b]vfpg] p2]Zon]
o;kfnL ;f}efUoa; leotgfdsf] cj}w cfk|jf;L ;+Vof sf]l/ofdf a9]sfn] OlkP; sf]6f
/2 eof] . Tof] sf]6f g]kfnnfO{ lbP/ blIf0f sf]l/of h:tf] ldqn] u'g nufPsf]
5 . To;}n] g]kfnaf6 k7fpg] sfdbf/sf] ;+Vof j[l4 eO{ !%,))) sfdbf/
sf]l/ofdf kmfd{xfp; s[liftkm{, ;–;fgf, / d‰of}nf pTkfbgzLn pBf]u / df5f dfg{]
If]q u/L k|d'v tLg If]qdf sfd ug{ hfg] ePsf 5g\ . xfn *))) sf]l/ofdf sfd ul//x]sf j}w sfdbf/;lxt @#
xhf/sf] ;+Vofdf /xg] j}w / afFsL cj}w sfdbf/;d]t u/L ;g\ @)!@ ;Dd sl/a @%, @^
xhf/ g]kfnL sf]l/ofdf sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf /xg] 5g\ . pgLx¿ ;/b/ vfglkgafx]s klg
dfl;s Ps nfv sdfpg] 5g\ . o;n] g]kfnsf] /]ld6\ofG; ahf/df 7"nf]
of]ubfg ug{] 5 . s[lifnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f u/L cfhef]ln sf7df8f}+df jiff{df uf]ne]8f
;:tf] ePsf sf/0f klg sf]l/og, hfkfgL k|ljlw -lelgn xfp;_ Knfl:6ssf] 3/leq t/sf/L
v]tL ug{] k4lt ckgfPsfn] ;Dej ePsf] xf] . df5f cfotnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{
dT:o kfnglt/ nfuL 6«fp6nufot lr;f] kfgLsf dL7f df5f v]tL ug{ l;Sg]nufot, pBf]uwGbfdf
l;s]sf] ;LknfO{ g]kfn kmls{Pkl5 oxfF klg pkof]u ug{ ;s]df g]kfnsf] lbuf] ljsf;df
sf]l/ofdf sfd ug{ uPsf / hfg] JolQmsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg x'g ;SYof] .
;pnsf] dWo efudf
/x]sf] xfg sfª klg klxn] kmf]xf]/sf] 8+u'/ eO;s]sf] lyof] . xfn gf}sfog,
kfgLsf] @)) ld6/ cUnf] kmf]xf]/f, ljZjsk km'6an tfsf agfOPsf] lsgf/df /x]sf
dgf]/d b[Zon] %# tn] o's;fd 6fj/ / ;f]n 6fj/;DdnfO{ ;'Gb/tf k|bfg ug{]
ul//x]sf] 5 . yfkfynLdf h:tf] gfs y'Gg'kg{] cj:yf 5}g . xfgsfª jl/kl/
To;}n] t lsgf/sf nf]Tt] Sof;n cfjf; ejgx¿ sf]l/ofs} dxFuf ckf6{d]G6leq k5{g\ .
d'Vo ;rLj lnnfdl0f kf}8]nsf] cu|;/tfdf /x]sf] afUdtL ;/;kmfO{df jt{dfg sf]l/og
/fhb'tn] ;kmfO{df nufPsf] d]x]gtsf] k|z+;f ePsf] 5 g]kfnL ;dfhdf .
g]kfndf sf]Osf
g]kfn Ps ;fgf]
e"kl/j]li7t ljsf;f]Gd"v /fi6« xf] . ;g\ !(%) ;Dd g]kfnsf] ;DaGw ;Lldt /fi6«;Fu dfq} lyof] . !(%) sf] qmflGtkl5 g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs ;DaGwsf] 9f]sf
;a}sf nflu v'nf eof] . To;kl5 g]kfnn] ljZj /+ud~rdf cfkm"nfO{ kl/lrt
u/fpg] df}sf kfof] . ;g\ !(%% df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:o ePkl5 g]kfnn]
leGgleGg k|s[ltsf ldq/fi6«af6 ;xof]u Kofs]h k|fKt ug{ yfNof] . s'g}
/fi6«n] cf}Bf]lus If]qdf ;xof]u lbgyfn] eg] s]xLn] lzIff s[lif jftfj/0f cflbdf .
To; a]nf;Dd g]kfn / u0ftGq sf]l/ofsf] cfly{s cj:yf p:t}p:t} lyof] .
sf]l/of / g]kfnsf] ;DaGwdf a'4Tjsf] wfdL{s ;DaGwrflxF k|frLg sfnb]lv g} lyof] .
;g\ !(() df ;+o'Qm /fi6«sf] ;b:o ePsf] blIf0f sf]l/ofn] 5f]6f] cjlwd} ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3sf] dxf;lrj aGg] ;'j0f{ cj;/ k|fKt ul/;Sof] . g]kfn eg] ;'/Iff
kl/ifb\sf] c:yfoL ;b:oeGbf cufl8 a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g .
g]kfndf hgzlQm
ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s k|fljlws dfq xf]Og, bIf hgzlQmsf] dfWodaf6 a9L ;xof]uL l;4
x'G5 eg]/ ;g\ !(^@ b]lv cd]l/sg :jo+;]js ;+:yf lk;sf]/n] k~rfot ljsf; ;]jf,
lzIff / cGo If]qdf :jo+;]js k7fpg yfNof] . g]kfndf ;+ul7t ¿kdf j}b]lzs bIf
hgzlQmsf] lgMz'Ns kl/rfng To;} a]nfb]lv ;'? eof] .
x'g t Pshgf b'u{d
/fHosf aemfªL /fhf hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xn] tTsfnLg clel;lgof -xfnsf] Olyof]lkof_
df uP/ /f]uL, czQm ul/asf] ;]jf u/]/ :jo+;]jL g]kfnL efjgf bf];|f] ljZjo'4cl3
g} clk|msfdf b]vfO;s]sf lyP . dfgjtfjfb eg]sf] ;Ifdn] c;IfdnfO{ ;Sg]n]
h?/tdGbnfO{ d2t ug'{k5{ eGg] efjgfd} cfwfl/t s'/f xf] .
lu|s bfz{lgs
Kn]6f]n] dfgjnfO{ k"0f{tflt/ n}hfg cfjZos ;fwg;|f]t pknAw u/fpg /fHosf]
pTklQ ePsf] xf] eg]sf 5g\ . To;/L x]bf{;d]t /fHosf] bfloTj clwstd\ ;'v,
;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{ xf] . sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] kl/sNkgf ug]{x¿n] klg ;fwg;|f]t
ePsfn] ;fwg, ;|f]t gePsf jf eP/ klg k|of]u ug{ ghfg]sfnfO{ l;sfpg', pgsf] st{Jo
egL :jLsf/]sf 5g\ .
pk/f]Qm ljZjf;nfO{
v/f] ptfg{ ;f7Lsf] bzssf k|Voft cd]l/sL /fi6«klt hf]g Pkm= s]g]8Ln] leotgfd
o'4af6 abgfd cd]l/sfnfO{ k'gM zflGtlk|o k|hftflGqs dxfzlQm egL lrGxfpg ;g\ !(^@
df ljleGg d'n'ssf] ljsf; sfo{df ;xof]uL aGg lk;sf]/ :jo+;]jssf] cjwf/0ff cl3
;f/] . of] ;xof]u kfpFbf g]kfn / sf]l/of b'j}
/fi6«n] lk;sf]/ :jo+;]jssf] ;]jf lnPsf lyP . g]kfndf sfd u/]sf k|yd
;d"xsf lk;sf]/ :jo+;]jsdWo] Psn] g]kfn dg k/]/} xf]nf, gS;fndf dfOs
a|]skmf:6 gfdsf] /]:6'/]G6 rnfP/ cfkm"nfO{ ot} /fv]sf 5g\ .
h'g a]nf g]kfn /
sf]l/ofsf] cfly{s cj:yf p:t} lyof], To; tfsf cd]l/sg lk;sf]/n] b'j} b]zdf ;]jf
u/]sf] lyof] . sf]l/ofn] j}b]lzs ;xof]u / sf]l/ofnL sl7g >dsf] k|of]un]
tLg bzsdf oltla£g k|ult u¥of] ls clxn] cd]l/sfn] !(^@ df ;'? u/]sf] h:t}
:jo+;]js k7fpg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 . tLg bzsdf u/]sf] k|ultn] ;dfg cfly{s
cj:yfsf] sf]l/of k|ltJolQm @#,))) 8n/ sdfpg] eof] eg] xfd|f] b]zsf] k|ltjif{
cfo &%) 8n/df ;Lldt 5 .
Psftkm{ cfly{s
;DkGgtf / csf{tkm{ c¿nfO{ ;xof]u u/f}F eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ sf]l/ofnLx¿n]
klg sdhf]/ ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«nfO{ :jo+;]jsdfkm{t ;xof]usf] xftcl3 a9fP .
h;/L cd]l/sfn] :jo+;]js ;]jf ;+rfng u/L cfkm\gf gful/snfO{ ljZjsf] jf:tljstfl;t
kl/lrt u/fpg ;fwg / ;|f]t yfxf kfpg clg ljZjzlQm x'g cfkm\gf gful/snfO{ kl/rfng
u/]sf] lyof] . ToxL cg';/0f b|'tt/ j[l4 eO/x]sf] sf]l/ofnL cfBf]lus
pTkfbgnfO{ emg\ ahf/df kl/lrt u/fpg sf]l/og ;+:s[lt efiff, ;Eotf / kl/>dLkg
l;sfpg s]cf]le ;]jf () sf] bzsdf ;'? ul/of] . !(() df o'y :jo+;]jsaf6 ;'?
ubf{ k|yd $ j6f Pl;ofnL d'n'sn] Tof] ;]jf k|fKt u/]sf lyP– g]kfn, OG8f]g]l;of,
dn]l;of / lkmlnlkG; . df]6fdf]6L ¿kdf lzIff / k|ljlwdf ;lqmo :jo+;]js ;]jf
eP klg sf]Osfsf :jo+;]jsn] sf]l/og efiff tyf t]SjfGbf] b'O{ leGg If]qdf cGo
d'n'seGbf km/s ;]jf k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf 5g\ .
x'g t g]kfndf j}b]lzs
:jo+;]jsn] !(^@ b]lv xfn ;Dd ljljw If]qdf ;]jf k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . lk;sf]/ leP;cf] -la|l6; :jo+;]js_ hd{g :jo+;]js,
hfklgh :jo+;]js, -h]cf]l;le_ l;+ufk'/ :jo+;]js, PdP; -8]lg; :jo+;]js_ o'PgeL,
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 :jo+;]js, s]cf]eL cflb g]kfndf ;lqmo ¿kdf sfo{/t :jo+;]jL ;+:yf
x'g\ .
sltko b]zn] of] ;]jf aGb ;d]t ul/ ;s] .
g]kfndf of] ;]jf ;'?
ug]{ ;+:yf lk;sf]/n] ;g\ @))$ df dfcf]jfbLn] 1fg]Zj/l:yt cd]l/sg ;]G6/df
lj:kmf]6 u/]kl5 c;'/IfLt dx;'; u/]/ cfkm\gf] ;]jf cs:dft\ :ylut u/]sf] lyof] .
^@.^# sf] hg cfGbf]ng kl5 b]zdf k'gM zflGtk"0f{ jftfj/0f ePsf]n] ;g\ @)!@
b]lv k'gM lk;sf]/ s]cf]eLn] To;} jif{b]lv cfkm\gf :jo+;]jssf] ;+Vof bf]Aa/
agfof] . g]kfndf ljBdfg zflGt ;'/Iffsf] ;d:of b]vfO{ cd]l/sfn] b]zdf
;aeGbf k'/fgf] :jo+;]js ;]jf aGb ubf{ g]kfnsf] ljsf;df kg]{ k|lts"n k|efj sd
ug{ s]cf]eLsf] ;+VofTds j[l4 dxTjk"0f{ x'g]5 eGg] cf; ug{ ;lsG5 . Ps
bzsdf s]cf]eL ;]jf lj:tf/ eP/ xfn of] ;]jf ljZjsf sl/a #^ b]zdf ;+rflnt 5 .
g]kfn, rLg, o'qm]g, yfONofG8, dn]l;of, k]?, shfls:tfg, pHj]ls:tfg, kf/fUj],
Sofdf?g cflb o;/L zlQm /fi6« rLgb]lv ;fgf ul/a /fi6« sDaf]l8of, leotgfd,
nfcf];;d]tn] of] ;]jf k|fKt ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .
sf]l/ofsf] ahf/ lj:tf/nfO{
klg o;n] kmfObf g} u5{ xf]nf . ;fd;'ª x'G8fO{, lsof, kf]:sf] cflb Jofkfl/s
cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgn] sf]l/ofsf] ahf/ ljZjsf ;a} d'n'sdf sfod u/L ;s]sf] 5 eg]
sf]l/og :jo+;]jsn] To;dfly yk an k'¥ofpF5g\ xf]nf .
;Lko'Qm cfkm\gf]
hgzlQmnfO{ ljZjsf] jf:tljstf lrGxfpg / sdhf]/sf] ;]jf ug{ clek|]l/t ug]{
sf]l/ofnfO{ cw{bIf / cbIf sfdbf/sf] ;d]t vfFrf] ePsfn] ;f]
sdL k"lt{ ug{ g]kfn;lxt y'k|} /fi6«af6 hgzlQm cfk"lt{df ;d]t d2t
k'lu/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf !(() b]lv ;'?
ePsf] s]cf]eL ;]jfn] lgDg lnlvt If]qdf ;]jf k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . lzIff, sDKo'6/ lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;x/L ljsf; s[lif
kmnk"mn v]tL OlGhlgol/ª, /]zdv]tL sf]l/og efiff / t]SjfGbf] g]kfnsf] dfu
tyf cfjZostf sf]l/ofnL bIf hgzlQm pknAwtfsf] lx;fan] eljiodf s]cf]eL ;]jf cem lj:tf/
x'g] cf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
;'?sf jif{b]lv
xfn;Dd sf]l/og :jo+;]jsn] ljljw ef}uf]lns If]qdf sfd ul/;s]sf 5g\ . of]
jif{ sfo{/t :jo+;]js / ltgLx¿sf] sfo{ynf] lgDgfg';f/ 5 .
;d"x :jo+;]js
-u|'k ef]n]lG6P/_ s]cf]eLn] NofPsf] gjLgtd\ cjwf/0ff xf] . Ps 7fpFdf Pshgf :jo+;]jssf] ;f6f] ;a} sfddf ;+nUg x'g] u/L $÷% hgfsf]
;d"xn] ;]jf ug]{ . o;f] ubf{ vflkgsf] lx;fan] ;Fu} a:g ;lhnf] x'g] / ;d"xdf sfd ug{ /dfOnf] klg x'g] x'G5 .
g]kfnn] lng]
u/]sf] cfly{s / hgzlQmsf] d2t k"0f{ ;b'kof]u gePdf afn'jfdf kfgL xfn]
h:tf] x'G5 . sf]l/ofsf] Oltxf;af6 g]kfnn] klg ;sf/fTds / lgdf{0fd'vL ljrf/
l;Sg ;s]df w]/} lbg cg]sf}F b]zsf hgzlQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] b]zsf] ljsf;sf nflu u'xf/
dfUg' kb}{gYof] . To;a]nf g]kfn klg cfTd lge{/tfsf] af6f] c+ufnL ljsl;t
x'Fb} uO{ cfkm"eGbf sdhf]/sf] ;xof]u / ;]jfsf
nflu tTk/ eP/ cGo b]zdf :jo+;]js k7fpg ;Sg] cj:yfdf k'UYof] xf]nf .
To;f] ePdf cfh;Dd xfdLn] cGo b]zaf6 lnPsf] wg hgsf] ;xof]u ;kmn ePsf] dfGg
;lsGYof] .
sf]Osf / cGo ljb]zL :jo+;]js
;+:yfdf s]xL df}lns leGgtf 5 . cGo :jo+;]jL ;+:yfn] g]kfnnfO{ rflxg] bIf
hgzlQm @ jif{sf nflu pknAw u/fpF5g\ . sf]Osfn] :jo+;]js k7fpgsf cltl/Qm
;DalGwt d'n'ssf ;/sf/L, cw{–;/sf/L ;+:yfg;d]tsf sd{rf/L, k|fWofks, ljBfyL{
cflbnfO{ cfkm\gf] b]zsf] b|'t ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn b]vfpg] sfd;d]t u5{ . o;
qmddf !(() b]lv xfn;Dd sf]Osfsf] 5f]6f] / nfdf] cjlwsf] tflnddf sl/a !()) eGbf
a9L g]kfnLn] sf]l/ofsf] cjnf]sg cWoog e|d0f u/L ;s]sf 5g\ . o:tf] e|d0faf6
låkIfLo ;DaGw
lj:tf/ ug'{sf ;fy} cfkm\gf] 1fg / ;LknfO{ cfbg k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . oxL g}
sf]Osfsf] d"n nIo xf] . giving is living eGg] gf/fsf ;fy ;xof]u rflxPsf
clk|msf, Plzof, dWok"j{, k"jL{o'/f]k / blIf0f cd]l/sfdf ;]jf
k'¥ofpFb} sf]Osfn] k|l;l4 kfpFb} 5 .
k|wfgdGqLsf] rLg e|d0f /fhgLlts tLy{ofqf dfq ls
pknlAwsf] ;Defjgf klg
u0ftGq g]kfnsf
k|wfgdGqL dfwjs'df/ g]kfn cfufdL zlgaf/ hgjfbL u0ftGq rLgsf] e|d0fdf hfFb}
x'g'x'G5 . ;fdfGotof g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|d'vsf] x}l;otn] cf}krfl/s, /fhsLo jf
cgf}krfl/s j}b]lzs e|d0f ubf{ låkIfLo ;DaGwsf] ax'cfoflds cGt/;DaGw / cGt/lge{/tfsf
sf/0f ;j{k|yd ef/tsf] e|d0f x'g] rng Psk6s Tof] klg cf]nlDks v]nsf] ;dfkgsf]
cj;/ kf/L tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL dcf]jfbLaf6 k|ltlglwTj u/]sf / u0ftGq g]kfnsf] k|yd
k|wfgdGqLn] rLgsf] e|d0faf6 j}b]lzs e|d0f ;'? ug{'ePsf] lyof] .
xfn g]kfnsf]
d"n ;d:of ul/aL lgjf/0f, /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf, lzIff / ef}ltsk"jf{wf/
ljsf;;lxt ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf hgjfbL ;+3Lo ;+ljwfg ls, nf]stflGqs ;+3Lo ;+ljwfg
ljifodf g} 7"nf /fhgLlts bn aLr ;dembf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/sf] :j¿k
/ /fHosf] /fhgLlts ljefhg ;+3Lotf ;DaGwdf ;d:of /x]s} a]nf k|wfgdGqLsf] rLg
e|d0fn] g]kfn–rLg ;DaGwdf yk cfofd yKg]5 .
låkIfLo /fhgLlts
;DaGwn] cfk;L ;dembf/L a9fpg] / g]kfnh:tf] cNkljsl;t /fi6«nfO{ cfly{s ¿kdf s]xL
gofF If]qsf] ef}lts ljsf;df yk of]ubfg;d]t ug{] lglZrt 5 . g]kfnn] Ps rLg
gLltk|lt ;dy{g hgfpg] k/Dk/fut egfO k'gM bf]xf]¥ofOg] g} 5 . To;afx]s, aflx/L
l/ª/f]8sf] lgdf{0fdf rLgsf] k|lta4tfnfO{ sfo{ut ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg cg'/f]w ug{],
dWo kxf8L /fhdfu{sf] lgdf{0fdf rLgsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfgsf nflu cg'/f]w
ug{' dfwjs'df/ g]kfnsf] csf{] sfd x'g]5 . dfcf]jfbL gfdn] g} rLg;Fu
ufFl;Psf] dfq geO{ k|r08, cgGt, afbnsf] cf}krfl/s cgf}krfl/s e|d0fåf/f kf6L{ut
¿kdf rLgsf] lgs6 ;DaGwdf k'u]sf] dfcf]jfbLeGbf xfdL 6f9f 5}gf}F egL rLgsf]
ljZjf; / ;dy{g h'6fpg' klg k|wfgdGqLsf] csf{] cf;o x'g ;S5 . x'g t of]
s'/f sf]k]gx]ugaf6 lkmtf{ x'g] lbg g} k|wfgdGqL g]kfnn] rLg / ef/tn] dnfO{ g}
;dy{g u/L ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u?Gh]n /fd|/L sfd ug{ z'esfdgf / ;dy{g lbPsf 5g\
elg;Sg'ePsf] 5 .
To;afx]s klg rLgn]
g]kfn;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;dfg:t/df sfod u/]sf] b]vfpg h?/L 5 . To:tf] ;DaGw
b'j}ldq /fi6«sf] k~rzLnsf af}4 bz{gdf cfwfl/t ;DaGw xf] eg], /fhf 1fg]Gb|sf]
k|ToIf zf;gsf] a]nf /fhfsf] ;Lwf ;dy{g u/]afkt tt\sfnLg k//fi6« dGqL k|sfz rGb|
nf]xgLn] lrlgofF ko{6snfO{ g]kfn e|d0f ug{ cfpFbf le;f z'Ns gnfUg] u/]sf lyP .
rLgdf ePsf] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / rfdTsf/L ljsf; g]kfnLx¿nfO{ klg cfsif{0fsf] ¿kdf
/x]sf] 5 . ;f] ljsf; b]Vg, l;Sgnfos ljifo xf] . o; cy{df l5d]sLldq
/fi6«n] …/]l;k|f]snÚ b[li6n] klg g]kfnL gful/snfO{ nfUg] le;f z'Ns ldgfx lsg
gug{] < blIf0f lt/sf] l5d]sL ldq /fi6« ef/t;Fu ;g\ !(%) sf] zflGt tyf d}qL
;lGwcg';f/ g} b'j} b]zsf gful/snfO{ Pscsf{] b]zdf cfjfudg ug{ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;Ldf
v'nf /flvPsf] 5 . ctM To; ljifodf lrlgofF 8]:s x]g{] k//fi6« dGqfnosf]
lgsfo / g]kfnL /fhb"t 6+s sfsL{, k//fi6« dGqL / k|wfgdGqLsf] e|d0f bnn]
;DalGwt lrlgofF lgsfodf plrt ;dodf cfk"mnfO{ ;dfg:t/sf] /fi6«sf] x}l;otn]
Ph]G8f /fv]df g]kfnLx¿n] pQ/L leq /fi6«sf] e|d0f ubf{ nfUg] …le;f z'NsÚ 5'6
ug{' c;n ldqtfsf] k|tLs g} x'g]5 . To; ;Gb]zdfkm{t ;dfg:t/sf] ;DaGw
b]vfpg;d]t cfjZos 5 . ctM o;kfnLsf] k|wfgdGqLsf] rLg e|d0fn] pQ/L l5d]sL
/fi6«sf] e|d0fdf hfg] g]kfnL gful/snfO{ s]xL v's'nf] / ;dfg:t/sf] ;DaGw agfpg]
5 eGg] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .
jt{dfg cj:yfdf rLg
ljZjd} ;jf{lws j}b]lzs d'b|f ;+lrlt ePsf] d'n'sdf k5{ . cfly{s dGbLdf
u'h|]sf] cd]l/sL cy{tGqnfO{ ;d]t # ca{ 8n/eGbf a9L /sd C0f lbO{ ;xof]u ug{] dha't
cfly{s xfntdf ePsf] b]z ePsfn], gofF g]kfnsf] ljsf; nIonfO{ k"/f ug{ rLgn]
pNn]Vo d2t ug{ ;S5 . o;f] x'g ;s]sf] v08df cgflbsfnb]lv ;'? ePsf] c/lgsf]n]
3lgi7 agfPsf] ;DaGwnfO{ PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] l5d]sL d'n'ssf] 3lgi7 ;DaGwsf] ¿kdf
ljsl;t ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] hn;|f]tdf k|ToIf nufgL u/]/ g]kfnsf] / rLgsf]
cfly{s j[l4df nfdf] cjlwsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg ug{ klg rLgnfO{ of] cj;/
xf] . rLg o; If]qsf nflu ;DefJo Jofkfl/s ;fem]bf/L x'g ;S5 .
xfn g]kfnsf]
sfk{]6sf] ahf/ v:s]sf] / ufd{]G6 Wj:t ePsf] cj:yf 5 . kl:dgf g]kfnsf]
lgof{taf6 ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug{] dxTjk"0f{ pBf]u xf] . ;f]sf nflu
rflxg] sRrf kbfy{ kl:dgf wfuf]sf] pTkfbs rLg, d+uf]lnof eP klg sRrf kbfy{nfO{
t}of/L cj:yfdf k'¥ofO{ g]kfnsf] ahf/ lj:tf/df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] rLg g} xf] .
o:tf cGo yk If]qsf] ;d]t cf}Bf]lus k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;s]sf] v08df g]kfn–rLgaLr
/x]sf] Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ug{ d2t k'Ug ;S5 . xfn} lrlgofF k|fljlwsåf/f :ofª\hfsf]
;'Gtnfsf] u'0f:t/ / :jfb x]/L lrlgofF ahf/sf nflu pko'Qm 7x¥ofOPsf] b]lvG5 .
c¿ klg sltko g]kfnL s[lif pTkfbgn] rLg tyf ltAatsf] ahf/df k|j]z kfPdf s[lifdf
cfwfl/t cy{tGq ePsf] g]kfnnfO{ of]ubfg g} x'g]5 . ljljw If]qsf] ljsf;sf
nflu rLg–g]kfn d}qL ;DaGwnfO{ bf]xf]/f] kmfObf k'Ug] agfpgsf nflu ljsf; ug{'
d}qL e|d0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw x'g ;S5 .
rLg hlxn] klg
alnof] ;/sf/sf] kIfdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . sf/0f tLglt/ v'nf, l;dfgf ePsf],
;dfg efiff, vfgf / ;+:s[lt /x]sf] ef/t h:t} hg:t/sf] ;DaGw rLg;Fu 5}g .
pRr lxdfnn] rLg– g]kfn 3lgi7 l5d]sL elgP klg s]xL l;ldt ;DaGw /xg' :jfefljs}
xf] . g]kfndf x'g] ;–;fgfb]lv 7"nf pyn k'ynn] g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfjfudg
Pscsf{] b]zdf hg;+Vofsf] ef/ kg{] / /f]huf/Lsf] vf]hLdf hfg] cj:yf klg
g]kfn–ef/t ;DaGw;Fu a9L ufFl;Psf] rLgnfO{ yfxf 5 . To;sf/0f 6+sk|;fb
cfrfo{sf] kfnfdf cf}krfl/s s"6gLlts ;DaGw :yfkgf ePsf] rLgn] g]kfndf hlxn]
klg alnof] ;/sf/ ePsf] x]g{ rfxG5 . g]kfnsf k|yd hglgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqL
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] rLgsf] cf}krfl/s e|d0fn] g]kfn–rLgaLr ;DaGwnfO{ k|uf9
agfPsf] lyof] . pxfFs} k|wfgdGqLTjdf ef/tsf] cleJolQmnfO{ /fi6«jfbL kf/fdf
pQ/ lbPsfn] g]kfndf @)!& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts b'3{6gf 36]sf] lyof] . /fhf
dx]Gb|sf] sbdkl5 klg rLgn] g]kfnnfO{ 3lgi7td ldqsf] kl/ro / ;dy{g ub{} cfPsf]
xf] . rfx] ltAat;Fusf] ;Ldfaf6 ef/tLo r]skf]:6 x6fPsf] @)@$ ;fntfsfsf] k|wfgdGqL
sLlt{lglw lji6sf] kfnfsf] 36gf xf]; ls, c/lgsf] /fhdfu{ lgdf{0f u/L sd;]sd b'O{
ldq /fi6«nfO{ ;8s dfu{n] hf]8]/ dx]Gb|kynfO{ ;dy{g hgfPsf] xf]; . /fhtGq,
k~rfotL Joj:yf, k|hftGq / nf]stGq h]h:tf] tGq eP klg g]kfndf alnof] ;/sf/ xf];
eGg] rfxgf /fV5 pQ/L l5d]sL rLg .
o:tf] cj:yfdf 8an
l8lh6 cfly{s j[l4df /x]sf] / hg;+Vof lgoGq0fdf dxTjk"0f{ cu|;/tf /fv]sf]
b]zaf6 g]kfnn] w]/} l;Sg ;S5 . g]kfnn] of] e|d0faf6 kl/jt{gsf] ;+3f/df
/x]sfn] klg w]/} d2t lng ;S5 . o;
cy{df k|wfgdGqL dfwjs'df/ g]kfnsf] 6f]nLn] ;fOkfn–r}gk'/–aemfª hf]8g]
;'b"/klZrd g]kfnnfO{ ltAatsf] dfg;/f]j/ s}nfz hf]8\g] /fhdfu{ lgdf{0fdf
;xof]u dfUg ;S5 . o;} jif{ aemfªsf] ;b/d'sfd r}gk'/ k'lu;s]sf] ;8s
dfu{nfO{ !)) lsnf]ld6/eGbf klg sd lgdf{0f ubf{ jif{]lg xhf/f}F–nfvf}F ef/tLo /
g]kfnL wfld{s ko{6ssf] ¿kdf s}nfz–dfg;/f]j/–ltAat–rLgsf] ofqfdf hfg] lyP .
;'b"/klZrd g]kfnn] klg ltAatsf] g'g / lrlgofF j:t' ;:tf] d"Nodf vfg
kfpFYof] . l5d]sL ul/a jf ef]sf] ePdf s;}nfO{ klg v';L nfUb}g . xfn
rrf{df /x]sf] /;'jf–s]?ªsf] ;8s
hf]8g] cleofgnfO{ rLgn] ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . dWoklZrd /
;'b"/klZrdsf] lk5l8Psf] cj:yfnfO{ ;'wfg{ pQ/L dfu{sf] lgdf{0f cfjZos
eO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] 7"nf] e"–v08nfO{ kmfObf x'g] ul/ r}gk'/–;fOkfn–p/}n]s–e~Hofª ;8s v08sf nflu
;xof]u dfUbf k|wfgdGqLsf] e|d0fn] lk5l8Psf] g]kfnsf] cy{tGq psf:g / nf]stflGqs
g]kfnnfO{ ultzLn agfpg d2t u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
ljZj zlQmsf] ¿kdf
b]lvg nfu]sf] rLg g]kfndf klg Jofks rf;f] b]vfpFb} u/]sf] s'/f ut jif{ / of]
jif{ klg ePsf / x'g] u/]sf /fhgLlts, ;}lgs, s"6gLlts e|d0fsf] cfbfgk|bfgn]
klg emNSofPsf] b]lvG5 . cfkm\gf] k|efj lkmhfpg hg:t/sf] ;DaGw cfjZos 5,
To;sf/0f gofFlbNnLnfO{ g]kfn x'Fb} rLg;Fu hf]8g] lgs6td ;8sdfu{ klg p/}n]s–;fOkfn–r}gk'/–aemfª dfu{ ldq
/fi6« rLgsf] klg rf;f]sf] ljifo agf];\ n]vssf] sfdgf 5 .
rLg e|d0f
h'g– @@
cfh tLg 3G6f u]:6
xfp;df ;'t]kl5 g'xfOw'jfO sl/a !) ah] d rLgl:yt g]kfnL b"tfjf;sf] clkm;df
uPF . ToxfF k'u]/ cfˆgf] kl/ro lbPF .
k]lrªsf]
b"tfjf;df ;a} sd{rf/L;Fu e]6 u/]kl5 ;a} hgfnfO{ /dfOnf] nfUof] .
pgLx¿ ldng;f/ nfu] . l/;]K;gsL lrlgofF s]6L, ldlg:6/ sG;'n/, k|yd ;lrj;lxt
e]6 eP hlt :6fkm;Fu Psl5g ukm;km u/L ;do laTof] . klxnf] lbgsf] ef]hg sxfF
vfg] egL vf]Hbf b"tfjf;glhs} Ps OlG8og /]:6'/]G6 /x]5, Totf vfgf /fd|f]
kfOG5 eg]/ ToxfF hfg] af6f]af/] dnfO{ a'emfPkl5 d cfkm} vfgf vfg uPF . …OlG8og
lsrgdfÚ ;f]daf/b]lv z'qmaf/;Dd !!=#) ah]b]lv # ah];Dd ;a} lsl;dsf ef/tLo vfgf /
cfO;lqmd kmnkm"n;lxtsf] …akm]Ú :6fOnsf] vfgf #* xfn lrlgofF d'b|fsf] gfd
o'afg xf]Og RMB l/dljd lkg ofg]ls
lszfgsf] gf]6 xf] . RMB lrlgofF d'b|fdf
kfOFbf] /x]5 ToxL vfgf laxfg of ;fFem vfg] xf] eg] To;sf] bf]Aa/b]lv rf}a/;Dd
kbf{] /x]5 lsgeg] c¿ ;dodf x/]s cfO6dsf] cnu cnu d"No x'Fbf] /x]5 /
c8{/adf]lhd vfgf lbOg] /x]5 . b'O{
ah]lt/ Totf uP/ vfgf vfO{ #* RMB vfgfsf] d"No /
@ RMB l6K; lbPF . dnfO{ yfxf lyPg of] ;fDojfbL d'n'sdf l6K;sf] rng 5 ls
5}g . l6K; lbPkl5 kfgL NofOlbg] s]6L lan lnP/ hfFbf v';L ePsf] b]v]F .
ha d vfgf vfFb} lyPF, To;a]nf Ps x'n ef/tLo ko{6s cfP / cfkm"v';L
Kn]6df vfgf kl:sFb} lyP . /f]6L ;dfKt eO;s]sfn] pgLx¿n] egL xfn] s};f
OlG8og /]:6'/]G6 x} /f]6L a]u/sf, To;kl5 km]l/ tfttftf] /f]6L ksfP/ /flvlbof] .
o;/L rLgsf] /fhwfgL ;x/df ef/tLo gfdsf] eftn] ef]s d]6fPF .
@#– h'g
cfh laxfg} cf7 ah]
lrlgofF sd{rf/Ln] b"wlrof lnP/ cfof] . d}n] lrof / bfndf]7 clg
kmnkm"n vfPF . Ps 3G6f hlt g]kfnL b"tfjf; glhs 3'd3fd u/]F .
( ah]kl5 P;L nufP/ 8fo/L n]Vb} sdn nD;fnhLsf] k|tLIffdf a;]F . pxfF cln
l9nf cfOk'Ug'eof] . To;kl5 xfdL b'j} hgf a;af6 3'Dg uof}F . Ps a;af6
cf]n{]kl5 d}n] Temple of Heavan hfg] ljrf/ JoQm u/]F .
…xfdL cs{} 7fpFlt/ hfFb} lyof}F, tkfO+{n] 7Ls} ug{'eof] eg]/ nD;fnhLn] eGg'eof] .
xfdL csf{] a;df 6]Dkn ckm x]e]glt/ nfUof}F . af6f]df Ps ahf/df skmL vfof}F
/ s]xL df]tLx¿ lsgd]n u¥of}F . df]tL lsGbf Ps hgf dn]l;og dlxnf;Fu e]6
eof] . pgn] lrg]sL ;fx'gL;Fu df]tL lsGof}F .
Silk market /];d ahf/sf]
gfdn] k|Voft Tof] ahf/df ()Ü hlt ljb]zL u|fxs dfq lyP . tn cfP/
sf7df8f}+sf] hf8f]sf nflu Pp6f xfkm hfs]6 klg lsg]F .
ToxfFaf6 xfdL
csf{] ahf/df klg uof}F . Tof] ahf/sf] gfd xf]+5ofcf] kn{ dfs{]6 /x]5 .
ahf/df xfdLn] s]xL df]tLsf dfnf lsGof}F . Tof] ejgsf] e'OF tnfdf k]g8«fOe,
sf8{l/8/ / b'O{ lhaLsf] kmf]6f] d]df]/L sf8{ lsGof}F . To;kl5 xfdLn] 5tdf
uP/ 6]Dkn ckm x]e]gsf] kmf]6f] lvRof}F . Toltn] d]/f] lrQ a'em]g .
sdn nD;fnhL 6]Dknckm x]e]gleq ghfg] d'8df x'g'x'GYof] . d}n] eg]– otf cfP/
leq k:g] l6s6sf] nf]en] of] k|l;4 7fpF x]l/P eg] 3/ uPkl5 kZrftfk xf]nf .
clg, aNn nD;fnhL;Fu} Psl5g lx+8]/ 6]Dkn ckm x]e]g x]g{ uof}F .
a]n'sLkv #)
o'jfgsf] k|j]z l6s6 sf6]/ xfdL 6]Dkn ckm x]e]g
-lyogyg_ lrlgofF gfd x]g{ uofF} . xfd|f] 6'Fl8v]nsf] bzf}F u'gf ljzfn If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] lrlgofF /fhf dxf/fhfx¿n] xhf/f}F jif{b]lv /fd|f] km;nsf nflu k"hf ug{] aln lbg], k|fy{gf ug{] dlGb/ x]g{ uof}F . a"9fkfsfsf nflu lgMz'Ns k|j]z kf; / ko{6ssf nflu !% o'jfg k|j]z z'Ns / #% o'jfg leqL efusf] z'Ns ePsf] 6]Dkn ckm x]e]g x]/]/ kmSof}{+ . Totfaf6 (%* gDa/sf] a;df 8]9 3G6f;Dd uPkl5 sdn
nD;fnhL a:g] 7fpF /]l8of] k]lsª glhs a;af6 cf]Nof{}+ / /]:6'/]G6df uO{ vfgf vfof}F . vfgf dL7f] lyof] . ldS; t/sf/L, eft, s'v'/fsf]
df;'[ / ljz]if lsl;dsf] ;'k . vfgf vfO;s]kl5 xfdL !* tnfdfly
/x]sf] nD;fnhLsf] ckf6{d]G6df k'uL cf/fd u¥of}{+ . d cfh /flt ot} a:5' eGg] va/ /fhb"tfjf;sf rfh{ 8] Pkm]o;{ v'; gf/fo0f >]i7hLnfO{
klg u/]F .
-lyogyg_ lrlgofF gfd x]g{ uofF} . xfd|f] 6'Fl8v]nsf] bzf}F u'gf ljzfn If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] lrlgofF /fhf dxf/fhfx¿n] xhf/f}F jif{b]lv /fd|f] km;nsf nflu k"hf ug{] aln lbg], k|fy{gf ug{] dlGb/ x]g{ uof}F . a"9fkfsfsf nflu lgMz'Ns k|j]z kf; / ko{6ssf nflu !% o'jfg k|j]z z'Ns / #% o'jfg leqL efusf] z'Ns ePsf] 6]Dkn ckm x]e]g x]/]/ kmSof}{+ . Totfaf6 (%* gDa/sf] a;df 8]9 3G6f;Dd uPkl5 sdn
nD;fnhL a:g] 7fpF /]l8of] k]lsª glhs a;af6 cf]Nof{}+ / /]:6'/]G6df uO{ vfgf vfof}F . vfgf dL7f] lyof] . ldS; t/sf/L, eft, s'v'/fsf]
df;'[ / ljz]if lsl;dsf] ;'k . vfgf vfO;s]kl5 xfdL !* tnfdfly
/x]sf] nD;fnhLsf] ckf6{d]G6df k'uL cf/fd u¥of}{+ . d cfh /flt ot} a:5' eGg] va/ /fhb"tfjf;sf rfh{ 8] Pkm]o;{ v'; gf/fo0f >]i7hLnfO{
klg u/]F .
@$ tfl/v
laxfg cf7 ah]
p7\of}F / skmL vfP/ s[i0f s];LhLsf] ckf6{d]G6df uof}F . Psl5g lrghfg
ukmufkm u/]kl5 :yfgLo ahf/lt/ vfgkfgsf ;fdfg lsGg uof}F . d}n] ToxfFsf]
t/sf/L ahf/df ;a} lsl;dsf t/sf/Lsf] ;fOh cfs[lt 7"nf] ePsf] b]v]F .
rLgdf hg;+Vof w]/} ePsf] / ;a}sf] k]6 eg{sf nflu ;fob w]/} /f;folgs dnsf]
k|of]u eP/ xf]nf eG6fb]lv n;'g, Kofh, :ofp, km;L{, ;a}sf] ;fOh g]kfnsf eGbf
w]/} u'0ff 7"nf /x]5g\ . s]an sfFqmf]sf] ;fOh dfq} 36]sf] kfPF .
s]xL sfFqmfx¿ sfF8]bf/ / ;k{sf] cfs[lt ePsf nfDrf nfDrf b]v]F . ahf/af6
cfPkl5 vfgf vfof}F . bfneft, df;', t/sf/L vfO{ Ps 3G6f cf/fd u¥of}F .
To;} a]nf d}n] 3/df kmf]g;d]t u/]F . vfgf vfPkl5 Ps}l5g ;'Tof}F lsgeg] a]Olhªdf
lbpF;f] 3'Dg hfFbf lgSs} udL{ lyof] .
@$ h'g b'O{ ah]kl5
dfq sdn nD;fnhLsf] 3/ glhsaf6 a;df r9\of}F / csf{] a; abn]/ ;]tf] :t'kf c/lgsf]n]
agfPsf] dlGb/ x]g{ uof}F . ToxfF @) o'jfg RMB k|j]z z'Ns rflxg] /x]5 . t/, g]kfnL gful/ssf
nflu kl/rokqsf cfwf/df lgMz'Ns k|j]z lbg] rng /x]5 . clg t sdn nD;fnhLn]
g]kfnLsf] kl/ro b]vfpg'eof] . d}n] SofDk;sf] kl/rokq b]vfPF . Tolt eP
k|j]z lgMz'Ns eof] . ;]tf] Kofuf]8fleq y'k|} a'4 d"lt{ lyP .
To;sf] jl/kl/ /x]sf] kvf{nnfO{ hL0ff]{4f/ ul/+b} lyof] . glhssf] ;8s rf}8f
agfpFb} ;g\ @))* df x'g] cf]nlDks v]nsf] tof/Lsf nflu a]Olhªn] cfˆgf] :j¿k g}
kl/jt{g ug{ nfu]sf] cfef; eof] . Tof] dlGb/ b]v]/ . To;kl5 csf{] a;df
r9]/ ltgfgd]g :Sjfo/lt/ cfof}F . ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] :Sjfo/ x]g{ /
6]Dkn ckm x]e]g x]g{ a;af6 cf]n{]kl5 l/S;f r9]/ uof}F . Psl5g l/S;f r9]sf]
kGw| RMB lt/]/ k}bn klg lx+8]/
ltgfgd]g :Sjfo/;Dd k'Uof}F . ToxfF kfgL kl//x]sf] lyof] . Psl5g j/k/
x]/]/ kmf]6f] lvRof}F . Tof] a]n'sf v';gf/fo0f >]i7hLsf] 3/df l8g/ vfPF .
!*÷@) tNnfdf /x]sf] v';gf/fo0fhLsf] ckf6{d]G6 /fd|f] lyof] .
tLtf] ofqf, lrlgofF
k|j[lQn] l;sfPsf] kf7
k|j[lQn] l;sfPsf] kf7
ldq /fi6«, rLgsf]
af6f] eO{ d+uf]lnof hfg d}n] sf7df8f}+ l:yt lrlgofF /fhb"tfjf;sf] le;f
;]S;g gS;fndf le;fsf nflu cfj]bg lbPF . cfj]bg ;fy d+uf]lnofsf] lgdGq0ff
kq, d+uf]lnofsf] le;f ePsf] d]/f] /fxbfgL Pj+ SofDk;sf] l;kmfl/; kq;d]t k];
u/]sf] lyPF . ;f] kqdf d}n] d+uf]lnof hfg] ePsfn] ltAatsf] af6f] Nxf;f eP/
hfg'kg{] lyof] . d}n] le;f kmf/ddf bf]xf]/f] k|j]z le;f dfu u/]sf] lyPF .
;fy} d}n] pQm ;dodf d]/f] xjfO{ l6s6 lglZrt geO;s]sfn] a]Olhªb]lv pnfgaf6/
d+uf]lnof cfpghfg /]ndfu{ klg x'g ;S5 egL pNn]v u/]sf] lyPF . lrlgofF le;f
zfvfsf sG;'n/n] tkfO+{nfO{ Psn k|j]z le;fdfq eP k'U5 eGof] . ;f]xLadf]lhd
dnfO Psf]xf]/f] k|j]z le;f lbOof] . dnfO{ clns z+sf nfu]sf] lyof] .
ha d a]Olhªdf k'u]/ g]kfnL b"tfjf;df d+uf]lnofsf nflu xjfO{ l6s6 lng nfu]F .
To; a]nf klg s;}n] klg tkfO+{sf] 8an OG6«L le;f 5}g eg]g / d}n] ^^)$ ;f6]/ lrlgofF d'b|f RMB df d+uf]lnofsf] l6s6 lsg]F .
;f] l6s6 g]kfnL b"tfjf;dfkm{t lsg]F . olb, kl5 s]xL ;d:of ePdf
b"tfjf;af6 sfd ubf{ ;lhnf] xf]nf eGg] d]/f] ljZjf; lyof] . kfFr lbg a]Olhªdf
3'd3fd u/L d+uf]lnof k|:yfg ug{'cl3 dnfO{ z+sf nfUof] . d;Fu Single Entry Psf]xf]/f] k|j]z
le;f 5 . d t];|f] b]z hfFb} 5' . ToxfF s]xL ;d:of ePdf s] ug{] <
d]/f] dgdf pAh]sf] z+sfn] d}n] g]kfnL b"tfjf;sf ldlg:6/ sG;'n/ v';gf/fo0f
>]i7hL;Fu s'/fsfgL u/]F . pxfFn] eGg'eof], …rflxFb}g xf]nf .Ú
t}klg, dg dfg]g a]Olhªaf6 8an OlG6« le;f lng tLg lbg nfU5 /] To;sf nflu d;Fu
afFsL ;do lyPg . cflv/df dnfO{ nfUof] bf]xf]/f] k|j]z le;f rflxG5 eg]
g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf;sf] kq lnP/ hfFbf klg t xf]nf . Tof] ljrf/ u/]kl5 g]kfnL
/fhb"tfjf;n] Ps clwsfl/s kq lrlgofF /fhb"tfjf; pnfgaf6/ d+uf]lnofsf]
gfddf n]Vof] . Tof] kqnfO{ cfˆgf] ;'/Iff sjrsf] ¿kdf 7fg]F .
ha d d+uf]lnof
k'u]F . klxnf] / bf];|f] lbg ToxfFsf] b"/b/fhsf] u|fdL0f e]usf] hLjg,
gf]Dofl8s /xg;xg, ;kmf jftfj/0fdf /flt tf/f x]g{] sfd u/]F . t];|f] lbg d
/fhwfgL ;x/ pnfgaf6/ k'u]F . d}n] lrlgofF /fhb"tfjf; vf]Hg yfn]F .
To;sf nflu Ps hgf d+uf]lnog aflnsf gf/fn] dnfO{ lgs} d2t ul/g\ . nfdf]
nfOg nfu]/ lrlgofF b"tfjf;df le;f cfj]bg kmf/d e/]F / ;fydf g]kfnL
/fhb"tfjf;af6 n]v]sf] kq klg ;+nUg u/]F . Tolt dfq xf]Og, ;Fu}
d+uf]lnofsf] sfo{qmdsf] hfgsf/L, lgdGq0ffsf] kmf]6f]skL, d+uf]lnog / rfOlgh
le;f;d]t kmf]6f]skL u/]/ gTyLul/ lbPF . lrlgofF b"tfjf;sf dflg;n]
cfˆg} efiffdf s]s] s'/f u/] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . t/, xfd|f] sfo{qmdsf] ljifo,
nf]stGq, dfgjclwsf/ / zflGt;Fu ;DalGwt ePsfn] ltAatsf] af6f] o:tf dfG5] k7fpg'
vt/gfs x'G5 eGg] kf] nfUof] ls s] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g, cflv/df d]/f] lr7L leq cfkm};Fu
/fvL kf;kf]6{ / cfj]bg lkmtf{ u¥of] .
dnfO{ Psbd l/; p7\of] t/ s] ug{] ljb]zsf] dfdnf <
Tof] lbg d ufGwL
cf>d vfbL eG8f/sf] s'tf{ kfohfdf -ef/tLo n'uf_ nufP/ uPsf] lyPF . Tolt dfq
xf]Og, d;Fu dnfO{ le;f lng ;3fpg uPsL d+uf]lnog ;fyL gf/f klg ef/tLo
b"tfjf;df lxGbL efiff l;Sb} u/]sL /lx5g\ . pgsf] ef/tLo
/fhb"tfjf;sf] le;f ;]S;gsf sG;'n/ ld:6/ ;fx';Fu /fd|f] lrghfg /x]5 .
pgn] elgg\ x]/f}F ef/tLo b"tfjf;n] d2t ug{ ;S5 ls . lrlgofF b"tfjf;af6
xfdL glhs}sf] ef/tLo b"tfjf; k'Uof}F . ToxfF k'u]/ gf/fnfO{
b]Vg]lalQs} ;fx'n] elgxfn]– cfhsn Sof]+ gxL k9\g] cftL . pgn] klg elgg xd
Xjf/fªs] cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngd] y] . TolQs}df d}n] klg gd:sf/ eg]F / lrghfg u/]F .
d}n] eg]– P efO ;fxa cfk nf]u tf] g]kfns] a8] efO x}xL, d]/f k|f]And d s'5
s/kfo]+u] . pgn] dnfO{ clkml;oNnL d2t ug{ g;Sg] hgfP . t/, lghL:t/df
d sf]l;; u5{' eg] . pgn] dnfO{ eg], …olb cfk OlG8og xf]t] tf] xf cfks] lnP
kq lnvs] lrlgof]+;] afts/ ;St]y] k/Gt' cfk g]kfnL x} Sof s/]+ <Ú d}n] eg]– xfd|f]
b"tfjf; d+u]flnofdf 5}g, a]Olhªsf] clkml;on l;kmfl/; kqn] klg dfg]g, oxfF
xfdL g]kfnLsf nflu klg ef/tLo ldqn] d2t ug{ ;S5 eg] 7Ls x'GYof] egL cfPsf] x'F
eg]kl5 pgn] klxn] t kq n]v] . t/, l8l;Pdn] Tof] kq lbg ldNb}g eg]kl5 le;f
;]S;gdf sfd ug{] nf]sn :6fkm d+uf]lnog :6fkmdfkm{t 6]lnkmf]gdf d+uf]lnog /
lrlgofF efiffdf d]/f] ;a} j[tfGt eGg nufP . pgn] eg] hfg'; lrlgofF b"tfjf;df
km]l/ xfdL ToxFf uof}F . t/, pxL pQ/ cfof] . tkfO+{nfO{ @$ 3G6f le;f
rflxFb}g . ef/tLo b"tfjf;sf] kmf]gsf] sf/0f d]/f] g]kfnL b"tfjf;n]
lbPsf] kq h;nfO{ lrlgofFx¿n] cfkm};Fu /fv]sf lyP, lkmtf{ ul/lbof] . k¥of]
laTof; d km]l/ klg lrlGtt g} /x]F . cflv/df xfdL Po/
rfOgfsf] clkm;df uof}F / ;f]Wof}F . ToxfFsf] :6fkmn] eGof]– rf}aL; 3G6f
tkfO{+nfO{ le;f rflxFb}g lsgeg] tkfO+{sf] sg]S6L+ ˆnfO6 5 lrGtf gug{';\ .
clg, Tof] a]n'sf dnfO{ lgGb|f t nfUof] . ef]lnkN6 sf]l/og ;fyL sf]l/of
kms{g] lyP . Ps hgf sf]l/og ;xefuLn] d]/f nflu s]xL l6s6sf] /sd d2t u/]sf]
lyof] . p;n] olb tkfO+{n] le;f kfpg'ePg eg] tkfO{+nfO{ csf{] l6s6 sf6\g yk
k};f rflxG5 eg]/ #)) 8n/ yk lbPsf] lyof] . Po/ rfOgfsf] l6s6df ;d:of gx'g]
hfgsf/L kl5 dnfO{ lbPsf] #)) 8n/ d}n] pxfFnfO{ lkmtf{ ul/lbPF .
csf{] lbg d]/f]
g]kfnsf nflu p8\g] sfo{qmd lyof] . g]kfnaf6 cfPs} af6f]af6 lkmtf{
hfg'kYof{] pnfgaf6/ – a]Olhª, 5]Gb', Nxf;f / sf7df8f}+ . d]/f Ps hgf ldq
gfuL / d'lun] dnfO{ 6f9fsf] Po/kf]6{df k'¥ofOlbP . r+u]h vfF cGt/f{li6«o
xjfO{ c8\8f pnfgaf6/ ;x/af6 lgs} 6f9f /x]5 . Po/kf]6{ k'Ug sl/a @) 8n/
6\ofS;L ef8f nfUg] /x]5 . Po/kf]6{df ;fdfg hfFr eof], d]/f] nu]h leq uO;s]kl5
dnfO{ labf u/L d+uf]lnog ;fyL 3/ kmls{P . ha d cWofudg kf/ ug{ nfu]F ta
dnfO{ /f]lsof] . bf]xf]/f] k|j]z le;f gePsf] egL dnfO{ clGtd k|j]z laGb'af6
/f]lsof] . d]/f] 7fpFdf csf{] lrlgofF Jofkf/LnfO{ p8fof] . d}n] ;'g]cg';f/,
rLg / d+uf]lnofdf r/d e|i6frf/ x'G5 /] ;fob dnfO{ l8kf]6 u/]kl5 pgLx¿n] w]/}
3"; vfP/ Jofkf/LnfO{ p8fPsf] klg x'g ;S5 . d}n] hlt cg'/f]w u/]F klg
s;}n] ;'g]gg\ . d]/f] leq k7fO;s]sf] ;fdfg lkmtf{ u/L dnfO{ aflx/ lgsfNof] .
d]/f] hLjgdf klxnf] k6s p8fgaf6 l8kf]6 x'g] 36gf 36\of] . To;sf]
;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lrlgofF ;/sf/ jf Po/
rfOgfn] lng} kg{] xf] . olb o:tf] 36gf klZrdL k|hftflGqs d'n'sdf 36]sf] eP
d]/f] cf]e/ :6] ug{'k/]sf] lbgsf] vr{;d]t Ifltk"lt{ kfpg'kg{] lyof] .
d]/f] s'g} klg uNtL a]u/ a]vrL{ eO{ a;]sf] xjfO{ ofqLsf] l6s6 sfd gnfUg] u/L ca
rLgsf] af6f] hfg kfOFb}g eGg' slQsf] dfgjLo Jojxf/ xf] < To; a]nf d;Fu hDdf
@) 8n/ hlt d+uf]lnog k};f -6'u|v_ afFsL lyof] . To;sf] klg ;6xL rfh{ lt/L 8n/
agfO;s]sf] lyPF . ca k¥of] laTof; d Psbd b'MvL / lrlGtt ePF . ef]ln
laxfg sf7df8f}+ k'Ug] v';L b'Mvdf kl/0ft
eof] . ca sxfF hfg] k};f 5}g, a:g] 7fpF 5}g <
;+s6sf] a]nfdf
d}n] xf]; u'dfOgF . aflx/ cfO{ 6\ofS;Ldf ;fdfg /fv]F / ljrf/ u/]F .
xf]6ndf hfpF k};f 5}g clg t gf/fsf] 3/df hfg] ljrf/ u/]F . d;Fu p;sf]
km]fg gDa/ ePsf] lelhl6+u sf8{rflxF lyof] . af6f]df 6\ofS;LjfnfnfO{ sf8{
b]vfO{ kmf]g ug{ nufPF . gf/f;Fu s'/f eof] . xfdL pgsf] 3/df k'Uof}F .
pgnfO{ klg b'Mv nfUof] . t/, pgn] dnfO{ w]/} d2t ul/g\ . ;fdfg 3/df
/fv]/ Po/ rfOgfsf] clkm;df uO{ emu8f u/]F,
lgs} egfeg eof] . cflv/df bf]xf]/f] le;f gePsf sf/0f l8kf]6 u/]sf] eGg]
clkml;on kq agfpg nufof}F tfls k|of]u gePsf] xjfO{ l6s6sf] /sd l/kmG8 dfu ug{
;lsof];\ . To;kl5 Ps xf]6ndf uO{ vfgf vfof}F . ca d'Vo ;d:of eof] .
rLgafx]s s'g ?6 s;/L hfg] < xfdL pnfgaf6/ xf]6ndf uof}F . ToxfF /x]sf] Po/nfOG;sf]
clkm;df ;f]wk'5 u¥of}F . sf]l/og Po/sf] O–l6s6 pknAw eof] . clg, sdn
nD;fnn] cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf nflu d]/f] xftdf k7fPsf] /sdn] l6s6 vl/b u/]F .
d+uf]lnof–;f]n sf]l/of–sf7df8f}+ . Tof] l6s6 d]/f] xft k¥of] clg d 9'Ss
ePF . ca rLgdf gl5/]/ d g]kfn k'Ug] ePF eg]/ . csf{]lbg /flt !@
ah]sf] sf]l/og Po/sf] ˆnfO6 x'/L, xfjfsf sf/0f ! ah] /flt p8]/ laxfg ^ ah]
sf]l/of / @ ah] sf7df8f+} k'uL d]/f] sl7g xjfO{ ofqf k"/f eof] .
g]kfnn] /fhfsf]
k|ToIf zf;gsf] a]nfdf k|sfz rGb| nf]xgLn] lrlgofF gful/ssf nflu lgMz'Ns le;f
lbg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . s] g]kfn e|d0f ug{ cfpg] lrlgofF ofqL le;f z'Ns
ltg{ ;Sb}gg\ < lsg g]kfnL gful/snfO{ rLgdf le;f lbg klg ufx|f] ul/G5 <
Pp6} d'n's dfGg] rLgn] ltAatnfO{ cs{}, xªsªnfO{ cs{} / rLgnfO{ cs{} le;f lsg
dfU5 < g]kfnLn] ;of}+ jif{ /Iff u/]sf] xªsªdf ;d]t g]kfnLnfO{ le;f lbg
lrlgofF clwsf/L rf/k6s ljrf/ u5{g\ . ;dfg l5d]sL ;DaGw s;/L x'g ;S5
g]kfnsf] . ef/tdf xfdL :jtGq ¿kdf ljr/0f ug{ ;S5f}F . sfdsfh u/]/ a:g
;lsG5 . pQ/tL/sf] 3lgi6td ldq dfg]sf] rLgn] t xfnsf lbgdf a]Olhªsf] ;]tf]
Kofuf]8fdf ;d]t c/lgsf] g]kfnL jf:t'sf/n] agfPsf] egL n]v]/ /fv]sf] tfd|kqnfO{
d]6L gi6 u/L gofF kl/ro /f]v]sf] b]lvG5 .
dnfO{ le;f pknAw
u/fpg cGTodf d+uf]lnofsf] l/ef]lnpgl/ kf6L{sL sfof{no ;lrj dlxnfn] cg'/f]w ubf{
klg lrlgofF b"tfjf;sf sd{rf/Ln] 6]/k'R5/ nufPgg\ . d+uf]lnog l/ef]lnp:g/L
kf6L{sL ;lrjn] eg]sL lyOg– pxFf ;xefuL ePsf] ;Dd]ngdf xfd|f] klg ;xof]u 5 .
To;}n] pxFfnfO{ xfd|f] kfx'gf dfg]/ bf]xf]/f] k|j]z le;f lbg';\ k/Gt' s]xL;Lk
nfu]g . s;}nfO{ klg gk/f];\ j}b]lzs ofqfdf dnfO{, rLgsf] af6f]df k/]h:tf]
;d:of . g]kfn kms{]/ d}n] bfjf ubf{;d]t plrt Ifltk"lt{ kfPsf] 5}g .
xfd|f] k//fi6« dGqfnon] ;d]t kq n]v] tfklg lrlgofF b"tfjf; / Po/ rfOgfsf]
3}+6f]df 3fd nfu]sf] 5}g . ;g\ @))& h'g, h'nfO{sf] rLgsf] af6f]sf]
d+uf]lnof ofqfn] dnfO{ crDd kf¥of] .
;+u|xfno b/af/
of] ;+u|xfno
P]ltxfl;s / snfTds ¿kdf ;a}eGbf /fd|/L a'‰g ;lsg] lrlgofF ;+u|xfnodWo] Ps xf] .
o; ;+u|xfnosf] :yfkgf ;fd|fHojfbL b/af/sf] hudf ePsf] lyof] . o;nfO{ csf{]
zAbdf …kmf]la{8g l;6LÚ klg elgG5 . of] b/af/ b'O{ j+z -[ldª -!#^*–!^$) / lsª -!^$$–!(!!_] x¿sf] ;+:sf/ / cyfx ;DklQsf] s]Gb| jf
d'6'sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] .
o; ;fd|fHojfbL b/af/sf]
jf:tljs lgdf{0f ;g\ !$@) df k"0f{ ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] k"/f If]qkmn
!,))),))) :Sjfo/ ld6/ /x]sf] 5 h;df ejgx¿n] dfq !&),))) :Sjfo/ ld6/ If]qkmn
cf]u6]sf] 5 . olb, l8hfOg x]g{] xf] eg] dWo–pQ/L–blIf0fL efudf kg{] leqL /
aflx/L b/af/x¿ ;+j]bgzLn 5g\ . aflx/L b/af/sf ljz]iftfx¿df
;'lk|d–xfdf{]gL, ;]G6«n–xfdf{]gL / lk|hle{ª–xfdf{]gL k5{g\ . logsf aundf
…xn ckm ln6//L la|lnoG;\ / df;{n e]n/Ú 5g\ . oxL
g} ;d|f6\n] dxTjk"0f{ ;df/f]xx¿sf] ;efkltTj ug{] uy{] . leqL b/af/n]
…Kofn]; ckm x]e]GnL Ko'l/6L, xn ckm o'lgog, Kofn]; ckm cy{nL 6«ofªSjfln6L /
ODk]l/on uf8{gÚ nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . k"j{ / klZrddf u/L hDdf Ps
bh{g rf]s / 3/x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . leqL b/af/df ;d|f6\, ;fd|fuL, lelqgLx¿sf]
cfjf; dfq geO{, oxfF k|zf;lgs sfo{x¿sf nflu 7fpF klg x'GYof] . cem yk,
k"j{kl§sf] 6\ofªlSjn n+u]le6L–kl/;/ cjsfz k|fKt ;d|f6\sf lgldQ agfOPsf]
lyof] / klZrdkl§sf] Kofn]; ckm a]gf]ef]n]G6 6\ofªlSjln6L ljwjf ;fd|fuLsf lglDt
tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] . …kmf]la{8g l;l6Ú cfhsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / /fd|/L
;'/lIft b/af/ xf] . t[tLo ldª ;d|f6\ …e'm l8Ú b]lv clGtd lsª ;d|f6\
…km"O{Ú ;Dd, hDdf @$ ;d|f6\ afFr] / pgLx¿n] $(! jif{;Dd oxL b/af/af6 /fHo
u/] . ;g\ !(!! df u0ftflGqs qmflGtsf] sf/0f /fh j+zsf] ktg x'g k'Uof] .
…lsª u[xsf] plrt pkrf/Ú wf/fsf] cfwf/df …Ko'OÚ nfO{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf u2L Tofu]kl5
leqL b/af/df a:g lbOPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(!$ df aflx/L b/af/df …Gof:gn Uofn/L
ckm PlG6ls6LhÚ sf] :yfkgf u/L ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu v'nf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\
!(@$ df ;]gfsf sdfG8/ …km]gf o'lhofªÚ åf/f ul/Psf] ;Qf kn6df …Ko'OÚ nfO{
…kmf]lj{8g l;l6Ú af6 lgisfl;t ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !(@% cS6f]a/ !) df cfP/
dfq} leqL b/af/df ;+u|xfno b/af/ :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !($* df
…Gof:gn Uofn/L ckm PlG6lsl6hÚ nfO{ ;+u|xfno b/af/df uflePsf] lyof] . ;g\
!($( df hg u0ftflGqs rLgsf] :yfkgfkl5 g}, b/af/sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu 7"nf] kl/df0fdf
;+/If0f kl/of]hgfx¿ Nffu" ul/P . ;g\ !(^! Dff /fHo ;efn] …kmf]la{8g
l;l6ÚnfO{ rLgsf] ;a}eGbf klxnf] ;'/lIft :df/ssf] ¿kdf tf]Sof] / ;g\ !(*& df
o;nfO{ o'g]:sf] ljZj ;Dkbf :yn agfOof] .
;+u|xfno b/af/df ! s/f]8 %) nfv eGbf a9L j:t'x¿ 5g\ . ;+u|xfno
Uofn/Ldf df}lns b/af/sf] P]ltxfl;s sf]7fx¿sf ;fy} yk df6f]sf efF8fs'F8fx¿ lrqsnfx¿,
;'\Gb/ cIf/x¿ 9nf]6x¿, uxgfx¿, 38Lx¿, 9'+ufsf 8«dx¿ / xl/tdl0fx¿ k|bz{gLdf
/flvPsf 5g\ . oL Uofn/Lx¿Dff, c:yfoL k|bz{gx¿df dfq} ljz]if u/L ljifout
k|bz{gx¿ Ul/G5g\ .
hfkfgL k/Dk/f
/ g]kfnL rng
g]kfnsf lxdfnL ufp“x¿df k|foM :gfg ug]{ rng 5}g . kxf8L If]qdf
b}lgs :gfg ug{' afx'g afh]sf] sfd xf] eGg] rng klg 5 . cfhef]ln lah'nL /
;f]nf/sf] k|of]un] kfgL ttfP/ b}lgs tftf] kfgLdf g'xfpg' ;xl/of ;Eo hLjgsf]
k|tLs x'g nfu]sf] 5 . t/fO{df udL{ x'g] x'“bf lbgdf tLg÷rf/k6s;Dd zLtntfsf
nflu g'xfpg] ul/G5 . d]/f hfkfgL ldq ;f]dfsf] elthfn] …laxfgsf] ;do l5§} a|]skmf:6 vfO{
sfddf hfg'k5{, To; a]nf g'xfpg a:of] eg] sdfpg] ;do vr{ eOxfN5 . To;sf/0f
laxfg g'xfpg' cl;l4 xf] / laxfg g'xfpg] dfG5] cfk\mgf] wg–;DklQ p8fp“5 eGg]
oxf“sf] rng 5 .Ú eg]sf] s'/f ;'Gbf dnfO{ pT;'stf nfUof] . o:tf] lsg
elgPsf] xf]nf, egL d ud vfg k'u]“ . a'e\mb} hf“bf hfkfgdf afx'gg'xfO
x'“b}g /x]5 . a]n'sf sfd l;WofO{ yfs]/ cfPsf dflg; ;aeGbf klxn] kfx'gfnfO{
g'xfpg eGbf /x]5g\ . afy 6adf 6fpsf]afx]s hLp 8'afP/ a:g] rng /x]5 .
To;n] ubf{ lbgel/sf] ysfg klg d]l6g], z/L/ r+uf x'g] clg l8g/ vfP/ d:t;“u
lgbfpg klg ;lsg] /x]5 . …b]zcg';f/sf] e]if, lz/cg';f/sf] s]zÚ eg]em}“
dnfO{ hf8f] 7fp“df of] tl/sf /fd|f] nfUof] .
sfl;af/f
cfh a'4 dlGb/ sfl;af/fsf] cjnf]sg–e|d0fdf lgl:sof}“ . gf/faf6 Ps 3G6feGbf a9L ;dodf
k'lug] sl/a xfd|f] uf]bfj/Lh:tf] 7fp“df cjl:yt ;'Gb/ kxf8L b[ZofjnLsf] dWodfudf
/x]sf] lkslgs :yn;“u} Ol;a'tfO{ skmg 6'd'n;nfO{ klg xfdLn] x]¥of}“ .
cfh;Dd k|fKt hfkfgsf] k|frLg skmg egL lrlgPsf pQm skmg ;ft ;o O;fsf] ;dosf s'g}
/fhfsf] lrxfg /x]5 . Toxf“ ldnfP/ /flvPsf ljzfn tLgj6f 9'+ufx¿ To; a]nf
s;/L af]s]/ NofOP xf]nfg\ < ;fy} r6Ss kvf{n agfO{ ldnfpg / dflyaf6 5fgfh:tf]
agfpg k|of]u ul/Psf r§fgh:tf 9'+ufx¿ x]bf{ jt{dfg ;dodf qm]gnfO{ ;d]t ufx|f]
x'g] sfd tTsfnLg dflg;n] s;/L ;DkGg u/] x'g\ egL ;a} 5Ss / kSs k5{g\ . To;
a]nf nfvf}“ dflg;sf] >dn] ag]sf] xf]nf Tof] ;jf{lws k'/fgf] hfkfgL lrxfg .
Toxf“af6 lx“8\b} cfp“bf af6f]df kmnsf] Pp6f k;n b]lvof] . Toxf“
dfG5] sf]xL klg lyPgg\ . 8f]sf]h:tf] 6f]s/Ldf kmnk"mn /flvPsf lyP .
To;df d"No klg n]lvPsf] lyof] . ;fydf sfuhsf] v'q's]h:tf] k};fsf]
afs; lyof] . dg nfu]sf dflg; Tof] kmn lnGy], cfjZos k};f /fVy] / cfk\mgf]
uGtJolt/ nfUy] . ef/tsf] /]ndf of a;df ofqf ubf{ cfk"m;“usf] cfk\mgf]
;'6s]; rf]/L x'G5 ls egL kmnfdsf] l;qmLn] af“wL tfNrf nufPsf] b]v]sf] dh:tf]
dfG5]nfO{ To; k;nsf] gfd …g}lts k;nÚ eGg dg nfUof] . cfh} sfl;af/f
b[Zofjnf]sgsf] ;dodf blIf0f ef/taf6 NofOPsf ^^ s/f]8 o]g kg]{ u|]gfO6sf
lrxfgx¿sf tof/L gd'gf /fv]sf b]Vof}“ . hfkfgdf ef/tLo dfa{n / u|]gfO6sf]
7"nf] ahf/ /x]5 . ToxL 7fp“df xfdLn] ljzfnsfo a'4 eujfg\sf b'O{j6f
d"lt{x¿ Pp6f plePsf] / csf]{ ;'t]sf] b]Vof+}“ . Tolt dfq xf]Og,
agf/;sf] dfg; dlGb/df c+lst /fdnLnfh:t} To; 7fp“sf] dlGb/kl/;/sf leQfdf a'4sf]
hLjgLnfO{ 7"nf7"nf 9'+ufdf s'“b]/ agfPsf] /x]5 . tL dfa{n
ef/tsf] sgf{6saf6 Nofp“bf /x]5g\ . sl/a kRrL; jif{b]lv Tof] dlGb/ agfpg]
JolQm ef/tdf s'i7/f]uLsf] ;]jfdf klg ;+nUg /x]5g\ . Toxf“ laqmLsf nflu
/flvPsf ;fdfg klg ;a} cfu/f / hok'/df lgld{t x:tsnfsf ;fdfg lyP . To;
dlGb/sf] lgdf{0fn] hfkfg / ef/tsf] d}qLnfO{ d2t u5{ xf]nf . hfkfgsf]
/fhwfgL klxn] o;} 7fp“df lyof] /] † kl5 gf/fdf ;/]5 . s]xL ;o jif{
gf/fdf /x]kl5 hfkfgsf /fhfnfO{ rLgsf] Ps ;x/ dg k/]5 clg Sof]6f]nfO{ ;Lwf;Lwf
uNnLx¿df ljeflht u/L Jojl:yt ;x/sf ¿kdf /fhwfgL ;x/ agfPsf /x]5g\ . To;}n]
gf/f / Sof]6f]df y'k|} a'4, l;Gtf] dlGb/ /fhfåf/f lgld{t 5g\ . kl5
Jofkfl/s ;x/sf ¿kdf 6f]lsof]sf] ljsf; ePkl5 ;g\ !*^* b]lv hfkfgL /fhwfgL
6f]lsof]df ;¥of], h;nfO{ hfkfgsf] cfw'lgs o'u -d]OhL o'u_ dflgG5 .
kf“r k':tfsf] Ps kl/jf/
d}n] g]kfndf 7"nf] egL b]v]sf] lrg]hfg]sf] kl/jf/ las] >]i7
w'lnv]n u]:6 xfp;jfnfsf] kl/jf/ xf] . las] >]i7sf] ;uf]nsf] kl/jf/df
axQ/ hgf ;b:o lyP . hfkfgdf klg kf“r k':tf;Dd Ps;fy a:g ;S5g\ eGg] d}n]
sNkgf u/]sf] lyOg“ . g]kfndf ;jf{lws d'2f c+zd'2f x'g] u/]sf] s'/fsf ;fIfL
cbfnt 5g\ . c+z / j+zsf ;DaGwsf ljifodf ;dfg c+zsf] ;jfn ;a} cfcfkm\gf
7fp“df 5“b} 5g\ . d]/f] tfhf cg'ejn] kfl/jfl/s dfGotf / sfg'g slt k|an
x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . 6f]lsof]af6 pQ/lt/ -hfkfgsf] a'n]6 6«]g cyf{t\
l;GsfG;]gsf] ult @ ;o %) lsnf]ld6/ k|lt3G6f_ sf] tf]lruL eGg] ufp“df Ps 3/ 5 .
o; 3/sf dflg; tLgrf/ ;o jif{cl3 h+unsf aLrdf st}af6 cfO{ a;]5g\ / h+unsf ¿v
sf6]/ v]tLkftL u/L hLjg rnfpg yfn]5g\ .
kl5 lj:tf/} hldgsf] efuaG8fsf] ljifodf ;f]r]/ lgod agfP5g\ . of]
3/sf] ;DklQ / hldg h]7f] 5f]/fn] dfq kfpg]5 . clg, To;} a]nfb]lv sfd u/L
vfg ;dy{ gx'Gh]n dfq c¿ 5f]/fx¿ ;uf]nsf] 3/df a:g], hjfg ePkl5 cGoq hfg] /
h]7f]n] 3/sf] ;DklQ vfg] clg j+z rnfpg] rng a;fn] 5g\ . xfn ;f] kl/jf/df (@
jif{sL cfdf l5g\, &# jif{sf] h]7f] 5f]/f], ^*, ^@, $( jif{sf cGo 5f]/f 5g\ .
b'O{ 5f]/Lsf] ljjfx eO;s]sf] 5 . h]7f] 5f]/fsf] 5f]/f / gflt clg gfltgLsf]
b'O{ jif{sf] 5f]/f;lxt j+z rnfpg] / k'Vof}{nL
vfg] Tof] ;fgf] afnsnfO{ ;a}n] cflwsfl/s xsbf/ :jLsf/]sf 5g\ . p;sf] afa'n]
/fd|f] ljZjljBfnoaf6 PdP kf; u/]/ klg gf]s/L u/L ;x/lt/ a:g] OR5fnfO{ kfl/jfl/s
Ho]i7tfsf] lgodn] k"/f ug{ lbPg . 6\ofS6/, b"w, v]t / ufO{sf]
sfd ug'{ p;sf] lgTo sd{ xf] . ;of}“ la3f hldg, csf]{ ;of}“ la3fdf
w'kL;Nnfsf] h+un, b"w lbg] ;Q/Lj6f ufO{ -Pp6f ufO{n] Ps lbgdf krf; ln6/;Dd
b"w lbG5 _, cGo ;f“9], afR5fafR5Lx¿sf] sfdwGbf p;sf] lbgrof{ ePsf] 5 .
s]xL lbg labf lng'k¥of] eg] Ps hgf sfdbf/nfO{ lbgsf] #) xhf/ o]g lbP/ /fVg'k5{
/] † pQ/flwsf/Ln] cfk"mnfO{ ufp“df ;Lldt /fv]sf] t/ cfk"mn] klg
ca lrQ a'emfPsf] eGg] kgfltn] aHo};“u a;]/ vfgf vf“bf slt /fd|f] nfU5 †
efu u¥of] eg] hldg 6'lqmG5 . To;}n] xfdLn] cfk"mn] arkgb]lv of]
bfOsf] ;DklQ xf] egL ;'g]sfn] ;DklQdfly cf“vf uf8]gf}“ sfG5f, dflxnf, ;fO“nf
efOx¿n] eg] . ;/sf/L lgodn] t ;DklQdf ;dfg clwsf/ 5, t/ xfd|f] k'Vof}{nL
lgodnfO{ dfGb} d"n3/ h]7f]nfO{ lb“bf xfd|f] hGd:yn ;'/lIft ePsf] cg'ej
u5f}{“ egL cGo efOx¿n] eg] . ljz]if a]nf o;} 3/df hDdf x'G5f}“ egL
;a}hgf;“u e]6 u/L vfgf vf“bf dnfO{ klg hfkfgsf] ;'Gb/ u|fdL0f hLjg cfgGbdo nfUof] . ls;fg eP
klg kh]/f] / tLgj6f sf/, v]tLdf k|of]u x'g] y'k|} d]l;g 6\ofS6/ ePsf] o;
kl/jf/n] ;+o'Qm kl/jf/sf] gd'gfsf] ;f]efsf] kfl/jfl/s kmf]6f] /fVg] .
cfh;Ddsf] Psdfq hfkfgL k|wfgdGqLsf] e|d0f ;g\ @))) df lqe'jg
ljdfg:ynsf] lelecfOkL sIfdf .
xfdL cS6f]a/ !( tfl/v !M#) ah]lt/ t]Gb|L ljZjljBfnosf] u]:6 xfp;af6
lx“8\of}“, t/ Toxf“ emdemd kfgL kl//x]sf] lyof] . xfOj]sf] cUnf] af6f] eP/
hfkfgsf] sfG;fO{ xjfO{ d}bfg glhs /x]sf] c7f/ tnf cUnf] hfkfg kmfpG8];gsf]
clkm;df k'Uof}“ / df]afOnaf6 xfdL k'u]sf] hfgsf/L lbPkl5 Ps hgf dlxnf …cf]xfof]
uf]hfOdf;Ú, …sf]lGglrafÚ eg]/ cfOk'lug\ / Toxf“sf cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw x]g]{
xflsdnfO{ va/ ul/g\ . t'?Gt} tLg rf/ hgf :6fkm;“u lrgfhfgL eof] . clg
d}n] cfk"mn] nu]sf] pkxf/ / cfkm\gf] lelhl6ª sf8{ pgnfO{ lbP“ . To;kl5 d}n] lqe'jg
ljZjljBfnosf] cj:yf, ;+7g, ljBfyL{ ;+Vofsf] hfgsf/L u/fP“ . To;kl5
ljZjefiff SofDk;af/] tyf hfkfgL efiff sfo{qmdsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fP“ .
To;} a]nf g]kfndf hfkfgL efiff k|f]k]ml;oG;L 6]:6sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg]af/] ;d]t
lj:t[t s'/f eof] . To;kl5 hfkflgh :68L / hfkfgL efiff :gfts sfo{qmdsf]
;~rfngsf ;DaGwdf xfdLn] s'/f u¥of}“ .
a'n]6sf]
hDsfe]6
hfkfgsf] t]Gb|L ljZjljBfno / ljZjefiff SofDk;sf] b'O{ bzs nfdf] ;DaGw
5 . b'O{kIfLo ;DaGwnfO{ cf}krfl/s ;DaGw cfbfg–k|bfgsf] ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ug{
cS6f]a/ @$, ;g\ @))) df dnfO{ hfkfgsf] lgDtf] k|fKt eof] . cS6f]a/ dlxgfsf]
b;}“+ labfdf ;f]xL sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ hfkfg e|d0fsf] cj;/ dnfO{ k|fKt eof] .
sf7df8f}+–;fª3fO{–sfG;fO{sf] ljdfg dfu{af6 d]/f] hfkfg e|d0f ;'? eof] .
hfkfgsf] k|frLg /fhwfgLsf] gfd Sof]tf] xf] . Sof]tf] clxn] klg
Toxf“sf] ;f+:s[lts /fhwfgLsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . cfw'lgstf / k|frLgtfsf]
;Dk"0f{ ;lDd>0f oxf“ kfOG5 . kßsGof SofDk; / Softf]sf] Sof]tf]a'sf] ljZjljBfnoaLr nfdf] ;dob]lv
elugL;DaGw sfod x'“b} cfPsf] 5 . Sof]tf]sf] :j0f{ / /ht dlGb/ -ls+sfs'hL /
lu+sfs'hL_ Toxf“sf] /fhgLlts Oltxf;, aF}4 cEof; hfkfgL k/Dk/f tyf hfkfgL
;+:s[lt / jf:t'snfsf hLjGt gd'gf x'g\ .
Sof]tf]b]lv tf]lsof];Ddsf] b"/L % ;o %) lsnf]ld6/ 5 . of]
b"/L sf7df8f}+b]lv s}nfnL, cQl/of jf sf7df8f}+ sf“s8le§fsf] hlQs} x'G5 .
xfn g]kfnsf] ;f] b"/L kf/ ug{ sDtLdf klZrdkl§ b'O{ lbg Ps /ft ;fdfGo
ofq'a;df nfU5 . g]kfnsf] oftfoftsf] Psdfq ;fwg a; g} xf] . ef}uf]lns
ljljwtf, dfcf]jfbL ;d:of, ;8ssf] b'/fj:yf, ;'/Iff lgsfosf] cgfjZos hf“rh:tf
k|d'v sf/0fn] xfdLnfO{ kf“r ;o krf; lsnf]ld6/ kf/ ug{ b'O{ lbg Ps /ft nfUg] u5{ .
x'g t xfdL ef/t;“u ;Ldf hf]l8Psf g]kfnL xf}“ . ;Ldfsf] ;DaGwn] kmfObf a]kmfObf b'j}
x'G5 . bflh{lnªdf c+u|]hn] /f]k]sf] lrof / 3/ agfpg] z}nLsf] l;sf] u/]sfn]
Onfd …uof] Onfd vfof] l;nfd, kms{g] a]nf u'G6f lnnfdÚ elgg] 7fp“ geP/ g]]kfnsf]
;DkGg kxf8L lhNnfsf ¿kdf ljsl;t eof] . csf]{lt/ g]kfnn] klg /fhgLltdf
laxf/L z}nL leœofpgfn] !@ jif{df s] xljut eof], ;a}nfO{ yfx} 5 .
sf]l/ofn] l5d]sL hfkfgsf] l;sf] ubf{–ubf{ hfkfg hlQs} cf}Bf]lus ljsf;
ug{ ;Sof] . xfdLn] klg c+u|]hnfO{ /]n la5\ofpg lbPsf cgdf]n ;fnsf ¿v af]Sg
agFPsf /]nsf k6/LnfO{ dfq klg ljsf; ub}{ u/]sf] eP cfh ;'Svf aGb/ufx hf]8\g tyf
hgsk'/ hogu/nfO{ rfn' /FVg ef/ts} z/0f kg'{ kb}{gYof] xf]nf . xfdL klg
ef/tsf] h:t} Ps ;o tL; lsld ultdfg\ …;'k/kmf:6Ú /]n gkfP klg sDtLdf ;Q/L÷c;L
lsld ultjfg\ /]naf6 k"j{klZrd g]kfnsf] ofqf ul//x]sf x'GYof}“ xf]nf .
b]zsf] ljsf;sf] ult h:t} 5, Pl;ofnL b]zsf] /]nsf] ult . hfkfg
ljZjdf g} ljsf;sf] ultdf cu|ufdL /fi6«sf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . pQ/ blIF0f
;f“3'/f], t/ nfdf] d'n'snfO{ pQ/sf] xf]sfO8f]b]lv blIf0fsf] So';" hf]8\g]
oftfoft /]ndfu{ g} xf] . tf]lsof]b]lv Sof]tf];Ddsf] a'n]6 6«]g
-l;GsfG;]gsf]_ ef8f !$ xhf/ hfkfgL o]g 5 . tbg';f/ sl/a bz xhf/ g]kfnL
?lkof“ nfU5 . pQm /]nn] % ;o %) lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/L b'O{ 3G6fleq} ;lhn}
kf/ u5{ . oftfoft If]qsf] ultn] b]zljsf; / dfgl;s ljsf;nfO{ emNsfp“5 .
To;}n] xfdL e[s'6Ld08ksf] g]kfn–ef/t afn/]ns} ultdf /Dg] u/]sf 5f}“ .
xfd|f] b]zdf 6'Ogc6/ xjfOhxfhsf] ult klg ;fob l;GsfG;]g hlt 5}g . To;}n]
xf]nf b]zdf ax'bnLo Joj:yf cfudg x'“bf;Dd d hGd]sf] lhNnf aemfª;Dd ;Lwf
xjfO;Dks{ dfq lyof] . sf7df8f}+ aemfªsf] xjfO b"/L dnfO{ yfxf 5}g t/ %
;ob]lv ^ ;o lsldeGbf a9L kSs} 5}g xf]nf . @)#^ ;fntfsf sf7df8f}+ aemfªsf] #
;o #% ?lkof“ lyof] xjfOhxfhsf] l6s6 . )$^ ;fn;Dd ;f] ef8f ! xhf/ * ;o %)
?lkof“ k'u]/ aGb eof] /fhwfgL hf]8\g] ;Lwf xjfO{ ;]jf . hals lhNnf
;b/d'sfd ;8sn] 5'g ce}m slt jif{ kv{g'kg]{ xf] yfxf 5}g . To; a]nf sf7df8f}+b]lv
aemfª k'Ug xjfO{hxfhdf tLg 3G6f nfUYof] . g]kfnsf] klg clt b'u{d If]qsf
dfG5]nfO{ hfkfgsf] a'n]6 6«]g / kmf:6nfOkmn] crlDet gkfg]{ s'/} lyPg .
g]kfndf k|ltlsnf]ld6/sf] a;ef8f sl/a ;jf Ps ?lkof“ nfU5 eg] hfkfgsf]
a'n]6df sl/a @) ?lkof“ nfUbf] /x]5 . k};f dfq xf]Og ;dosf] dxŒj /
d"No klg ;f]xLadf]lhd km/s k5{ . To;}n] t hfkfgL, sf]l/og, lrlgof“x¿
o;} ztfAbLdf ;d'b| / kxf8 5]8]/ 6«fG; o'/]l;of /]ndfu{åf/f cfkm\gf] pTkfbg b'O{
lbgdf o'/f]lkog ahf/df k7fpg] ;femf /0fgLlt tof/ ub}{ 5g\ . xfdL k'n,
af6f], ejg / 6fj/ eTsfpg] sfddf Jo:t 5f“} .
;g\ @))) cS6f]a/ @^ tfl/vsf lbg d, d]/f] ;fyL ljZjefiff SofDk;sf
hfkfgL efiff lzIfs l;lr/f] ;f]df;“u hfkfgsf] d]OhL sfnb]lv ljsl;t cfw'lgs /fhwfgL
tf]lsof]af6 Sof]tf] kms{+b} lyof}“ . l;GsfG;]gsf] ofqfdf /]nsf] ult w]/} l56f]
ePsfn] glhssf] b[Zo /fd|f] b]lv“b}g . df};d 7Ls eP …k'mlh;fgÚ hfkfgsf]
;aeGbf cUnf] Hjfnfd'vL kljq kxf8 x]g]{ OR5f lyof] . t'jf“nf]sf] sf/0f ;f]
OR5f k"/f x'g ;s]g . ufp“, a:tL, lrofaufg, kxf8, ;x/ emNofs e'mn's
x]b}{ lyP“ . crfgs d]/f] cf“vf sf7df8f}+df sxL“ st} b]v]sf] h:tf] cg'xf/df
k¥of] . hfkfgL lzIfsnfO{ eg] of] dfG5]nfO{ d}n] sf7df8f}+df b]v]h:tf] nfU5 .
klxn] t pgn] xf]Og xf]nf eg] . ha 7DofP/ x]/] clg glhs uP/ hfkfgL efiffdf
clejfbg ub}{ e]6] .
tL JolQm /x]5g\, d':tfªsf] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t hfkfgL gful/s sf]Gbf] .
Ps bzs hfOsfdf sfd ubf{ g]kfn / g]kfnLaf/] yfxf kfP5g\ . clg, d':tfªsf]
ofqfaf6 k|efljt eP5g\ / kl5 af“sL hLjg d':tfªsf] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t ug]{ OR5f eP5 .
pgsL >LdtLnfO{ d':tfªdf a:g dg k/]g5 . To;kl5 d':tfªsf] dfof
>LdtLsf] eGbf a9L dxŒjk"0f{ 7fgL >LdtLnfO{ 5f]8]/ d':tfªdf a;L ;]jf
ug{ yfn]5g\ .
pgn] dflyNnf] d':tfªdf c:ktfn lgdf{0f u/]5g\ . d':tfªel/ cf7j6f
:s'n agfpg of]ubfg u/L pgL d':tfªsf] hghLjgdf 3'nldn eP/ a;]sf /x]5g\ .
pgn] eg], …d d':tfª / g]kfnsf af/]df k|jrg lbg hf“b} 5' .Ú …wfgsf] afnf
nl/j/L kfgL kl/k/LÚ . kfgL gkg]{ 7fp“ d':tfªdf kmnfPsf] wfgsf] afnf pgsf] xftdf
lyof] . pgn] eg] d rGbf ;+sng ug{ cfPsf] x'“ . b'O{ xKtfkl5 k]ml/
d':tfª kms{G5' . o;/L xfd|f] b]znfO{ ;f“Rr} dfof ug]{ sf]Gbf]h:tf slt
ljb]zL ldq 5g\ † xfn ltgLx¿nfO{ klg dfcf]jfbL / ;}lgs cleofgn] afwf
k'¥ofp“b} 5 ;]jf k|bfg ug{ . nfdf] b"/Lsf] 5f]6f] ofqfdf lrgfhfgL
ePsf] km'n]sf bf8L;lxt sf]Gbf]nfO{ e]6]/ dnfO{ cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt eof] .
w]/} g]kfnL j}w÷cj}w tl/sfn] hfkfgdf hfg / a:g rfxG5g\, t/ Ps hfkfgL g]kfns}
;]jfdf /dfp“5g\ . of] s:tf] ljlrqsf] ;+;f/ xf] <
dª\uf]lnof
k|j]z
cfh @^ h'g, d
;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL x'g pnfgaf6/ hfg] lbg . laxfg $ ah] p7]/ k|ftM lqmof
;s]kl5 % ah] lrlgofF kfn]n] lrof lnP/ cfof] . lrof vfO{ d+uf]lnofdf
6]lnkmf]g u/]F . kmf]g ul/;s]kl5 t}of/L u/]/ aflx/ lg:s]F . %=$) ah]
6\ofS;L lnP/ Po/kf]6{lt/ nfu]F . g]kfnL b"tfjf;af6 a]Olhª Po/kf]6{lt/
nfu]F . g]kfnL b"tfjf;b]lv a]Olhª Po/kf]6{;Dd k'Ug 6\ofS;Ldf sl/a #%
ldg]6 nfUof] . PS;k|]; ;8ssf] b'j}lt/ nx/] kLkn / cGo ¿v / ;hfPsf
km"nx¿ lyP . 6\ofS;Lsf] ef8f !)) RMB lrlgofF o'jfg nfUof] . cfh klg lgs} udL{ 5 .
laxfg} & ah] ;fdfg hfFrkf; u/]/ cWofudg kf/ u/]kl5 6ld{gnleq kl;gf, kl;gf
ePF . xjfO{hxfh ( ah]kl5 dfq p8\5 /] eg]sf] t Ps 3G6f c¿ l9nf kf] eof] .
a]Olhª–dª\uf]lnof
e|d0f
h'g–@^
Ps 3G6f l9nf] eP/ Po/ rfOgfsf] xjfOhxfhn] sl/a !@=!) ah] rGu]h vfF
cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yndf cjt/0f u¥of] . Po/kf]6{af6 aflx/ hfg]lalQs}
;Dd]ngsf ;xefuL cd]l/sL, sf]l/og, d+uf]lnog k|fWofks Pj+ ljBfyL{ d]/f]
k|tLIffdf aflx/ a;]sf] b]v]/ dnfO{ c;fWo} v';L nfUof] . ToxLF x\jf/fªsf ;+:yfks
k|f]km];/ rf]o / x\jf/fªsf ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuL;Fu e]6 eof] . dnfO{ Tof]
e]6n] w]/} v';L agfof] . Ps hgf s]6L Wofglt/ nfu]sL gd{bf gfd u/]sL d+uf]lnog
aflnsf;Fu e]6 eof] . pgL lxGbL l;Sb} u/]sL /lx5g\ . Tof] b]v]/ d w]/}
v';L ePF, lsgeg] o; d'n'sdf cfP/ klg Wofg, zfsfxf/L vfgf / lxGbLsf] k|of]u ug{
kfOg] eof] eg]/ . d}n] efiff tyf vfgfaf/] lrGtf lng' gkg{] eof] .
cfh} dGh'l;/ u'Daf
ePsf] ko{6sLo kj{tLo xl/ofnL;d]t ePsf] aL; lsnf]ld6/ rf/}lt/ km}lnPsf] 7fpFdf
3'Dg uof}F . ToxfF k'u]/ nGr vfPkl5 a;df xfdL, jf:tljs gf]Dof8 a:g]
kf/Dkl/s af6'n] 3/ -u]/_, afv|f, ufO{ / 3f]8f kfng ePsf] h]ldg, eGg] 7fpFdf
k'uL lrof vfof}F, ef]6] lrof h:t}, To;kl5 xfdLn] Ps d+uf]lnog v]n v]Nof}F .
a]n'sLkv sl/a ;a} hgf 3f]8f r9\g] sfd eof] . l8g/sf ¿kdf v;Lsf] pdfn]sf]
df;' vfof}F . pdfn]sf] v;LnfO{ 7"nf] efF8fdf /fv]/ xftxftdf rSs'
lbof] / g'g, v';f{gL /flvlbof] . clg, hlt dgnfUof] Tolt df;' / ef]6]lrof vfof}F .
Ps hgf :yfgLo o'jsn] h+unL 3f]8fnfO{ d+uf]lnogn] s;/L ;dfT5f}F egL 3f]8fsf]
ayfgaf6 Ps 3f]8fnfO{ nfdf] 8G8Ldf afFw]sf] 8f]/Ln] lgoGq0fdf lng] s;/t u¥of}F .
3f]8f ;dfpg] snf klg /dfOnf] / /f]df~rs x'Fbf] /x]5 .
@& h'g laxfg
p7]/ d}n] PSn} 3'd3fd u/]F . To;kl5 d'v wf]O{ xn'sf g]kfnL vfhf vfP/ 3'Dbf
Gofp/L d';f] jf cf]th:tf] ;fgf] hgfj/ b]v]F . ;ft ah] xfdL ;a}n] vL/ /
/f]6L a]|skmf:6 vfof}F . a|]skmf:6 vfPkl5 xfdLn] /flt a;]sf] 7fpF
jl/kl/sf] kmf]xf]/ ;kmf u¥of}F . sl/a !% lsnf] hlt uf/j]h hDdf u/]/
kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] 7fpFdf kmfNofF} . To;kl5 dGh'l;/ 8fF8fdf k}bn 3'Dg uof}F .
sl/a tLg 3G6f lx+8]/ k'u]sf] 7fpFdf a'4sf] dfg] /x]5 . ToxfF s]xL ;'g /
rfFbLsf efF8fx¿ klg lyP . ;'grfFbLsf efF8f wfld{s cf:yf x'g]n] r9fPsf]
xf]nf . s;}n] klg Tof] 7fpFaf6 To:tf ax'd"No j:t' rf]/L u/]/ glng]
/x]5 . ToxfFsf] lzv/df /x]sf] r§fgaf6 w]/} 6f9f;Dd rf/}lt/ w'kLsf] jg /
d?e"ld¿kL ljzfn d}bfg / d+uf]lnofsf] /fhwfgL ;x/ pnfga6f]/;d]t x]¥of}F .
y'k|} kmf]6f] lvRof}F . pnfga6f]/ b]lvg] u/L ;'gsf efF8fs'F8f ePsf] 7fpF /
;a} lbzflt/sf] kmf]6f] lvr]/ Kofs nGr vfof}F . Kofs nGrdf lakm ePsf]
x'gfn] d}n] vfOg . d}n] cf? / g]kfnaf6 nu]sf] gdlsg, abfd / e'lhof vfPF
s]xL c¿nfO{ klg lbPF . To;kl5 xfdL tLg 3G6f k}bn lx+8]/ lkmtf{ eof}F .
cfpg hfg u/]/ xfdLnfO{ sl/a ^ 3G6f nfUof] . clxn] kf}g] kfFr ah]sf] 5 .
sltko ;fyL cfOk'u]sf 5}gg\ . pgLx¿ k'Ug]lalQs} kfFr ah]lt/ xfdL pnfgaf6/ UB lt/ a;df hfg] ljrf/df 5f}F . ToxfF
xfdL 6ls{; xf]:6ndf a:5f}F /] . of] d]/f] d+uf]lnofdf bf];|f] lbg xf] .
cfh Psbd /dfOnf] eof] .
d+uf]lnofsf] uf]eL
d?e"lddf h+unL pF6 x'G5g\ /] . gofF aRrf kfpg] a]nf pF6sf] y'gaf6
cfkm} b"w r'lxG5 /] . e'OFdf k/]sf] b"w t'?Gt} hDg] ePsfn] ToxfF
3'Dg hfFbf, ko{6s / d+uf]lnogn] e'OFdf ;'s]sf] pF6sf] b"wnfO{ SofG8L h:t}
vfG5g\ /] Tof] ;f/} dL7f] x'G5 eg]/ gflu gfdsf d+uf]lnog k|fWofks ;fyLn] eg] .
d+uf]lnofsf] xfjfkfgL jftfj/0f sd b"lift ePsfn] ToxfFaf6 /flt ;'Gb/
tf/fd08n b]Vg ;lsG5 . d+uf]lnofsf] cfsfz k|of]u u/L, /l;og, la|l6;, hd{g,
8]lg; / o'/f]lkog xjfO{hxfh p8\g] eP/ xfd|f] jftfj/0f b"lift ug{ nfu]
To;}n] ut s]xL jif{b]lv jftfj/0fLo s/sf ¿kdf k|To]s xjfO{hxfh;Fu xfdLn] !)))$ xjfO{dfu{ k|of]usf] s/ lng] u/]sf 5f}+
eg] d+uf]lnog ;flyn] . Tof] /sd d+uf]lnofn] cfˆgf] jftfj/0fLo arfp ug{ vr{
ug{] u/]sf] 5 /] . g]kfndf klg kj{tf/f]x0faf6 cfPsf] /f]oN6L jftfj/0f
hf]ufpg, k|b"if0f x6fpg vr{ u/]df /fd|} x'GYof] . sltko k4lt ljZj df
Psn] csf]{af6 l;Sg] g} xf] .
dª\uf]lnof,
@))&
6ls{; xf]:6ndf
laxfg ^ ah] p7]F . g'xfpg] 7fpF vfnL gePsfn] kN6]/ a;]F . ^=$%
ah]b]lv n'uf w'g] / g'xfpg] sfd u/]F . cfh cfsfz 5n{+u 5 . $ ah]b]lv
g} 3fd nflu;Sof] . pnfgaf6/ ;kmf / ;'Gb/ b]lvPsf] 5 . lxhf] cln kfgL
k/]sfn] xf]nf . xfdL Pp6f sf]7fdf ^ hgf 5f}F . # hgf k|fWofks k|f]=
of]l;g rf]o -sf]l/of_, 8f= k|f] k|mu -xjfO{ ljZjljBfno cd]l/sf_ / d . tLg
hgf sf]l/og ljBfyL{ s]6fx¿ 5g\ . cd]l/sL k|f]km];/ ;aeGbf klxn] p7\g'x'G5
/ ;aeGbf klxn] ;'Tg' x'G5 . To;kl5 d p7\5' lsgeg] d klg l5§} ;'T5' .
clg, k|f]= rf]o p7]/ :gfg ul/;s]kl5 Ps hgf sf]l/og ljBfyL{ p7]/ :gfg u5{g\ /
To;kl5 kfn}kfnf] p7]/ g'xfpg] sfd x'G5 . cGTodf c¿ b'O{ hgf p7\5g\ .
* ah];Dd b'O{ hgf 3'/]/ ;'lt/x]sf 5g\ . ;fob pgLx¿ /flt w]/} a]/;Dd aflx/
a;] xf]nfg\ .
*=#) ah] a|]skmf:6
vfO{ xfdLn] ;dfkg ;df/f]xsf nflu hfg'kg{] ePsf] 5 . d;Fu rLgsf] le;f gePsfn]
cfh km]l/ (=#) ah];Dd lrlgofF /fhb"tfjf;df le;fsf nflu lgj]bg lbg Ps hgf d+uf]lnog
;fyL;Fu hfG5' . le;fsf] ljifodf
/fd|f] s'/f ePg . ( ah]b]lv !@ ah];Dd nuftf/ k|of; ubf{ klg
lrlgofFsf] dg kUn]g . To;aLr ef/tLo b"tfjf;sf] d2t lng uof}F .
ToxfF sG;'n/ ;]S;gsf] ld=;fx' eGg] JolQmnfO{ ;do lnP/ e]63f6 u¥of}F . pgn]
d+uf]lnog :yfgLo :6fkmdfk{mt lrlgofF b"tfjf;df kmf]g ug{ nufP t}klg
sG;'n/n] s]xL klg ;'g]gg\ . To;kl5 sGk|]mG; xndf cfof}F . sf]l/og / d+uf]lnog
sNr/ kkm{d]G; x]/]F . g]kfnaf6 d Ps hgf dfq uPsfn] d}n] g]kfnL ;+:s[lt
b]vfpg ;lsgF . sf]l/og ;xefuLn] cfˆgf] b]zsf] Oltxf;, /fhgLlt, wd{, /
;fdflhs cj:yfaf/] k|sfz kf/]/ @÷# nf]suLt ufP . TolQs}df sl/a Ps ah]
nGr vfg uof}F . nGr vfPkl5 d+uf]lnog l6dn] cfˆg} lsl;dsf] klx/gdf d+uf]lnofsf]
;f+:s[lts emfFsL b]vfof] . To;kl5 pkxf/ cfbfgk|bfg sfo{qmd eof] .
$=#) ah]b]lv ^=#) ah];Dd xfd|f]] ;lkª ug{] sfo{qmd ePsfn] ahf/lt/ uof}F .
;]ldgf/ xnaf6 Ps hgf d+uf]lnog;Fu #, $ hgfsf] b/n] km/skm/s 6f]nL agfO{ ahf/df uof}F .
ahf/ k'u]/ ;a}eGbf klxn] d}n] ;fDojfb ;'? ePsf] a]nf ;fob /l;og ;xof]udf a|]8 /
a6/sf nflu !(@! df agfPsf] State Department Store df uO{ bf];|f] tnfdf ! ;o 8n/ / ! ;o lrlgofF o'jfgaf6
d+uf]lnog 6'u|'v ;f6]F . TolQs}df a'nug d'/gsf] kmf]g cfof] .
d]/f] ;fyLn]
le;fsf nflu s]xL d2t ug{ ;S5 ls eg]/ . clg k|f]= rf]o / k|munfO{ Tot}
5f]8]/ gf/f / d 6\ofS;L lnP/ st} uof}F, lsgeg] clkm; 6fod l;l4g] a]nf eO;s]sf]
lyof] . To;}df klg z'qmaf/ ePsfn] bu'b{} leq k:of}F . ToxfF kfFrf}F
tnfdf l/ef]No';g/L kf6L{sf] clkm; /x]5 . l/ef]No';g/L kf6L{ eg]sf] d+uf]lnofsf]
;Qf;Lg s§/ sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ /x]5 . ToxFfaf6 Ps hgf eb| dlxnfn] lrlgofF
b"tfjf;sf] sG;'n/nfO{ kmf]g ul/g\ . w]/} s'/f eof] cfˆg} efiffdf
af]n]sfn] d}n] s]xL klg a'lemgF . cGTodf ToxL pQ/ cfof] rf}aL; 3G6f le;f
rflxFb}g, clg tkfO+{n] le;f lng'kb{}g . ltAat hfg] ePsfn] xfdL 8]df]qm];L,
zflGtsf] s'/f ug{]x¿nfO{ ltAatlt/sf] le;f lbg ufx|f] dfG5f}F .
d+uf]lnog dlxnfn]
elgg\ of] ;Dd]ngdf xfd|f] ;d]t ;dy{g / ;xof]u 5 . t}klg, le;fsf nflu s'g}
cf}iflw sfd nfu]g . cGtdf lg/fz eP/ xfdL ;]ldgf/ xndf kmSof{}+ .
To;kl5 xfdL /flqef]hsf nflu 6\ofS;Ldf uof}F . /fd|f] 7fpFdf /flqef]h eof] .
gfrufg klg eof] . To;kl5 csf{] 7fpFdf uO{ /fltsf] b'O{ ah];Dd …sf/fas]Ú
sf]l/og uLt ufpg] sfo{qmddf uof}F . ;a}n] uLt ufP . dnfO{ c+u|]hL
sf]l/og / d+uf]lnog s'g} klg uLt gcfpg] ePsfn] ;'g]/ dfq d:t ePF . Tof] /flt
b'O{ ah]kl5 dfq} sf]7fdf cfP/ ;'Tof}F .
#) tfl/v
k|ftM ^=#) ah] p7]F .
g'xfOwf]O ubf{ s]xL ;do nfUof] . To;kl5 a|]skmf:6 vfof}F . a|]skmf:6
vfPkl5 d / gf/f Po/ rfOgfsf] clkm;df uof}F .
ToxfF le;f / l6s6af/] ;f]Wof}F . cGTodf ;Gt'i6 eP/ 6\ofS;Ldf u]:6 xfp; kmSof{}+
/ sf]l/og ;fyLx¿nfO{ labfO u/L sf]7fdf a;L cf/fd ub{} 8fo/L n]v]F . clxn]
lbpF;f]sf] !@=#) alh;Sof] . ca sxfF hfg] s] ug{] ljrf/ ug{'k5{ .
lbpF;f] 3'Dg] / ;fdfg lsGg] eg]/ 6\ofS;Ldf :6]6 l8kf6{d]G6 :6f]/lt/ uof}F .
ToxfF d}n] Ps kmf]6f] lvr]F . Ps l5gkl5 xfdL ;fOa/ Sofkm]lt/ nfUof}F .
ToxfF 8f= k|munfO{ e]6\of}F . d}n] klg a]qfnfO{ / cfˆgf] kl/jf/nfO{
b'O{j6f Od]n k7fPF . ca ;do latfpg ufx|} eO;Sof] . ef]ln / kl;{ klg d+uf]lnofdf
a:g'k5{ tLg tfl/v dfq} d]/f] lkmtf{ hfg] l6s6 5 . Od]n u/]kl5 8fS6/n]
sf]7fdf hfG5' eGof] . To;sf/0f 6\ofS;L r9]/ xfdL sf]7fdf kmSof{}, tLg 3G6f
hlt cf/fd u/]kl5 d / gf/f, gf/fsf] 3/ hfg a;df r9\of}F . g]kfns} h:tf]
ldgLa;af6 gf/fsf] 3/df k'u]F . ;fdfg af]s]/ p;sf] ˆnf6df k'uL k':ts k9\b}
lrp/f vfFb} of] 8fo/L n]lv/x]5' . cfh sf]l/og, cd]l/sg ;fyL 3/ kms{]sfn] Gof;|f]
nfu]sf] 5 t} klg ef]ln / kl;{sf] lbg otflt/ latfpg} k5{ .
$ h'nfO{
rLgsf] ofqf c;Dej
eof] . ha h'nfO{ tLgsf lbg dnfO{ ;fdfg hfFr u/]kl5 ;fdfg aflx/ NofO{ dnfO{
rLgsf] af6f] hfgaf6 lkmtf{ k7fOof] . h'nfO{ rf/ tfl/vsf lbg eg] dnfO{ v';L
nfUof] . aNn 3/ hfg kfOg] cfzfdf clxn] ;fdfg r]s u/fO{ 8\o'l6k|mL ;kdf
a;]sf] 5' . cfh rf/ tfl/v laxfg lj:tf/} p7]F, lsgeg] cfh 3/ hfg] lbg xf] .
cfh t hfg kfpF5' h:tf] 5 . sf]l/og Po/sf] E-Ticket lnPsfn] 9'Ss a;]sf] 5' . laxfg (=#)
ah] lrp/f / bxL vfPkl5 cf/fd u/]/ !@ ah] dfq ahf/lt/ 3'Dg uof}F . a;df
ahf/df uPkl5 ge]Da/df sf]l/ofdf e]6]sf b'O{ hgf k|fWofks ;fyLn] Ps xf]6ndf nGr
vfg af]nfP . vfgf dL7f] lyof] /dfOnf] eof] . xfdL hDdf rf/ hgf
lyof}F . vfgf vfPkl5 a;df 3/ uPF . a]n'sf (=#) ah] gfuL / d'uL dnfO{
k'¥ofpg Po/kf]6{ cfP /ftsf] !) ah] 6f9fsf] Po/kf]6{df k'¥ofPsfn] dnfO{ Psbd
v';L nfUof] . Po/kf]6{df gfuLn] dnfO{ Ps af]tn r+u]h vfF ef]8\sf lsg]/
pkxf/ lbg'eof] . gfuL / d'uL b'O{ jif{cl3 x\jf/fªsf] bf];|f] ;Dd]ngdf
sf]l/ofdf e]6]sf d+uf]lnog ;fyL x'g\ .
@% h'g
cfh laxfg p7]/
g'xfOwf]O u/L Psl5g df]lg{ª jfs u/]F . To;kl5 rf}sLbf/n] NofPsf] lrof /
d}n] g]kfnaf6 NofPsf] vfgf vfPF . !)=#) ah] b"tfjf;df d]/f] l6s6af/]
;f]wk'5 ug{ nufPF . ;d:of 5}g /] eg]kl5 5f]/fnfO{ O{–d]n k7fPF .
To;kl5 cfh PSn} b"tfjf;;Fu}sf] /f]8 kf/ u/]/ !@) gDa/sf] a;df ltgfgd]g
:Sjfo/;Dd uPF . ToxfF kmf]la{8g -lgif]lwt ;x/sf] gfdn] k|Voft_ rLgsf /fhf
dxf/fhfx¿n] !$÷!% ;o jif{;Dd zf;g rnfpg] a]nfsf] b/af/, k6f+lugL, au}Frf sf]8{of8{
cflb cg]sf}F lsl;dsf 3/ ePsf] P]ltxfl;s / ljzfn /fhdxn x]/]F .
dfcf]T;]t'ªsf] kmf]6f] ePsf] ltgfgd]g u]6leq k;]kl5 kmf]lj{8g l;6L k|j]zsf]
l6s6 ^) MRB o'jfgdf lsg]F .
leq d PSn} ePsfn] o'/f]lkog, sf]l/og / cd]l/sg;Fu d]/f] kmf]6f] lvRg nufPF .
ToxfF Psl5g VIP cfPsf 5g\ eg]/
;]gfn] xfdLnfO{ aGbL h:t} agfof] . kl5 aflx/ lg:s]/ sl/a cfwf 3G6fhlt lxF8]/
km]l/ ltgfgd]g :Sjfo/lt/ cfO{ 3'Db} !!) gDa/sf] a;df /fhb"tfjf; lkmtf{ ePF .
d+uf]lnofdf @*
tfl/v !! ah] b]lv !@ ah];Dd d]/f] sfo{kqsf] k|:t'lt / k|Zgf]Q/ ;];g eof] .
k|Zgf]Q/ sfo{qmd sl/a Ps 3G6f yk eof] / /dfOnf] eof] . cd]l/sL k|f]km];/
k|mu / dnfO{ d+uf]lnog ;xefuLn] y'k|} k|Zg ;f]w] . sf]l/ofdf k|hftGq
:yfkgf ug{ wfld{s g]tf, /fhgLlts g]tf / ljZj ljBfnosf k|fWofkssf]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf ePsf] lyof] /] . g]kfnsf] af/]df s'/f ubf{
nf]stGq ;kmn agfpg ;fDojfbL ljrf/wf/fsf /fhgLlts bnx¿n] ;d:of ug{ ;S5g\ ls eg]/
pgLx¿n] k|Zg u/]sf lyP .
@* h'g
d}n] x\jf/fªsf]
ultljlwaf/] k|sfz kfb{} eg]F– ;fdfGo hgtfdf hfgsf/L u/fpg ;+ljwfgsf] dtna,
;+ljwfg;ef, gful/s clwsf/, dtbfgk4lt / k|lqmof cflb ljifodf ufpFufpFdf uP/
hfgsf/L u/fpg' d]/f] / g]kfnL Xjf/fªsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g ;S5 .
w]/} d'n'sn] d2t u/] tfklg g]kfnL cfkm}n] nf]stflGqs k4ltsf nflu t}of/ geP;Dd
b]zdf nf]stGq, zflGt / k|ult x'g ;Sb}g . xfd|f] d'n'sdf klg csf{] b]zsf
af/]df hfg]sf] k|f1 x'g'k5{ . clg, dfq xfdL c¿sf] ;d:of a'em]/ d2t ug{
;S5f}F . cfufdL hf8f]df d -of]l;g rf]o_ g]kfn hfg]5' / g]kfnsf] efjgfdf
;fy lbg] sf]l;; ug{]5' eg]/ sf]l/og k|f]km];/n] eg] .
;Qfdf a;]sfx¿
c¿nfO{ ;Qfdf cfPsf] x]g{ rfxFb}gg\ . To;}n] cd]l/sL /fhgLlt klg
k};fjfnfsf] s7k'tnL -v]nf}gf_ ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/f klg u/] cd]l/sL k|f]km];/ k|mun] .
d]/f] k]k/sf]
k|:t'tLs/0fkl5 nGr vfg uof}F . nGr vfPkl5 Xjf/fªsf] ljleGg b]zdf ul/g]
sfo{qmdaf/] x/]s ;b:on] cf–cfˆgf] /fo ;'gfP/ Ps xKtfel/ d+uf]lnofsf] a;fO /
;Dd]ngsf] d"Nof+sg ul/of] . To;kl5 k|f]km];/x¿sf] n sn]hsf /]S6/,
8]k'6L / ljb]z ;DaGw s]Gb|sf k|d'v;Fu cfk;L ;DaGwaf/] lj:t[t 5nkmn / ljrf/ljdz{
u¥of}F . cGTodf ;xefuLx¿af6 %÷% ldg]6sf] ;'emfj;lxt cfhsf] sfo{qmd
k"/f eof] . ;fFem ^ ah]b]lv &=#) ah];Dd d+uf]lnog ;f+:s[lts
sfo{qmd cjnf]sg u¥of}F To;kl5 ;d"x
kmf]6f] lnof}F / /fltef]h vfg uof}F . d+uf]lnog /]:6'/]G6df v;L / e]8fsf]
df;' / ;'k vfO{ (–#) ah] sf]7fdf kms{]/ 8fo/L n]Vb} 5' . d+uf]lnofdf ( ah]b]lv
^ ah];Dd clkm; nfU5 /] . !) ah] dfq cFWof/f] x'G5 . laxfg $=#) ah]
pHofnf] eO;S5 . laxfg % ah]b]lv /flt !) ah];Dd 3fd x'G5 .
;g\ !@@) df r+u]h
vfFn] cfˆgf] /fhwfgL xx{/L eGg] 7fpFdf agfpg nufP 5g\ . To;sf] s]xL
jif{kl5 cfˆgf] /fhwfgL a]Olhªdf agfP 5g\ / !)) jif{eGbf a9L rLg, sf]l/of;lxt
y'k|} klZrdL /fi6« klg d+uf]lnofsf] k|efj If]qsf] ¿kdf ljzfn ;fd|fHosf] efu
ePsf] Oltxf; /x]5 . To; tfsf s'ano vfFsf] ;fd|fHo lj:tf/ ePsf] /x]5 .
b'O{ h'gsf] lbg
laxfg 3/ glhs} :j]6/x¿ lsGg] sfd u/]F . s'jnovfF, aRof vfF, r+u]h vff h:tf
kfFr hgf vfFsf] ljz]if of]ubfg /x]5 uf}/jdo d+uf]lnog Oltxf; lgdf{0fdf
d+uf]lnofdf e]8fsf] pg eGbf h+unL pF6sf] pg lgs} dx+uf] / /fd|f] dflgbf] /x]5 .
To;}n] /Ëg/]sf] k|fs[lts /+us} s]dn pnsf b'O{j6f :j]6/ lsg] . Ps xfkm
cfkm\g} nflu / Ps km"n :j]6/ >LdtLsf] nflu dlGb/ x]/]/ vfgf vfPkl5 State university of Education df uP/ pNhL h/un
/ Tof] ljZj ljBfnosf] /]S6/;Fu d+uf]lnofsf] lzIffk4lt, k|fWofks, ljBfyL{
cg'kft, z'Ns cflbaf/] ;f]wk'5 u/L
hfgsf/L cfbfgk|bfg u¥of}F . cWoogkl5sf], /f]huf/L cflbaf/] klg s'/f u/]F .
To;kl5 rf/tf/] pnfgaf6/ xf]6ndf lao/ / r+u]h vfF ef]8\sf vfof}F . a]n'sf
w'dwfd u/]/ kmnkm"n lsg]/ xfdL 3/ kmSof+{} . cfh tLg h'nfO{ d+unaf/
xf] . To;}n] cfh d]/f] lgGb|f $ ah] g} v'Nof] . cfh d]/f] 3/lt/
kms{g] lbg xf] . ( ah];Dd d Po/kf]6{lt/ lx+8\5' xf]nf .
dª\uf]lnofdf
dlxnf
d+uf]lnofdf dlxnf
;zQmLs/0f M– r+u]h vfFsf] d'n'sdf dlxnf lzIff / ;fdflhs sfo{df ;xeflutf
pT;fxhgs kfOof] . x'g t xfd|f] t];|f] zflGtk|jfx Xjf/fªsf] cfof]hgf ug{]
k|d'v cfof]hs g} dlxnf lyP . pgsf] k]|dL pgLeGbf ;f]emf] t/ d]xgtL /x]5g\ .
lhDd]jf/LnfO{ av'aL k"/f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf Ps hf]8Lsf] ;lqmotfn] ;Dd]ng
;DkGg ug{ ;Dej eP5 .
d+uf]lnofsf] n
sn]hsL /]S6/;Fu s'/fsfgL x'Fbf s] yfxf kfof}F eg] pgsf >Ldfg\ ToxfFsf]
;+;b\sf ;efd'v /x]5g\ . d+uf]lnog g];gn o'lgel;{6Ldf e]63f6 ubf{ / d+uf]lnog
s[lif ljZjljBfnodf hfFbf k'?if kbflwsf/L / dlxnf k|fWofks Pj+ kbflwsf/Ldf p:t}p:t}
;xeflutf b]lvof] . ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL x'gcfPsf d+uf]lnog ;xefuL klg clwstd
dlxnf g} lyP .
clg, dnfO{ d+uf]lnofsf]
dlxnfsf] cj:yf s] /x]5 eg]/ hfGg dgnfUof] / ;f]lwxfn]F– d+uf]lnofdf dlxnfsf]
cj:yf s] 5 eg]/ . ;fob !), !% xhf/sf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf] d+uf]lnog ;]gfdf
dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt / ;+Vof sd 5, ;+;b\df hDdf 5 hgf ;f+;b\ dlxnf 5g\ . hDdf
&^ hgf d+uf]lnofsf] ;+f;b\ x'G5g\ .
d+uf]lnofdf a'9];sfndf
;/sf/n] k]G;g lbg] /x]5 . x/]s gful/snfO{ lbg] Tof] k]G;gdf ln+ucg';f/
geP/ slt aRrf hGdfPsf]df ;d]t km/s kg{] /x]5 .
nf]Ug] dfG5]n] ^)
jif{ k'u]kl5 dfq k]G;g kfpF5 eg] dlxnfnfO{ k]G;gsf] pd]/ %% jif{ / $ aRrf hGd
lbPsL cfdfsf] k]G;gsf] pd]/ %) jif{ sfod ul/Psf]n] klg d+uf]lnofdf dlxnf
;zQmLs/0fnfO{ Wofg lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
d+uf]lnofdf
e"ld w]/} hg;+Vof yf]/} 5 . g]kfneGbf b;f}F u'0ff 7"nf] /x]sf]
d'n'sdf hDdf @& nfv hg;+Vof 5 . To;df klg cfwf hg;+Vof /fhwfgL ;x/ pnfgaf6/d}
;d]l6Psf] 5 . ljzfn e"efusf] sf/0f ljZjel/sf sl/a @)$ /fi6«sf]
t'ngfdf x]bf{ d+uf]lnof ;aeGbf sd hg3gTj ePsf] d'n'sdf k5{ . d+uf]lnofdf
k|lt:Sjfo/dfon kfFr hgf dflg; a;f]af; u5{g\ . To;}n] xf]nf ljZjsf] ;jf{lws
hg;+Vof ePsf] d'n's rLgdf b'O{ aRrf kfpFbf tna ;'ljwf ;/sf/n] 36fpF5 eg] d+uf]lnofdf
Ps dlxnfn] w]/} aRrf hGdfPdf /fli6«o ;DDffg k'/:sf/ kfpg] /x]5 . * aRrf hGdfpg]nfO{
/fli6«o d]8n;lxt k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf /x]5 .
d+uf]lnofsf]
;/sfn] ;fob hg;+Vof a9fpg k|f]T;fxg ug]{ p2]Zon] xf]nf ljjfx ug{]nfO{ j}jflxs
vr{, aRrf kfpFbf !,)),))) Ps nfv 6'u'|v d+uf]lnog d'b|f kfOg] s'/f State Universityof Education sL k|fWofks pNhLn]
elgg\ . tLg aRrf kfPsfn] d k|ltdlxgf ;/sf/af6 ())) 6'u|'v eQf kfpF5' pgn]
ylkg\ . o;/L x]bf{ ;fob ljZjel/d} xf] cyjf Pl;ofdf t kSs} klg of] hg;+Vof j[l4
k'/:sf/ d+uf]lnog ljz]iftf g} nfUof] dnfO{ h] eP klg ;dfhsf] ;a} If]qdf
dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt, ;+Vof / ;xeflutf Pj+ g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf sf/0fn] klg d+uf]lnofdf
dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f k|of;nfO{ ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'j} b[li6n] x]g{ ;lsG5 .
rLgsf] ;ª\u|xfno
b/af/
of] ;+u|xfno
P]ltxfl;s / snfTds¿kdf ;a}eGbf /fd|/L a'‰g ;lsg] lrlgofF ;+u|xfnodWo] Ps xf] .
of] ;+u|xfnosf] :yfkgf lrlgofF ;d|f6\x¿sf] ljutsf] b/af/df ePsf] lyof] .
o;nfO{ csf{] zAbdf kmf]la{8g l;6L klg elgG5 . of] b/af/ b'O{ j+z ldª xf]
-!#^*–!^$$) / lsª -!^$$–!(!!_ x¿sf] ;+:sf/ / cyfx ;DklQsf] s]Gb| jf d'6'sf ¿kdf
/x]sf] lyof] . kmf]lj{8g l;6L eg]sf] g]kfnLdf eGbf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{
k|j]z ug{ gkfOg] x'gfn] lgif]lwt ;x/ elgPsf] xf] .
lrlgofF afbzfxsf] b/af/sf]
jf:tljs lgdf{0f ;g\ !$@) df k"0f{ ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] If]qkmn !) nfv
ju{ ld6/ 5, hxfF b/af/x¿sf] If]qkmn dfq} ! nfv &) xhf/ ju{ld6/ If]q
cf]u6]sf] 5 .
o;sf] lgdf{0fsf]
ljz]iftfdf leqL / aflx/L b/af/sf rf]s, k6f+lugL, lsNnf cflbdf ljeQm u/]sf]
kfOG5 . oL rf]sx¿ pQ/–blIf0f df]x8fdf km}lnPsf 5g\ . aflx/L rf]sdf
clGtd d]nldnfk jf Gofo lg¿k0f ug{] a}7s sIf lyof] . aflx/L rf]sdf ;'gjfO{
ug{], d]nldnfk, dWo:ytf u/fOg] / clGtd lg0f{o ;'gfOg];d]t ul/GYof] .
o;sf cun aundf
;]gfklt / ljåfg\x¿sf] ;Nnfx / ;Ddlt lnOGYof] . oxL
g} d'Vo ;df/f]x:yn lyof] . oxL b/af/sf] leqL rf]saf6 :ju{ h:t} au}Frf
-/fhf dxf/fhfx¿n] k"hf ug{] dlGb/;lxtsf] ;'Gb/ kxf8Ldf cjl:yt zfxL au}Frf_
k'lug] dfu{ 5 . b/af/sf] jl/kl/ k"j{– klZrd km}lnPsf Ps bh{geGbf a9L
;'/Iff lsNnfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . tL lsNnfdf ;/sf/L ;'/Iff sdL{ rf}aL;} 3G6f
kx/]bf/sf] ¿kdf a;f]af; u5{g\ . oxL g} ;d|f6\n]
dxTjk"0f{ ;df/f]xx¿ ;DkGg ug{] uy{] . leqL b/af/ b'O{j6f /fh3/fgfsf]
;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt / cyfx ;DklQsf] e08f/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] .
leqL b/af/df ;d|f6\, ;fd|f1L, lelqgLx¿sf] cfjf; dfq geO{ oxfF k|zf;lgs
sfo{x¿sf nflu 7fpF klg x'GYof] . cem yk k"j{kl§sf] b/af/sf] efu a'9];sfnsf]
nflu zflGt;Fu hLjg latfpg] :ynsf] ¿kdf -6\ofªlSjn n+ule6L_ cjsf; k|fKt ;d|f6\sf
lgldQ agfOPsf] lyof] . klZrdkl§sf] b/af/sf] efu ljwjf ;fd|f1Lsf lglDt tof/
kfl/Psf] lyof] . …kmf]la{8g l;l6Ú cfhsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] lrlgofF ;d|f6\sf]
b/af/ xf] . t[tLo ldª ;d|f6\ …em' 8LÚ b]lv clGtd ;d|f6\ …km'O{Ú ;Dd, hDdf
@$ ;d|f6\n] of] b/af/df /x]/ zf;g u/] . pgLx¿n] $(! jif{;Dd oxL b/af/af6
/fHo u/] . ;g\ !(!! df u0ftflGqs qmflGtsf] sf/0f /fhj+zsf] ktg x'gk'Uof] .
b/af/sf] plrt ;+/If0f u/]afkt u2LRo"t ePkl5 klg km'O{ ;d|f6\nfO{ s]xL jif{
To;} b/af/df a:g lbOof] . ;g\ !(!$ df b/af/sf] aflx/L efudf k|frLg j:t'sf]
/fli6«o ;+u|xfno v8f u/L ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu cjnf]sg v'nf ul/Psf] lyof] .
;g\ !(@$ df ;]gfsf sdfG8/ …km]gf o'lhofªÚ åf/f ul/Psf] ;Qf kn6df …Ko'OÚ nfO{
…kmf]la{8g l;6LÚ af6 lgisfl;t ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !(@% cS6f]a/ !) df cfP/
dfq} leqL b/af/df ;+u|xfno b/af/ :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !($* df k|frLg
j:t'sf] /fli6«o ;+u|xfno / b/af/nfO{ ;+u|xfnodf
uflePsf] lyof] . ;g\ !($( df hg u0ftflGqs rLgsf] :yfkgfkl5 g} a[xt\
;+/If0f kl/of]hgf ;'? eof] . ;g\ !(^! Dff /fHo ;efn] …kmf]la{8g l;6LÚ nfO{
rLgsf] clt ;+/lIft :df/ssf ¿kdf 3f]if0ff u¥of] . ;g\ !(*& df o;nfO{
o'g]:sf] ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ul/of] .
;+u|xfno b/af/df !% nfveGbf a9L j:t'x¿ ;+slnt 5g\ . ;+u|xfno Uofn/Ldf df}lns b/af/sf] P]ltxfl;s sf]7fx¿sf ;fy}
yk df6f]sf efF8fs'F8fx¿ lrqsnfx¿ x:tlnlvt u|Gyx¿, tfdfsf u/xgfx¿ ;';lHht u/L
/flvPsf 5g\ . oxfF xl/tdl0fx¿ k|bz{gLdf /flvPsf 5g\ . oL Uofn/Lx¿Dff
c:yfoL k|bz{gx¿df dfq} ljz]ifu/L ljifout k|bz{gx¿ ul/G5g\ .
dª\uf]lnof e|d0f, @))&
|
ca d]/f] af6f]sf]
xjfO{ofqf ;'? eof] . Po/ rfOgfsf] ljdfgaf6
sf7df8f}+ Nxf;f, 5]Gb';Dd Pp6f ljdfgdf hfg' kg]{ lyof] . d;Fu yk b'O{ hgf
;fyL hfg] sfo{qmd lyof] . sdn lji6n] clGtddf uP/ le;f lnO;s]kl5 cfk\mgf]
ofqf /2 u/] . g/]Gb| u'?ª a+nf]/ hfg] sfd k/]sfn] d+uf]lnof hfg gkfpg] eP .
To;}n] g]kfnaf6 Ps dfq ;xefuLsf] ¿kdf d dfq hfg] ePF . aNntNn b/af/sf]
pQ/kl§ /x]sf] Po/ rfOgfsf] clkm;af6 @) tfl/vsf
lbg l6s6 vl/b u/]kl5 dfq PSn} eP klg hfg] lgwf] ubf{ d;Fu k};f klg sdL lyof] .
xjfO{ l6s6 vl/b ul/;s]kl5 d}n] afFsL k};f klg hf]8\g'k¥of] .
sf7df8f}+af6 p8fg
u/]kl5 @)÷@% ldg]6;Dd 8Ddk/]sf] afbnn] 9fs]sf] jiff{ Ct'sf] g]kfnL cfsfz
b]lvGYof] eg] ;fob uf}/L z+s/ lxdfnaf6 pQ/lt/ kf/ u/]kl5, phf8, lg/; ltAat dfq
b]lvg yfNof] . obfsbf kf]v/L, tfn / cUnf 8fF8f / st}st} dfq ;fgf gbLh:tf
7fpFx¿ b]lvGy] . lxdfnsf] Zj]tkgf blIf0fflt/ xl/ofnL / pQ/lt/ ;'Vvf d?e"ld
dfu{ x'Fb} ;jf 3G6fdf xfd|f] xjfO{hxfh s]xL nx/] kLknaf6 xl/of] kfl/Psf] ;'Svf
ltAatsf] cTofw'lgs xjfO{ u|fpG8 Nxf;f ljdfg:yndf cjt/0f u¥of] . Nxf;f hfg]
dfG5] cf]ln{P, xfdLnfO{ klg Ps 3G6f 6«flGh6lt/ k7fO{ ;fob xjfO{hxfhleq ;/ ;kmfO
eof] . dnfO{ 6f9}af6 eP klg kf]6fnf b/af/ x]g]{ OR5f lyof] . t/, Tof]
;Dej ePg . lsgeg], kf]6fnf b/af/ Po/kf]6{af6 lgs} 6f9f csf]{ pkTosfdf /x]5 .
ef]6]sf ;fgf a:tL sRrL ;8s, ;'Svf 7fpF emG8} g]kfnsf] d':tfªh:t} b]lvg]
ltAatsf] ljsf; lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ h:tf] nfUof] . t}klg, ;fEojfbL rLgn]
ljZjnfO{ b]vfpg eP klg ltAatnfO{ cfkm\gf] lgoGq0fdf /fVg ;lhnf] xf]; eg]/ eP klg
ljZjs} ;jf{lws cUnf] 7fpFaf6 /]n lgdf{0f u/L dxFuf] /]ndfu{n] a]OlhªnfO{
hf]8]sf] rflxF /dfOnf] nfUof] . sltko 7fpFdf t cUnf lkn/n] kxf8x¿nfO{
hf]8]/ 6fs'/f kmf]8]/ Un]l;o/nfO{ Kjfnkf/]/ e'OF;Dd lkn/ k'¥ofO{ agfPsf] /]ndfu{sf]
j0f{g ;'Gbf klg dnfO{ v';L g} nfUof] . s'g} lbg a]Olhªb]lv Nxf;f;Dd
/]ndfu{df hfg] ljrf/ d]/f] dgdf knfof] .
Ps 3G6fkl5
Nxf;faf6 p8]sf] ljdfg km]l/ To:t} phf8 ;''Svf / obfsbf r'r'/f]df lxpF ePsf]
7fpF / st}st} clncln xl/of] ePsf] 7fpFaf6 ;f9] @ of # 3G6f nufP/ rLgsf] blIf0f
k"j{lt/sf] 5]Gb' eGg] ;x/df k'Uof}F . 5]Gb' k'u]kl5 cGt/f{li6«o
ljdfg:ynaf6 cfGtl/s ljdfg:yndf hfg'kYof]{ . ToxfF pGr'n] cfˆgf] >Ldfg\
sdn nD;fnnfO{ k7fPsf] ;g\ lqmd / s]z sfnf] ug]{ uflgo/sf l;l;n] dnfO{ lgs} b'Mv
lbof] . of] nfu'kbfy{ xf] ls jf s] xf] eg]/ xf]nf Ps 3G6f hlt dnfO{
eG;f/df /f]s]/ s]/sf/ u¥of] . d}n] egF]– Tof] ;g\ lqmd xf], To;n] klg ePg .
l;n vf]Nof], $÷% hgfsf] l6dn] rkl:6sn] Tof] lqmd s'g} hfFr ug]{ d]l;gdf /fVof] .
d}n] xftdf nufP/ cg'xf/df nufO{ b]vfPF . t}klg, dfGb} dfg]gg\ . d}n]
eg]– ltd|} b]zdf sfd u/]sf] dfG5]sf] xf] . kmf]g u/]/ ;f]w . t}klg,
dfg]g . cGTodf /ftf] kf;kf]6{ b]vfPF, To;kl5 rfOlgh efiffdf s]s] s'/f
u¥of] . To;kl5 aNn dnfO{ 5f]8\of] . Tolt dfq xf]Og, d}n] cfkm\gf nflu
nu]sf] l;tf]knflbr"0f{ klg lrlgofF si6d clkm;/sf] 6fpsf] b'vfO eof] .
d}n] ;f]sf] l;n vf]n]/ vfP/ b]vfPkl5 aNn aflx/ hfg kfPF . dnfO{ a]Olhª
hfg] xjfO{hxfh 5'6\g] 8/ eO;s]sf] lyof] . d'l:snn] cfGtl/s ljdfg:yn k'u]F .
k|fljlws sf/0fn] xfd|f] p8fg /2 eP5 . Ps 3G6fkl5 csf]{ ljdfgdf k7fpg]
lgwf] u/]5g\ . l9nf ePsfn] dnfO{ ;d:of ePg\, 5]Gb'b]lv a]Olhª;Dd sl/a #÷$
3G6fsf] ofqf eof] . /fltsf] a]nf ePsfn] aflx/ s]xL klg b]lvPg . aNn
/flt ! ah] xfdL rLgsf] /fhwfgL a]Olhªsf] cfGtl/s xjfO{ c8\8df cjt/0f u¥of}F .
af6f]df @ hgf cGo g]kfnL;Fu e]63f6 eof] . Ps hgf 8f= a'nGb yfkf, csf]{ Ps
jL/ c:ktfnsL jl/i7 g;{ x'g'x'GYof] . pgLx¿ :jf:Yo;DaGwL tflndsf nflu a]Olhª
hfFb} lyP . af6f]df pgLx¿;Fu lrghfg, ukmufkm ePsfn] dnfO{ Po/kf]6{b]lv
ahf/;Dd pxfFx¿nfO{ lng cfPsf xf]6nsf sd{rf/L;Fu} d klg ;f]xL xf]6ndf k'u]F .
ToxfF xf]6ndf a:g] 7fpF /x]g5 . dnfO{ lsg ;Fu} NofPsf] eg]/ Dofg]h/
lrlgofF efiffdf l/;fof] . tL dlxnfn] dnfO{ lnˆ6 glbPsf] eP, dnfO{
7"n} ;d:of kYof]{ . h] eP klg cflv/df Tof] xf]6nsf] d]g]h/n] d]/f] @)
8n/ ;f6]/ !^) o'jfg MRD lbof] . d}n] g]kfnL b"tfjf;sf]
7]ufgf b]vfPkl5 lrlgofF efiffdf n]v]/ 6ofS;L 8«fOe/nfO{ lbof] . clg, t sl/a
@ ah] 6\ofS;L 8«fOj/n] klg ;fgnL y'g eGg] 7fpFdf /x]sf] g]kfnL b"tfjf;aflx/
;8sdf k'¥ofOlbof] . @) o'jfg 6\ofS;L ef8f nfUof] . ;f}efUoj; Tof]
;:tf] g} k¥of] . olb, d Po/kf]6{af6 6\ofS;Ld} cfPsf] eP gfO6 6\ofS;L @))
o'jfgeGbf a9L g} nfUYof] xf]nf . g]kfnL b"tfjf; k'u]kl5 aflx/ a;]sf]
lrlgofF ;]gfsf] ;'/Iffy{ vl6Psf] hjfg;Fu s'/f ug]{ sf]l;; u/]F . t/,
p;nfO{ c+u|]hL af]Ng cfpFb}g /x]5 . p;n] dnfO{ ID b]vf eGof] . d}n] kf;kf]6{ b]vfpFbf
dfGb} dfg]g . clg, d}n] SoflG;n ul/;]s]sf] /ftf] kf;kf]6{ klg af]s]/ uPsf]
lyPF, Tof] b]vfPkl5 p;n] dnfO{ leq k:g cg'dlt lbof] . ;fob s]s] eGof]
t]/f] b"tfjf; xf] hf eg]h:tf] nfUof] . leqkl§ hfFbf sf]xL klg b]lvg .
kfn] ;'lt;s]sf] /x]5 . To;kl5 b"tfjf;sf] clkm;lt/sf] leq hfg] u]6sf]
k|j]z dfu{df /x]sf] v'§fk'5\g] 8f]/Dof6df a;]F . dnfO{ 7"n7"nf
dR58n] 6f]s] . km]l/ Pskl5 aflx/lt/ uP/ jl/kl/ 3'd]F . /ft sf6]kl5
laxfg s]xL aGbf]a:t eOxfN5 xf]nf eGg] d]/f] ljrf/ lyof] . km]l/ lgGb|f
b]jLn] 5f]l8gg\ lsgeg] d nfdf] ofqfaf6 cfPsf] lyPF . clg, km]l/ %=#)
ah]lt/ ;'6s];nfO{ l;/fgL u/L af6'nf] eP/ vf8Lsf] s'tf{ cf]9]/ ;'Tg k'u]5' .
dnfO{ g]kfnsf] /fhb"t eP/ hfg] OR5f 5 . To;sf nflu ljut s]xL jif{b]lv
jftf{;d]t rln/x]sf] 5 . rLgsf] g]kfnL b"tfjf;df @! tfl/vsf] /ft
aflx/sf] kmf]xf]/ Kjfn k/]sf 8f]/Dof6df latfpg' kbf{ d}n] ;DemF]– lgo'ltm ePsf]
eP d /fhb"t eO;]sf] x'Gy]F t/, clxn] PDAof;8/ 8f]/Dof6df ;'lt/x]5 .
laxfg eP 5 rf}sLbf/ p7]/ cfP5 . clg, p;n] dnfO{ O;f/f u/]/ u]:6xfp;
b]vfof] / Po/ slG8;g vf]lnlbof] . kfx'gf
sf]7fdf d ;'Tg k'u]F . o;/L d]/f] d+uf]lnofsf nflu ul/g] ofqf rLgsf]
/fhwfgL a]Olhªsf nfdv'§];Fu ldqtf ub{} ;'? eof] .
dª\uf]lnofb]lv
sf]l/of;Dd
d+uf]lnof ljZjsf
:jtGq /fi6«x¿df la|l6; ;fd|fHo lj:tf/ x'g'cl3 ;Dd ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;fd|fHo lj:tf/
u/]sf] /fHo lyof] . r+u]h vfFn] ;g\ !@!% df cfkm\gf] /fhwfgL xx{/L
d+uf]lnofaf6 rLgsf] a]Olhªdf ;fbf{;Dd d+uf]lnofsf] cfsf/ j[l4 eO;s]sf] lyof] .
Ps hgf la|l6; cg';Gwftfsf cg';f/ a]nfotn] …jf/ :6fl6lhÚ r+u]h vfFsf] o'4
z}nLaf6 l;s]sf] lyof] . xfnsf] O/fssf] aubfb;Dd k'u]sf] d+uf]lnofsf] ;}Go
zlQm ck|ltd -clåtLo_ lyof] .
ToxL d+uf]lnofsf]
xfnsf] cfsf/ g]kfnsf] cfsf/eGbf bz u'0ffn] 7"nf] 5 . hg;+Vof eg] bz u'0ff
sd 5 . ToxfFsf] hg;+Vof hDdf #! nfv 5 . d+uf]lnofdf cem} rf}jfnL;
k|ltzt hg;+Vof PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLdf klg g]kfnsf /fp6] h:t} 3'dGt] gf]d]l8s hLjg
latfpF5g\ . pgLx¿ r/g ePsf] 7fpFdf b'O{b]lv $ dlxgf;Ddsf nflu cfˆgf kfNt'
hgfj/ 3f]8f, pFm6, e]8f, ufO{j:t', lnP/ hfG5g\ . km/s Tolt xf], pgLx¿sf]
kSsL 3/ geP klg sltkosf cfˆgf 6f]o6f, k|f8f] x'G5g\ . k|f8f]df kfnsf] 3/
6'qmf6'qmf u/L /fv]/ csf]{ pkTosfdf n}hfG5g\ . ;fx|} vfOnfUbf uf]/f,
df]6f3f6f, z/L/n] x[i6k'i6 b]lvG5g\ . ;fob pmF6sf] b"w / 3f]8fsf]
df;' vfg ?rfpg] ePsfn] pgLx¿ To;af6 a9L kf}li6s tTj kfpF5g\ xf]nf .
k]6«f]n, Uof;, vgLh,
h+unL hgfj/, jg, ljzfn e"efu / /0fgLlts cjl:ylt rLg / ?;sf] aLrdf ePsfn]
d+uf]lnofdf g]kfndf eGbf a9L /fhb"tfjf; 5g\ . ;g\ !(@! df g} sDo'lg:6
zf;g :yfkgf ePkl5 a|]8 PG8 a6/sf nflu ;f]leot o'lgogsf] ;xof]udf lgld{t …:6]6
l8kf6{d]G6 :6f]/Ú /fhwfgL ;x/ pnfgaf6/sf] sl/a dWoefudf cem} oyfjt\ 5 .
;g\ !(@! b]lv !(() ;Dd ;f]leot ;+3sf] lgoGq0fh:t} k|efjdf /x]sf] sDo'lg:6
Joj:yf ePsf] d+uf]lnofdf xfn rLgsf] k|efj a9L] b]lvG5 . To;}n] ToxfFsf]
zf;gdf !(() kl5 l/ef]lnp:g/L sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ zlQmdf /x]sf] 5 h+unL pmF6, ljzfn
uf]eL d?e"ld, ;a}eGbf nfdf] 3f]8r8Lsf] ofqf d+uf]lnofsf ljz]iftf x'g\ .
ljsf;] ;fem]bf/sf] ¿kdf blIf0f sf]l/of, hfkfg / rLg k|d'v ;xfof]uL d'n's x'g\ .
ToxL d'n'ssf] e|d0f ug{ hfFbf ef]u]sf] ef]ufO{ pNn]vgLo 5g\ .
d;Fu k};f lyPg,
sxfF a:g] < s] vfg], s;/L kms{g] ;a} ;d:ofs} ¿kdf lyP . t}klg, cfkt\
kbf{ x/]; vfg'x'Gg ;'ema'emn] sfd ug{'k5{ . d cfkm\gf] ;fdfg lkmtf{ a'em]/
Po/kf]6{aflx/ k'u]F . 6\ofS;Ldf ;fdfg /fv]F . 6\ofS;L af6f]lt/
nfu]kl5 Ps hgf d+uf]lnog ;fyLsf] d+uf]lnog efiffdf n]lvPsf] lelhl6ª sf8{ b]vfPF
/ ToxLF k'¥ofO lbg eg]F . To; a]nf d]/f] uf]hLdf 6\ofS;L ef8f ltg{] k};f
klg lyPg . olb, d+uf]lnog ldq gf/f 3/df ge]l6Psf] eP d 6\ofS;Lsf] ef8f
s;/L lty{+] < gf/fsf] 3/df k'u]kl5 9f]sfsf] 3G6L ahfPF pxfF aflx/ cfpg'eof] .
5Ss k/]/ s] ef]Ú lsg g]kfn hfg'ePg eg]/ ;f]Wg'eof] . d}n] ;a} j[QfGt atfPF
/ 6\ofS;L ef8fsf] k};f dfu]/ lt/]F . 3/df ;fdfg /fv]kl5 ;a} ;Defjgfaf/]
;f]rljrf/ u¥of}F / c¿ ;fyLnfO{ klg of] oyfy{ hfgsf/L 6]lnkmf]gaf6 u/fof}F .
To;kl5 :6]6 o'lgel;{l6 ckm Ph's];gsf l8gn] Tof] a]n'sfsf] l8g/ cfof]hgf ug'{eof] .
l8g/ vfg'cl3 lrlgofF b"tfjf; Po/ rfOgf
clkm;df ;f]wk'5 u¥of}F . s]xL ;Lk gnfu]kl5 k};fsf] hf]xf] u/L sf]l/og
Po/sf] l6s6 sf6\of}F .
sNkgf ug'{;\ tkfO{+
rLgsf] af6f] eP/ pnfgaf6/–a]Olhª, 5Gb'–Nxf;f xF'b} sf7df8f+}sf] p8fgsf nflu
/jfgf x'g'eof] . d+uf]lnofsf] /fhwfgL pnfgaf6/df /x]sf] r+u]h vfF cGt/f{li6«o
xjfO{ c8\8f k'Ug'eof] . 6\ofS;LnfO{ @) 8n/ hlt nfUg] b"/Ldf tkfO{+sf
d+uf]lnog ;fyLn] ;Fu} cfP/ k'¥ofOlbP . Po/kf]6{df ;fdfg hfFr eof] .
;fdfg leq uO;Sof] clg r]s hfFr ug]{ a]nfdf tkfO{+nfO{ lagf sf/0f cWofudg kf/
ug{ jl~rt ul/of] . clg, Tolta]/;Dd cfk"m;Fu ePsf] 8n/n] d+uf]lnog
pkxf/ s/d'Qm k;ndf lsg]/ afFsL ar]sf] 6'u|'v -d+uf]lnog s/]G;L_ / 8n/ l;WofO{
3/ hfg] lbgsf] k|tLIffdf a;]sf] a]nf l8kf]6 u/]kl5 d]/f] xf];\ xjf; p8\of] .
aLrdf ljzfn rLgn] 5]s]sf] x'Fbf a'4Tjsf] ;DaGw eP klg d+uf]lnof / g]kfn Tolt
glhs 5}gg\ . cfk;L ;DaGw, Jojxf/, e|d0fsf] cfbfgk|bfgsf b[li6n] .
xjfO{dfu{afx]s csf]{ dfu{ eP klg ;Dej 5}g, ltAatafx]s cfpg .
lrlgofF clwsf/Lsf]
lgb]{zgdf dnfO{ p8fg eg{ jl~rt u/fof] /] . dnfO{ cf}lw b'Mv / kL8f eof] .
;f]wk'5 ubf{ :ki6 pQ/ cfPg . olt dfq eGof] 8]df]qm];L, dfgjclwsf/ /
zflGtsf] s'/f ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngdf efu lnP/ cfPsfn] ltAatsf] af6f] hfg
kfpFb}g . hals d k}bn, /]n jf cGo oftfoftsf ;fwgdf hfFb} lyOgF .
xjfO{dfu{ Tof] klg Po/ rfOgf -rLgsf] xjfO{hxfh_ dfq rLgsf] ?6 6«flGh6 eP/ g]kfn
hfg'kg]{ lyof] . d]/f] le;f l;+un OG6«L lyof] . lsgeg], hfFbfv]l/
d]/f] a]Olhª x]g]{, 3'Dg] /x/ lyof] . ha d}n] lrlgofF b"tjf;df dlN6kn
OlG6«sf nflu le;f kmf/fd e/]sf] lyPF . lrlgofF clwsf/Ln] g} dnfO{ dlN6kn
rflxFb}g, l;+un OlG6« eP eOxfN5 egL pQ/ lbPsf lyP . sNkgf ug'{;\, olt
glhssf] ldq /fi6«df klg olt laWg ;f:tL v]Kg' s] s"6gLlts dof{bfsf] s'/fdf
k5{ xf]nf <
ljZjljBfnosf]
k|fWofks cem} rLg;Fu lgs6 ;DaGwsf sf/0f klg ePsf] ljZjefiff SofDk;df SofDk;
k|d'v eO{ sfd ubf{ b'O{÷rf/ b]zsf b"tfjf;;Fu cln a9L g} 3lgi7 ;DaGw x'G5 .
rLg, hfkfg, sf]l/of, k|mfG;sf /fhb"tsf] e]63f6, kf6L{ ef]hsf] pkl:ylt dfq
xf]Og, cfˆgf] efiff jf ;+:s[ltnfO{ a9fjf lbg'kg]{ pgLx¿sf] bfloTj klg x'Fbf]
xf]nf . To;}n] d]/f] c;n ldqkl§sf] v/fa Jojxf/ k6Ss} dg k/]g . d]/f]
xjfO{ l6s6 sfd gnfUg] eof] . h'g l6s6 d}n] tTsfnLg /fhb/af/sf] pQ/lt/
/x]sf] Po/ rfOgsf] clkm;af6 cfpg]÷hfg] l6s6
vl/b u/]sf] lyPF . d+uf]lnof–sf7df8f}+ cGo s'g} klg Po/nfOG;n] p8fg eb}{g .
pnfgjf6/–a]Olhª, gofFlbNnL hfg klg b'O{j6f Po/nfOg k|of]u ug'{kg]{ eof] .
To;sf nflu d;Fu Joj:yf ePg . cflv/df d+uf]lnofaf6 sf]l/og Po/sf] l6s6
lng'kg]{ Ps dfq ljsNk afFsL /Xof] . d}n] d+uf]lnog ;fyLsf] k};f C0f lnP/
sf]l/og Po/sf] l6s6 sf6]F .
b'O{ lbgkl5 dfq
p8\g kfOg] eOof] . tL b'O{ lbg d]/f] hLjgsf ;aeGbf nfdf lbg lyP .
ljgfsf/0f a]vrL{ eP/ a:g'k/]sfn] xf]nf . t}klg, kSs} g]kfn hfg kfOPnf t
eGg] z+sf lyof] . sf/0f d;Fu sf]l/ofsf] le;f klg lyPg . olb,
sf]l/ofdf 7Ls ;dodf p8fg ePg eg] s] ug]{ < le;flagf ;f]n ;x/leq hfg ;lsGg eGg]
s'/f] dgdf v]Nb} lyof] . eujfg\ e/f];f u/]/ a;]F . ca d]/f] c¿ s'g}
pkfo lyPg . ha sf]l/og Po/sf] xjfO{hxfhdf leq k;]F, dnfO{ t lahg]; Snf;sf]
l;6 kf] pknAw eof] . eujfg\nfO{ ;Dem]sf] klg sfd nfUof] . sf]l/ofdf %
3G6f kv]{kl5 csf]{ xjfO{hxfhdf sf7df8f}+sf nflu p8fg e/]kl5 t d]/f] v';Lsf]
;Ldf g} /x]g . ToxfF klg xhfO{hxfh el/Psf] x'Fbf dnfO{ t lahg]; Snf;df kf]
l;6 lbOof] . Sof dHhf cfˆgf] k};fn] Tof] Snf;sf] l6s6 lsGg] k|Zg}
p7\b}gYof] . 5 3G6fsf] p8fg /dfOnf] eof] . ;f]ndf sf]Osf g]kfnsf
slG6« 8fO/]S6/ ld:6/ sf]ª Do'xg;Fu e]6 eof] / Po/kf]6{df ukm;km u/L ;do latfpg
;lhnf] eof] .
hLjgsf ef]ufOdf
b'O{j6f P8e]Gr/; Oe]G6 ef]u]sf] 5' . klxnf] ;g\ !(() sf] j;Gt Ct'df
kj{tf/f]x0f bn;Fu ;Dks{ clws[t eO{ hfFbf wf}nflul/ j]z SofDk dfly eP/ /fpG8
wf}nflul/sf] af6f] wDa'h kf;, k|m]Grsf]ndf r§fg] cfO;df lrlKnof]ls Oxlnnf ;dfKt
eof] eGg] cj:yfdf rsf{] xfjf, x'/Lsf] /km\tf/n] ha d]/f] xftsf] n¶L g} p8fof] .
n¶Lsf] / v|Dkdsf] lagf ;xf/f kf/ ug}{ g;lsg] Tof] 8/nfUbf] af6f]df hLjg
bf];fF3df lyof] . Tof] r§fg] af6f]sf] afFsL lx:;f kf/ ug{ d;Fu ;fyL uPsf
el/ofsf] xftsf] ;fyn] hLjg lbof] . ha xfdL ofs vs{ k'Uof}F ta dfkmf{ b]lvg
yfNof] . clg, dnfO{ aNn hLjg afFsL /x]sf] af]w ePsf] lyof] . To; a]nf
d}n] dgdg} eg]sf] lyPF… cfoGbf kj{tf/f]x0fdf slxNo} hfg] 5}g . k/Gt',
cfly{s cefjn] lk/f]n]kl5 k'gM rf/k6s, dsfn', k'df]/L, cfdfbAnd lxdfndf ;Dks{ clws[tsf]
¿kdf sfd ug{ uPsf] lyPF . d+uf]lnof e|d0fdf klg ljgfsf/0f kfPsf] x¥of;d]G6
-x}/fgL_ n] ofqfdf kg{ ;Sg] csNkgLo ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf] pkfosf] vf]hL csf{] 36gf
eof] . hLjg ;+3if{sf] cgGt ofqfdf cfOk/]sf 36gfx¿df d+uf]lnof–sf]l/of–rLg
ofqf ;Demgf k6ndf cd/ /xg]5 .
hfkfg /
sf]l/of e|d0f M @)!$
hfkfg sf]l/of
;]ldgf/ / labfsf] 3'd3fd ;du| ¿kn] /dfOnf] /Xof] . !! h'nfO{ @)!$
sf7df8f}+ 5f]8]/ @% h'nfO{ km]l/ sf7df8f}+ hfFb} 5' . kl/jf/af6 b'O{ xKtf
6f9f a;fO eof] . p4j;Fusf] ofqfdf sxLF st} klg sfnf] cg'xf/ nufpg] jf
l/;fpg] cj:yf /x]g5 . ofqf ubf{ dg ldNg] a]nfa]nfdf /dfOnf] ukm ug]{ .
slxn]sfxLF dxTjk"0f{ ljifodf ljrf/sf] cfbfgk|bfg klg ug'{kg]{ /x]5 .
xfdLaLr /x]sf] pd]/sf] km/snfO{ ;fob 1fgsf] ;dtfn] ;fy lbof] xf]nf . Psbd
ldNg] ;fyL eP/ Ps /ft t Pp6} lj?t/fdf ;'t]/ -bª\b]d'g ;f]n sf]l/of_ sf] df]6ndf
latfof}F . r/}j]tL r/}j]tL e|d0fsf] dfgj hLjgdf Psbd dxTj 5, e|d0fsf]
ef]ufO / l;sfO sltko a]nfdf pbfx/0f lbg, l;sfpg / cEof; ug{sf nflu klg
dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ .
ca cfh !@M#) ah]
lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yndf pq]kl5, cfpFbfv]l/ x:tfIf/ gu/]sf] kf;kf]6{ egL
cWofudgn] kmsf{pFbf p7]sf] l/; klg ;dfKt x'g]5 . ;dod} Po/kf]6{ gk'u]sf]
eP cWofudgaf6} kms]{/ aflx/ cfO 6\ofS;L lnP/ l;l8cf] sfof{no k'u]sf] / ToxfF
lgj]bg n]vL x:tfIf/ u/fP/ km]l/ Po/kf]6{ cfpGh]n d]/f] dgdf ePsf] 9's9'sL klg
l;l4of] .
@)&! – # –
@&
/fxbfgLsf] x:tfIf/
cfh c;f/ @& ut] sf]l/og Po/sf] xjfO{hxfhdf hfkfgsf] of]sf]xfdf ;x/df
cfof]hgf x'g] ;dfhzf:qLsf] c7f/f}F ljZj ;Dd]ngdf efu lng hfg lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o
ljdfg:yn k|:yfg u/]F .
cfwf 3G6fsf]
kvf{Okl5 8f= p4j Kofs'¥ofn;Fu e]6 eof] . xfdL b'j} hgfn] ;fdfg r]s u/fof}F
/ ljdfg:ynsf] dflyNnf] tNnfdf cWofudg r]shfFrsf] l;nl;nfdf cWofudgsf] sd{rf/Ln]
eGof] . tkfO+{sf] /fxbfgLdf x:tfIf/g} 5}g clg t k¥of] ljTof;, p4j leqlt/
uP d eg] x:ofªkm:ofª ub}{ xjfO{ c8\8faf6 aflx/ lg:s]F . 6\ofS;L lnP/
l;l8cf] sfof{nolt/ nfu]F . l;l8cf] sfof{ndf !)^ sf]7f gDa/df hfg';\ eGof] .
klxn] sf]7f g+ !)% df k'u]F . d]/f] 6f]nsf sd{rf/L;Fu e]6 eof] . d}n]
pxfFnfO{ xtf/xtf/ cfˆgf] oyfy{ ;'gfPF clg t pxfFn] dnfO{ d2t ug{ cfˆgf] l;6sf]
Jo:t sfd 5f]8]/ !)^ sf]7fdf uO{ /fxbfgLdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ xflsdnfO{ x:tfIf/ ug{
eGg'eof] . t/, kf;kf]6{df x:tfIf/ ug]{ xflsdn] eGof] d ;?jf eO{ cfPsf]
w]/} ePsf] 5}g, tkfO{++sf] kf;kf]6{ ;g\ @)!# df ag]sf] /x]5 d s;/L x:tfIf/ ug{
;S5', clg d}n] eg] d ;]So'l/6L r]s hfFr ug]{ 7fpFaf6 kms]{sf] s] ug]{ t clg
pgn] eg] lgj]bg n]Vgf];\, d}n] eg]F, …dnfO{ xtf/ 5 xjfO{hxfh 5'6\g ;S5, d
lgj]bssf] x:tfIf/ ul/lbG5',Ú pxfFn] klg lgj]bg n]vL lbg'xf]nf . Toltn] sfd
u¥of] . pxfFn] /fxbfgLdf x:tfIf/ ug'{eof] / d xtf/xtf/ k'/fg} 6\ofS;Laf6
Po/kf]6{ cfPF . kf}g] !@ ah] aflx/ lg:s]sf] dfG5] kf}g] ! ah] k'gM
cWofudglt/ nfu]F . ;fdfg klxn] g} r]shfFr eO{ leq uO;s]sf] lyof] .
xft] emf]nf dfq af]Sb} leq k'Ubf 8f= p4j;Fu e]6 eof] . v';LofnL;Fu @ sk
Sofkm] NofQ] vfof}F . Psl5g\ cf/fd u/L clGtd ;'/Iff hFr kf/ u/L leq
k'Uof}F / d 8fo/L n]Vg nfu]F . xfd|f] ljdfg:ynsf] k|tLIff sIfdf P;L 5}g,
clt udL{ lyof] . sl/a ! ah]/ #) ldg]6df xfdL ;'/Iff kf;kl5 ljdfglt/ hfg]
a;df a:of}F / sf]l/og Po/ leq k:of}F . xfdL v'§f k;fg{ ldNg] Osf]gf]ld
Snf;sf] cu|efusf] l;6df a:of}F .
d}n] lxhf] kmf]g
u/]/ sf]l/og Po/nfOgsf] :6];g Dofg]h/;Fu ukmufkm u/]sf] lyPF . of]ªdfg
uf];Fu a;df r9\bf dfq e]6 eof] . pgn] eg] tkfO{+ / tkfO{+sf] ;fyLsf nflu
cufl8sf] l;6 Joj:yf eO;s]sf] 5 . sf]l/ofsf] cf/fd sIfsf] Joj:yf clxn] ug{
;lSbg .
h]xf];\ clxn]
cf/fd;Fu sf]l/og Po/df a;L of] 6«fenu n]Vb} 5' . xfd|f] xjfO{hxfhsf]
lgwf{l/t p8fg ;do !=%% ah] 5 . clxn] !=%) alh;Sof] . olb, d]/f] h:t}
36gf Ps a]lhNnfsf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] sfdbf/sf] ePsf] eP s] x'GYof] <
sf] lhDd]jf/ 5 < o:tf] sl7gfOsf] nflu . clxn] b'O{ aHg nflu;Sof]
xjfO{hxfh OlGhg rnfP/ p8fgsf] k|tLIffdf 5 . sf7df8f}+df laxfg kfgL k/]/
clxn] xNsf 3fd nflu/x]sf] 5 tfklg jiff{sf] sf/0f j/k/ afbn b]lvG5 .
pkTosfsf kxf8x¿ a'sf{ nufPsL d'l:nd aflnsfh:t} b]lvFb}5g\ . p4j v'§f
k;f/]/ d:t a;]sf 5g\ . ljdfgleq sf]l/og efiffdf s]s] pT3f]if x'Fb} 5 yfxf
5}g, sD;fldbf -wGojfb_ eg]sf] eg] d}n] a'em]sf] 5' .
b'O{ah]/ kfFr
ldg]6 eO;Sof] ljdfgsf] p8fgdf ljnDa ePsf] 5 eg]/ c+u|]hLdf PgfpG; eof] .
sf7df8f}+af6
ljdfgn] p8fg e/]sf] sxL a]/d} klxn]sf] sf]Osf :jo+;]ljsf g]kfnL gfd /Lgf;Fu e]6
eof] . pgL d]/f] l;6;Fu}sf] l;6df a:g cfOg\ . Psl5g ukmufkm,
enfs';f/L u¥of}F . pgL g]kfndf Jofkf/ u/]/ a;]sL /lxl5g\ . ;]p8\ldgrf
sf]l/og gfd (*!*^)^^(( sf7df8f}+ / )!)$^$^&&!% sf]l/of .
/flqsf] ;dodf OG5g
6ld{gnleq cf/fd ug]{ s';L{df ;'Tg] sf]l;; u¥of}F . t/, dnfO{ lgGb|f nfu]g .
p4j eg] #÷$ 3G6f ;'Tg ;kmn eP . d}n] j/k/ 3'd3fd u/]F / ;do latfPF .
laxfg p7]/ bfFt dfe]m/ d'v wf]O{ tNnf] tNnfdf /x]sf] 8\o'l6lk|m k;n / l8kfr{/
u]6 ePlt/ nfUof}F . bz bz 8n/ lt/]/ Ps ;]G8lar lrs]g :jfbsf] / x6 rsn]6
vfof}F . cf/fd u/]/ a:b} 5f}F .
c;f/– @*
cfh ;Dd]ngsf]
pb\3f6g sfo{qmd 5, Sof]sf] of]l;h'dL k|f]km];/ cft]d+ufs ljZjljBfno;Fu a;]sf]
5' . sGkm/]G; xn lgSs} 7"nf] /x]5 . ljZj ;dfhzf:qL ;Dd]ngdf
ljZjel/af6 %))) ;xefuL cfPsf 5g\ . ;f9] % ah] PgfpG;d]G6 eof] .
sfo{qmd -pb\3f6g_ ;'? x'g]a]nf eof] . xn el/Psf] 5}g, cfdlGqt ;xefuL
cfpFb} 5g\ . k|f]km];/ dfOsn a'/a] ;Dd]ngsf] af/]df k|sfz kfg'{x'g]5 –
:jfutd\ . km]l/ eGg'xf];\ of]sf]xfdfdf olt 7"nf] dfqfdf klxnf]k6s
k"jL{ Pl;ofdf ISA sf] ;Dd]ng ug{
;Dej eof] . ;'lh/f] hfkfgL k|fWofks xfdL !@) b]zaf6 ^ xhf/ JolQm cfPsf
5f}F . of] ljZjJofkL ;dfhzf:qLsf] ljZjsk xf] . hxfF a|flhlnog ;xefuL
klg xfg]{ 5}gg\ / ?g] 5}gg\, kl5sf jif{;Dd . hfkfgsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf of]
ljZj ;Dd]ng ug{ ;Defjgf eof] . of] ;Dd]ng el/ hDdf !(() ;];g x'g]5 5g\ .
;fob ljZjJofkL ;d"xsf] ;xeflutf x'g]5 . csf]{ sfo{;ldltsf] u7g x'g]5 .
#) jif{b]lv dxf;lrj eP/ sfd u/]sfn] of] ;Dd]ng tLg bzsb]lv ljsl;t ePsf] 5 .
cGTodf afFsL ^ lbgsf] sfd ;fdfg, JolQmut d2t td t}of/Ldf hfkflgh :yfgLo
sld6Lsf] cd"No of]ubfg /xg]5 . sf]OrL–k|f]km];/ o;sf nflu wGojfbsf
kfq x'g'x'G5 . sf]OrL xfl;ufjf tf]lxsL ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks x'g\ .
!(*^df Go' lbNnLdf
of] ;Dd]ng ePsf] lyof] . @)!$ of]sf]xfdf tof/Lsf] nflu xfdLn] @@ j6f
/fli6«o t}of/L sfo{qmd u/]sf lyof}F . hfkfg ;'gfdL / Go'lSnon l8hf:6/af6
k|efljt eP/ dGb cfly{s ultljlwdf uPsf] 5, of]sf]xfdf k'n ljZjsf] Ps ;kgfsf] k'n
xf] . ;fdflhs ;Ghfn klg ;dfh ;dfhaLrsf] k'n xf] . cfcf}F PsLs[t ;dfh
agfpg nfuf}F .
Osf]k|mfOG8nL ;x/
xf], of]sf]xfdf ef]ln gofF sDKo'6/ x]g'{x'g]5 . ljZjsksf] cGTo;Fu} xfd|f]
;dfhzf:qL sk ;DkGg x'g]5, o;df sf]xL klg xfg]{ 5}g . oxfF tkf gofF ;fyL agfpg ;Sg'x'g]5 / gofF ljrf/ lng /
lbg ;Sg'x'g]5 .
k|f]km];/
tf]/]uf]O– xfd|f] ;dfh !)) jif{cl3 :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . cfh;Dd xfdLn] o;/L
ljZjJofkL ;xefuL af]nfpg ;s]sf lyPgf}F . k|f]km];/ xfl;ufjfn] eg]em}F
hfkfgn] km'lhl;df Go'lSno/ b'3{6gfn] @)!# df @),))) dfG5]sf] k|ToIf Hofg lnof]
o:tf] /fli6«o ljklQsf] a]nfdf o:tf] cfof]hgf cfkm} ;lhnf] lyPg . xfdL
hfkfgL d]xgtL 5f}F, k|ltJolQm cfo 36]sf] 5 . cg';Gwfgdf ul/g] vr{ 36]sf] 5 .
;'vsf] dfkb08 s]
xf] < d OGef/d]G6n ;dfhzf:qL x'F . ;dfh zf:qsf k|fWofkssf] vf]hLsf]
ljifo xf] . xfdL ;dfhsf] ;'vsf] vf]hLdf 5f}F . c¿ dfG5]sf] ;'vsf]
nflu sfd ug]{ xf}F . of]sf] xfdf sf+u|];n] ;dfg ;+;f/sf] kl/sNkgf ug]{5 .
d tkfO{+sf] aLrdf cfpg kfPsf]df v';L 5' . tkfO{+nfO{ wGojfb .
d]o/ xfofl;–
;a}nfO{ d]/f] :jfut 5, :yfgLo cfof]hs /
ljZj ;+u7gsf cWoIfnfO{ d]/f] d'/Ld'/L wGojfb 5, of] ;x/df oqf] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf
ug'{ePsf]df k'gM wGojfb lbG5' . d]o/ xfofl;sf] ;Gb]z . #) j6f
;dfhzf:qLo ;+u7g 5g\ / hfkfgdf !(@$ df hfkfg ;f]l;of]nflhsn ;dfhsf] :yfkgf
ePsf] xf] . xfd|f] sfd efiffsf] sf/0f hfkfgLhdf dfq lyof] . o;k6sb]lv
xfdL c+u|]hLdf ;dfhzf:qsf] ;fdfg pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg]eof}F .
km's';Ldf ;d:ofn]
hfkfgnf ;+s6df kf/]sf] lyof] .
u|fdL0f If]qdf lgh{g x'g] cj:yf cfof] . d'Vo ;x/df OGwgsf] ;d:of eof] .
xfdLn] k|fl1s ;+u7gsf] aGw'Tj ug'{k5{ . ljZjnfO{ ;dfg agfpg ;dfh zf:qLsf]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g]5 . ufpF, :yfgLo ;d:of dfgjtfsf] ;d:of /
;Defjgfaf/] xfdLn] sfd ug]{5f}F . x/]s b]zdf ;dfhsf] ljsf;df ;dfhzf:qL
ldnf}F .
of]l;ldlr ;ftf]–
;dfhzf:qsf] k|fWofks – 6f]lsof] ljZjljBfno, ef/taf6 dfq @ ;oeGbf a9L ;xefuL
ePsf 5g\ . csf]{ ;Dd]ng @)!^ df cl:6«of leogfdf x'g]5 . !)–!&
h'nfO{ leogf cl:6ofdf cfof]hgf ul/g]5 . !#& b]zaf6 @)) Po/kf]6{af6
cl:6lnof cfpg ;Sg'x'g]5 . ToxfF tkfO{x? l;UdG8 k|mfO8 Do'lhod x]g{
kfpg'x'g]5 . c:6«]lnog Po/df cfPdf !%Ü l6s6df 5'6 kfpg'x'g]5 . leogf
ljZj ljBfno !^ cf}F ztfAbLsf] :yflkt ljZj ljBfno xf] . xfdL ^%)
jflif{sf]T;j csf]{ jif{ dgfpFb} 5f}F .
tkfO{+ d]/f] ljZj
ljBfnodf cfpFbf /dfpx'g]5 . k/Gt' ^))) ;xefuLsf] nflu eg] xfdL tof/L ug{
;Sg]5f}gf}F h;/L hfkfgn] cfof]hgf ug{ ;Sof] . Sofg]l8og 6f/f]G6f] ljlj df
@)!* jN8{ sf+u|]; cfof]hgf x'g]5 . Sofg]l8og ;dfhzf:qL c¿ b]z h:t} 5g\ /
s]xL leGg ljrf/wf/f lnPsf 5g\ . Sofg8]ln ;dfh b]vfpFbf ;f/Lsf] k|bz{gb]lv
b]jtf ef/tLo, g]kfnL r'/fk;n klg b]vfOg Sofg]l8og k|fWofksn] .
-dfOsn a'/fj]_
cWoIf js{n] ljZjljBfno USA
Public Sociology
of]sf];f]– of]
;x/df cfof]hgf ug{ kfPsf]df d v';L 5' . /f]dflG6s 7fpF xf], hfkfgsf]
;aeGbf a9L ldl>t ;x/ xf] . of]sf]xfdfdf !*^%df klxnf] cfO;lqmd kfn{/
v'n]sf] lyof] . !**$ df k|yd ;fa'g ˆofS6«L ag]sf] lyof] .
of]sf]xfdf
k'glg{df{0fsf] r/0fdf 5 . xfdL sf] xf}F < c;dfgtfaf/] rrf{ ug{ cg'ej
;f6f;f6 ug{ cfPsf 5f}F . !(%# b]lv @)!$ ;Dd xfd|f] ;+u7g slt 7"nf]
ePsf] 5 . w]/} ;xefuL ljleGg b]zaf6 cfPsf 5f}F . ^# /fli6«o ;+u7g
;b:o ;+u7g 5g\, !(%) df %dfq lyP . lkPr8L ljBfyL{sf nflu xfdL;Fu
dxTjk"0f{ ;fdu|L pknAw 5 . cfufdL k':tfnfO{ xfdL ;fFrf] cy{df
ljZjJofkL agfpg rfxG5f}F . c;dfg ;dfhnfO{ ;dfgtflt/ s;/L n}hfg] xfd|f]
;f]r x'G5 / x'g'k5{ .
!= cy{tGq ;a}sf nflu x'g'k5{, ;a}sf nflu ;dfg
cj;/ rflxG5 .
@= cy{tGq l6«sn 8fpg x'g} ;Sb}g .
#= wg k};fsf] gofF ljrf/ wf/f cfjZos 5}g .
$= kmfObfsf] tfgzfxL 7Ls 5}g .
%= lx+;fsf] c;dfgtf ;a}sf nflu u|fXo 5}g .
^= cy{tGqn] ;]jf ug'{k5{,
cy{tGqn] c¿dfly
zf;g ug'{x'Gg . k};fn] ;]jf lbg'k5{ gls s;}dfly zf;g ug'{ .
c/a ck/fOlhª
l8;]Da/ @)!) 6\o'lgl;ofaf6 ;'? eof] . tLg xKtfdf 6\o'lgl;ofdf ;fdflhs
dfWodaf6 /fhgLlts kl/jt{g eof], lnljof, l;l/of, cufl8 a9\b} uof] .
s] kl/jt{g
;sf/fTds dfq x'G5 < km's'l;df cf0fljs e§Lsf] b'3{6gf hfkfgdf h;/L eof],
o;sf] k|efj hldgdf klg k¥of] . ljZjJofkLs/0f s;/L cufl8 a9\5 <
ul/asf hldg
7"nf sDkgL jf ;/sf/n] lng] ;d:of ef/t / rLgdf eO/x]sf 5g\ .
jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{gn] ljZjnfO{ Jofks c;/ u/]sf] 5 .
o'/f]lkog a}+s, Ps
o'/f]ksf] cleofg Psflt/ 5 . csf]{lt/ lu|ssf] ;d:of klg 5 .
lghLs/0fsf] ;d:of, ljBfyL{sf] ;d:of, 5fq, 5fqfsf] cfGbf]ng, lghL lzIff k4lt /
ljBfyL{sf] lxt cflb ljZjJofkL ;d:of x'g\ .
>lds cfGbf]ng,
>ldssf] cfjfhsf] bdg klg xfd|f] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf] . >lds
l8km]lG;a x'g yfn]sf 5g\ .
kf]:6 sDo'lg:6
b]zsf ;d:of klg plQs} 5g\ . ;fDojfb uPkl5 :jtGqtfn] s]s] unf{ eGg] efjgf
lyof] . kl/jt{gn] sltko cfzf dfly t'iff/fkft ePsf] 5 . efiff klg
xfd|f] ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngsf] Ps efu xf] .
!= /fli6«o cfGbf]ng
@= ljZj;Fu hf]l8Psf ;d:of
#= zlQmsf] k[ysLs/0f / /fhgLlt
$= ;xefuL /fhgLlt
%= Direct Democracy
Public and virtual space
^= Repression and liquidity
;femf sfo{qmd
ljZjsf] af/]df
hfgsf/L
ljZjJofkL ;xeflutf
/fli6«o ljz]if
sfo{qmd, P]ltxfl;s km/s–;dfh,
ljZjJofkL s/0f,
1fgsf] dfWodaf6
ljZjJofkLs/0f / aGw'Tjsf] ljsf; u/f}F .
j;'w}j s'6'Dasd\,
eujfg,\ j]bM .
sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6n]
1fg ;a}nfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] 5 .
ljZj
;dfhzf:qL;+u7g leq %% cg';Gwfg sld6L, $$ j6f ljleGg ljifosf sld6L 5g\ .
ljZj ;dfhzf:qL
;Dd]ng oxL c;f/ @( ut] tbg';f/ h'nfO{ !# tfl/vsf lbg hfkfgsf] of]sf]xfdf ;x/sf]
of]sf] xfdf Kofl;lkms sGkm/]G; xndf pT3f6g sfo{qmd eof] . ljZjel/af6 !@@
b]zsf ^ xhf/ ;xefuL ;dfhzf:qL ;Dd]ng ljZjsk km'6ansf] ;dfkg glhs cfof]hgf ePsf]
5 . km's'l;df cf0fljs b'3{6gf ePsf] Ps jif{ dfq ePsf] 5 . hfkfgn] @)
xhf/eGbf a9L hgtf u'dfPsf] 7"nf] yk wghgsf] Iflt ePsf] ;dodf of] ljZj af}l4s ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ul/Fb} 5 .
k"jL{ Pl;ofnL
d'n'sdf cfof]hgf ePsf] c7f/f}F ;Dd]ng ljzfntd\ ;xeflutf;lxtsf] 5 . cfly{s
ljklQaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] hfkfgn] o:tf] 7"nf] ljrf/ssf] ;Dd]ng ug'{ cfkm}df
dxTjk"0f{ xf] .
blIf0f Pl;ofaf6
eg] ;a}eGbf a9L ef/tLo k|ltlglw ;fd]n ePsf 5g\ . ef/tn] !(*^ df ljZj;Dd]ng
u/L ;s]sf] /x]5 . o;k6s ef/t ljZjs} g]t[Tj lng] ljrf/df 5 . g]kfnaf6
eg] 8f= p4j Kofs'/]n sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfno / wgk|;fb kl08t lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6
;xefuL eP/ cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuLsf] ;xefuL x'g rfxg] dfgl;stf,
;:yfut sld6d]G6 cfly{s bfloTj dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ .
cfˆgf] lghL vr{df
ljZjdf ul/g] o:tf ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL x'g hfg' xfd|f] h:tf] cy{tGq ePsf d'n'ssf
af}l4s ju{nfO{ ;lhnf]rflxF 5}g . ;Dd]ngdf x'g] /+ula/+usf 5fnfo'Qm
;xefuLsf] ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg dxTjk"0f{ x'g hfG5 .
;dfhnfO{ s;/L
;dtfd"ns agfpg], /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs ef}uf]lns, cg]stfnfO{ s;/L
Go"gLs/0f ug]{ eGg] ;f]r 5 . dWok"j{df ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf] c/a
l:k|8 cfGbf]ng To;}sf] Ps efu xf] .
c/a hxfF dflg;
k};fsf] vf]hLdf x'G5g\ . ToxfF k]6«f]nsf] e08f/ 5 . tfklg, c/a
;+;f/df ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf] hg;+Vof %Ü hlt 5 . s] k};f g} ;a}yf]s xf] ls
xf]Og < c;dfgtfsf] h/f] gvf]h];Dd ;dfhdf ;Gt'li6 cfpg ;Sb}g .
cdTo;]gsf] n]vn] Tof] ;f]rfOnfO{ cl3 a9fPsf] 5 . hGdb/, hLjgsf] afFRg]
cjlw n}+lus b"/L 36\b} 5 . k/Gt' k}t[s ;DklQ dflysf] clwsf/n]
;dfhnfO{ c;dfg agfPsf] 5 . Ps l;g]dfdf b'O{hgf clegostf{aLr ePsf] jftf{
pNn]v ug{ rfxG5' . wgLn] ul/anfO{ 3[0ff u5{g\, ul/an] wgLsf] #&)
ldlnog lkk'n – c/a k|ltJolQm @,*%( l6«lnog .
lsg s'g} /fi6«n]
ul/aLsf] xfntnfO{ s;/L 36fof] . ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, d[To'b/df sdL clg
hLjg life exp a9\b} 5 .
c/a ;+;f/df hDdf @@ b]z 5g\ . ;dfhdf /x]sf] 7"nf] wg, dfn clxn]
c/asf] ;DkGgtf xf] .
h'nfO{– !%
cfh hfkfg k'u]sf]
rf/ lbg eO;s]5 . b'O{ ldg]6sf] :gfg – p4j ± wg laxfg l9n} p7\of}F .
sl/a &M#) ah] p7]/ h'; vfof}F / xl/of] lrof p4j / d}n] vfPF .
ef/tLosf] dfG5] ;xeflu lj/]Gb| ;f]gf -x}b/fjfb_ ;'t]s} lyof] . To;kl5
rkL{sf] sfd ;DkGg u/L bfFt dfFem]kl5 xfdLn] g'xfpg] s'/f u¥of}F . xfdL
a;]sf] h]g xf]:6ndf !)) Pgdf rf/ldg]6 dfq g'xfpg ;lsG5 . /dfOnf] syf agfpg
cfh !)) Pgdf b'O{ hgfn] g'xfpg] ljrf/ u¥of}F . !)) ? lnP/ p4j :gfg sf]7fdf
uP / g'xfO ;s]/ aflx/ cfPkl5 d leq uPF . d leq uPkl5 x]bf{ t ;f9] b'O{
ldg]6 ;do ar]sf] lyof] . d}n] Tof] ;dodf cfgGb;Fu g'xfPF / !)) Pg jrt eof] .
hfkfgdf !)) Pg eg]sf] !)) k};f h:t} nfUg] /x]5 hals g]kfndf sdfpg slt ufx|f] 5
< oxfF Ps sk slkmsf] %)) o]g, !))) sf] eft slt dxFuf] dxFuf] .
g'xfO;s]kl5 cfh
Kofl;lkms sGkm/]G; xn of]sf]xfdf ;Dd /]naf6 guO{ lxF8]/} hfg] ljrf/ u¥of}F .
clg, p4j / d k}bn lxF8]/ ahf/ x]b}{ 3'Db} cf/fd;Fu of]sf]xfdf k'Uof}F .
;Dd]ng :yndf k'u]/ tLg 7fpFdf xfdLn] ljleGg cg';Gwfg kqsf] k|:t'lt
x]¥of}F÷;'Gof}F / To;} 7fpFdf !@,)) o]gsf] skmL / kfp/f]6L vfof}F .
/]:6'/]G6df kfgL dfq l;Q} lyof] . clxn] !! ah]/ #% ldg]6 eO;Sof]
dfOu|];gsf] af/]df n]lvPsf o'/f]lkog kqx¿sf] k|:t'tL ;'Gb}5f}F . of] 6]a'ndf
hd{g;lxt ;a} o'/f] cd]l/sg uf]/f uf]/Lx¿ 5g\ . 8f= p4j Kofs'¥ofn / d b'O{
hgf dfq ux'Fuf]/f] /+usf ;|f]tf a;]sf 5f}F .
hfkfgn] :t/Lo
;Lko'Qm ^%) xhf/ lrlgofF ljBfyL{ hfkfgdf sfof{/t 5g\ /] . lzlIft
j}b]lzs 5fqsf] gfddf lzlIft of]Uo tflndk|fKt j}b]lzs 5fq, 5fqf hfkfgdf
7"nf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . logsf] pkl:ylt hfkfgsf]
nflu cTofjZos eO;s]sf] 5 . a"9fa"9Lsf] hg;+Vof a9\b} uPsf] 5 .
cfly{s ljklQdf k/]sf] cj:yfdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/L hfkfgsf] ;d:of klg xf] .
cfˆgf] b]z kms]{kl5 nfdf] ;do hfkfgdf sfd u/L kms]{sf lrlgofF sfdbf/sf] n}+lus
e"ldsf, afnaRrf kfpg] kfl/jfl/s cj:yfdf s]xL ;d:of 5 .
What is real migrant workers number
in Japan,
Fukusima Insident make some negative in flucence for mirrout worker. # dlxgf ;d:of eof] kl5 c¿ 7fpF kms]{ lrlgofF
gful/snfO{ gful/stf kfpg ;lhnf] 5, c¿nfO{ nfdf] ;dosf] cfjf;Lo le;f kfpg]
Joj:yf 5 .
;du| ¿kdf x]bf{
ljZj hg;+Vof Ps} b]zdf v';L x'Fb}g / x'g ;Sb}g To;}n] sfdsf] vf]hLdf a;fO{
;/fO{n] b]z ;~rfngdf ljsf; ug{df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 .
a;fO;/fO cNksfnLg klg x'g ;S5 / bL3{sfnLg klg x'g ;S5 . ljsl;t /fi6«n]
ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf sd;]sd bz, afx|| sIff k9]sfx¿nfO{ efiff l;Sg], ljZjljBfnodf
k9\g] gfddf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] ¿kdf cfdGq0f u5{g\ .
of}jgfj:yfdf
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfFbf sltko cj:yfdf j}olQms ;DaGw, of}g clwsf/, afnaRrfsf]
clwsf/df klg ;d:of kg{ hfG5 . a;fO;/fO cj;/ / cj/f]w b'j} xf] .
cfhsf] ;fgf] /fpG8 6]jn ;]ldgf/ …dfOu|];g ;f]l;of]nf]hLÚ df hDdf ( hgf dlxnf
& hgf k'?if ;xefuL lyP .
cfh k|ftM % ah]
p7]F . ;fob aflx/ hfg] ePsfn] dnfO{ lgGb|f nfu]g . p4jn] eGof] tkfO{+
l;lr/f] ;f]df sxfF hfg] ePsfn] o:tf] ePsf] xf]nf .
p7]kl5 k|ftMsfnLg
lgTolqmof u/]/ tof/L ug{ yfn]F . d lgutf hfg] l;GsfG;]g -a'n]6 6«]g_ (=@*
ah]sf] lyof] . To;sf nflu ;f9] ;ft ah] dfq} ;aj]df hfFbf klg x'GYof] .
t/, dnfO{ xtf/ h:tf] nfu]sfn] g]kfnL n'uf nufP/ tof/ ePF . p4j :yfgLo
/]n:6];g;Dd dnfO{ k'¥ofpg cfpg'eof] . t'?Gt} d 6f]lsof] :6];g hfg] /]ndf
a;]F . Ol;sfafrf] :6];g;Dd sl/a Ps 3G6f nfUof] . 6f]lsof] :6];g
7"nf]e Psfn] d}n] lguftf hfg] l;+sfG;]gdf hfg'kg]{ lyof] .
d}n] # hgf cwa}+;]
k'?if;Fu ;f]wF] s;}n] klg /]ndf dtna u/]g ToxL ;dodf d}n] c¿nfO{ ;f]w]sf] b]v]/
Pshgf aflnsfn] elgg\ d klg 6f]lsof] :6];g hfG5' . d va/ u/f}Fnf Tolt;Dd
xfdL p7]/ ofqf ub}{ lyof}F . Psl5gdf l;6 vfnL eof] . xfdL /]nsf]
l;6df a:of}F . ;fob tLg rf/ :6];g kf/ u/]kl5 6f]lsof] :6];g k'Uof}F .
d}n] tL aflnsfnfO{ eg] Could
you show me how to get there ? pgn] dnfO{ lguftf hfg] :6];gsf] l6s6 d]l;gdf xfNg]
7fpF;Dd k'¥ofOlbOg / elgg\, …tkfO{+sf] l6s6 (=@* ah]sf] 5, o;nfO{ kl/jt{g
ug'{;\ .Ú clg, d}n] sfpG6/df b]vfO ;do kl/jt{g ug{ cg'/f]w u/]F . ca
& ah]/ $* ldg]6sf] l;sfg;]gdf lguftf hfg] ljrf/ u/]F .
ca, pgL cfˆgf]
sfdlt/ hfg yflng\ . Psl5g d}n] kv{g eg]F / g]kfnsf] Ps kf]:6/ lbPF ;fy}
ko{6g af]8{n] lbg] g]kfnsf] af/]df ePsf] ko{6s hfgsf/Lsf] a|f];/ pgnfO{ lbPF .
pgsf] gfd ;f]w]sf] lyPF t/ la;]+{ . t/, pgn] elgg\, …;Fu} kmf]6f] lvrf}F,
s;/L lvRg]eGbf pgn] elgg\, …cfpg';\ d;Fu} a:g';\ d lvlrxfN5' .Ú clg t
cfˆg} df]afOnn] kmf]6f] lvlrg\ .
kmf]6f] /fVg]
d}n] pgnfO{
eg]F–…g]kfn cfpg'x'G5 < cfpg] ljrf/ 5 t/ k};f sdfP/ cfpF5' . clg, d}n]
cfˆgf] lelhl6ª sf8{ lbPF . dnfO{ O–d]n u/L kmf]6f] k7fpg eg]F . pgL
af6f] nfUgcl3 labfO ls; ul/g\ s:tf] kl/jlt{t ;+:s[lt .
d}n] Tof] :6];gleq
uP/ /]n ;dft]F / lguftflt/ nfu]F . /]n b'O{ tnfsf] /x]5 . d]/f] l;6
d'lgsf] tnfdf A-10 gDa/sf] ePsfn] d
d'lg uPF . /]n lxF8\of] d'lgsf] tNnf ePsfn] s]xL klg b]lvFb}g . /]n
lxF8]sf] s]xL ;dokl5 PshgfnfO{ eg] tkfO{+ d]/f] ;fyLnfO{ kmf]g ul/lbg'x'G5 .
lsgls, d]/f] kmf]6af6 3G6L g} uPg . t/, pgn] d'G6f] a6f/] . Psl5gkl5
csf]{ s]6f]nfO{ ;f]w]F . pgn] 9f]sf glhs uP/ lvlr/f] ;f]dfnfO{ kmf]g
u/]5g\ ls SMS k7fP5g\ . h]
eP klg ;f]dfn] Call back
ug'{eof] .
d}n] eg] d kf}g] * ah]sf] l;GsfG;]gdf cfpFb} 5' . pxfFn] eGg'eof] 7Ls 5
cfpg';\ d kv]{/ a:g]5' . clg b'O{ 3G6fdf /]n uGtJodf k'Uof] . d aflx/
lg:s]F / ;f]df ;/nfO{ vf]Hb} lyPF . Psl5gdf pxfFsf] kmf]g cfof] sxfF
x'g'x'G5 < d}n] eg] l6s6 sfpG6/ glhs 5' . pxfFn] eGg'eof] – ToxLF a:b}
ug'{;\ d tkfO{+nfO{ vf]Hg dfly k'u]sf] 5' . Ps}l5gdf ;f]df ;/ b]v]F, v';L
nfUof] . ;fdfg lnP/ sf/ kfs{df uof}F, l5§} pxfFsf] 3/df k'Uof}F .
3/df ;f]df PSn} x'g'x'Fbf]/x] 5 . clg, Psl5g hfkfgL xl/of] lrof vfof}F .
lxGbL / g]kfnLdf ukm;km ul/a:of}F . Psl5gdf d ;'Tg'kg]{ sf]7fdf ;fdfg
/fv]/ ahf/lt/ uof}F . kfgL kl//x]sf] x'Fbf 3'Dg Tolt /dfOnf] lyPg .
ahf/df 7"nf] l8kf6{d]G6 :6f]/df k'u]/ hfkfgL vfgf vfof}F . 3/ PsfGtdf
/x]5 . hDdf pxfFsf] 3/ jl/kl/ !^ 3/ 5g\ . h;dWo] s'g} klg 3/df ;fgf]
pd]/sf] Ps klg aRrf 5}g . Ps 3/df Ps klg aRrf gePkl5 sNkgf ug'{;\ 3/sf]
zf]ef s:tf] xf]nf < hDd} a"9fa"9Lsf] ¿vf] hLjg xf] .
d}n] Ps l5g cf/fd
u/]F / clxn] 8fo/L n]Vg a;]sf] 5' . Dof8d vfgf ksfpFb} x'g'x'G5 .
;f]df 6]lnlehgdf ;'df] /]l:nª / j];an kfn}kfnf] x]b}{ x'g'x'G5 . 7fpF
PsfGt, ;'g;fg k|b"if0f/lxt /x]5 . k/Gt' dfgjLo hLjgdf k|s[lthlQs}
dxTj kfl/jfl/s dfof, ddtf, ckgTj, ljleGg pd]/ ;d"xsf JolQmsf] kfl/jfl/s
hd36 dfgjsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . hfkfgsf] u|fdL0f e]usf] lgh{gh:t}
a'4a[4f a:tLdf To;sf] v8]/L /x]5 vf]H5g\, ;a} ;'v egL ;'v} Tof] sxfF 5,
cfkm" ld6fO c¿nfO{ lbg' hxfF 5 .
oxfF lbg] / lng]
dfG5] klg sd 5}gg\ . ;+;f/ crDdsf] 5, c;dfgtf, ljljwtfaLr slt 7"nf]
vf8n 5 . hfkfg e|d0fsf] rf}yf]÷kfFrf}F lbg klxn] ljZjefiff SofDk;df hfkfgL
efiff lzIfs l;lr/f] ;f]df;Fu hfkfgdf !$ jif{kl5 e]6 eof] . klxn] d pxfFsf]
cfof]hgfdf t]Gb|L ljZj ljBfno;Fu MOU df x:tfIf/ ug{ cS6f]a/ @))) df @$ lbg pxfF;Fu} hfkfgsf]
e|d0f u/]sf] lyPF .
km's'l;df cf0fljs
e§L b'3{6gfsf] Ifltk"lt{ ug{ hfkfgnfO{ rfnL;, krf; jif{ nfUg ;S5 eGg'eof]
;f]dfn] . k/Gt' /]l8of] wdL{tfsf] c;/ t ;f9] @ nfv jif{kl5 ;Dd klg afFsL
/xg ;S5 /] . dflg;sf] hLjgdf cg]s lsl;dsf] qf; x'G5 . clxn] xfdL ukm
ub}{ d 8fo/L n]Vb} ubf{ hfkfgL 6]lnlehgn] eGof]– km]l/ $ /]S6/ :s]nsf]
e"sDk cfof] . km's'l;df 7fpF xNnL/x]sf] b]vfof] . olts}df
hfkfgaf6 clk|msf k"jL{ o'/f]k / blIf0f Pl;ofdf k'/fgf sf/sf] Jofkf/
ul//x]sf l;njfnhL;Fu s'/f eof] . pgn] d]/f] 7fpF x]/]/ hfg';\ eg] .
;fob ef]ln a|]skmf:6 vfPkl5 Totflt/ nfU5f}F xf]nf . h]xf];\ afbn nfu]sf] 5 .
kfgL k¥of] cfh clg t df};d /dfOnf] 5 . of] 3/df P;L 5}g, ;fob cfhef]ln P;L
rflxFb}g klg . P;L t /x]5, ;f]w] / x]bf{ t/ cfjZos gePsfn] gnufPsf] /x]5 .
;f9] 5 aHof],
hfkfgdf /flqsf] vfgf vfg] ;do x'g} nfUof] . ca Dof8d vfgf agfpFb} x'g'x'G5 .
xfdL ukm ub}{ a;]sf 5f}F / d 8fo/L klg n]Vb} 5' .
-cfhnfO{ ^M#% ah]
aGb_
ukm ubf{ub}{ vfgf
vfO;Sof}F / /flqsf] vfgfkl5 l6eL x]b}{ ukm u¥of}F . l8g/ kl5, xl/of] lrof
vfFb} 5f}F . * ah]/ @) ldg]6 eof] cfh l5§} ;'Tg] ljrf/ 5 . cfh kfgL
k/]sfn] hf8f] 5 .
cfh !& h'nfO{
d sf7df8f}+af6 k|:yfg u/]sf] klg Ps xKtf eO;s]5 . b'O{k6s kmf]g ubf{
7"nf] dfG5];Fu 3/df e]6 ePg . @ jif{sL gfltgLn] kmf]g p7fOg\ .
Od]nsf] klg 5f]/Ln] pQ/ lbPsf] 5}g . lxhf] ;f]df ;/sf] cf>ddf cfP/ a;]+ .
a:g dnfO{ lbPsf] sf]7f !@×!^ sf] h:tf] 5 .
df};d /dfOnf] 5, cfh laxfg ;f9] tLg ah] g} lgGb|f v'Nof] . clg n3'z+sf
u/]/ km]l/ kN6]F t/ kl5 ulx/f] lgGb|f nfu]g . /flt p4jsf] kmf]g cfPsf]
lyof] . d]/f] k]k/sf] k|]h]G6];gaf/] s'/f eof] /] . udL{ hf8f] 5}g
laxfg} emdemd kfgL k¥of] . clxn] ^ ah]lt/ kfgL /f]lsof] . afbn 8Dd
nfu]s} 5 . lxhf]sf] df};d eljiojf0fLn] cfh ^)Ü kfgL k5{ eg]sf] lyof] .
xfdL cfh laxfgsf] lrof gf:tf u/]/ Pshgf g]kfnL efOsf] lguftfsf] sf/ Jofkf/ x]g{
hfG5f}F . slt ;do nfU5 yfxf 5}g . km]l/ Jofks kfgL k¥of] . xNnf
ub}{ ;'g;fg 7fpFdf k/]sf] kfgLsf] cfjfh klg cln t;f{pg] lsl;dsf] x'g]/x]5 .
d}n] bfFt dfF‰g], bf/L sf6\g] sfd u/L;s]F . ca g'xfpg afFsL 5 . ef]ln
laxfg} km]l/ 6f]lsof] :6];glt/ kms{g] sfo{qmd 5 .
laxfgb]lv
a|]skmf:6 vfP/ sf/df 3'Dg uof}F . hfkfg–g]kfn OG6/g];gn ;]s]G8x\ofG8 sf/
vl/b laqmL sDkgLdf k'Uof}F .
l;njfnhLsf] Tof]
sDkgLdf sl/a $÷% ;o uf8L kfls{ª u/]/ /fv]sf] b]Vof}F . Psl5g cf/fd u¥of}F .
d}n] p4jsf] Od]nsf] pQ/ n]v]F / cfˆgf] k|]h]G6];g lk|G6 u/]F . To;kl5
aGb/ufxlt/ 3'Dg uof}F .
ToxfFaf6 kms]{/
ef/tLo± kfls:tfgL /]:6'/]G6df vfgf vfof}F . vfgf vfPkl5 ;f]dfhL;Fu pxfFsf]
sf/df d4ln3/ x]g{ uof}F . #)) o]gsf] l6s6 lnP/ d5nL3/ x]¥of}F .
df5f x]l/;s]kl5
8lNkmgsf] s/fdt x]g{ egL 8lNkmg :6]l8oddf a:of}F . 8lNkmgsf] v]n @ ah] dfq
;'? x'G5 eg]sf]n] d 8fo/L n]Vg a;]F . ;f]df ;/ klN6g'eof] . bz{sx¿
cfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . ;fog b'O{ ah] 8lNkmgsf] rlt{snf ;'? x'G5 xf]nf .
klxn] xfdL b'O{hgf dfq lyof}F . clxn] kf}g] b'O{ ah] #)÷$) hgf t?gf t?gL,
j[4j[4f, afnaRrf lnP/ cfP . lj:tf/ lj:tf/} :6]l8oddf dflg; b]lvg yfn] .
of] 7fpFsf] gfd lguftf l;6L clSjl/od xf] .
hfkfgsf]
klZrdkl§sf] ;d'Gb| xf] . oxfFaf6 sf]l/of, rLg, Eoflbef] :6s /l;of glhs k5{
/] . To;}n] g]kfnLsf] sf/ vl/a laqmL ug]{ l;njfnn] eg]sf lyP xfdL hfkfgdf
sf/ lsg]/ hDdf u5f}{+ . /l;og dfG5] ot} cfP/ b'O{rf/ bz u/L cfjZostfg';f/
sf/, lhk, 6«s ;]s]G8x\ofG8 lsg]/ n}hfG5g\ /] . BMW gofFsf] w]/} k5{ /] k'/fgf]nfO{ !%) dfg k5{ /] kh]/f]
k|f8f]sf] @) b]lv @& nfv ?lkofF kg]{/x]5 . 6f]of]6f sf/sf] d"No t
%÷!) nfv leq x'g] /x]5 .
x]bf{x]b}{
:6]l8oddf cfwf dfG5] eO;s] . b'O{ aHg % ldg]6 afFsL 5 . ;a} pd]/
;d"xsf dflg; 8lNkmg h:tf] hgfj/sf] s/t't x]/L /dfpg hDdf ePsf 5g\ .
ca Do'lhs ;'? eof] . 8lNkmgsf] s/t't /dfOnf] nfUof] . sl/a #) ld6/
dfly 7f8} pk|]m/ 8f]/Ldf /fv]sf] annfO{ 5f]P/ cfpg' @) ld6/ dflysf] l/ªaf6 kf/
ug'{, gfRg', plk|mg' cflb /dfOnf sf/gfdf x]g]{ df}sf kfOof] . lguftfdf ;jf
b'O{ aHof] .
h'nfO{– !* k|ftM
$M#) ah] p7]+ . k|ftsfnLg lgTolqmof u/L :gfg u/]kl5 ;f]df ;/;Fu e]6 eof] .
n'uf nufO{ tof/ x'Fbf pxfFn] b'O{sk lrof tof/ kfg'{eof] . lrof vfPkl5
xfdLx¿ 6f]lsof] hfg t}of/ eof}F . l;+sfg;]gsf] :6];gdf cfP/ /]n …a'n]6
6«]gÚsf] l6s6 lnof}F . cfh d]/f] l6s6 l;lr/f] ;f]df ;/n] lslglbg'eof] .
!@))) Pg . sl/a !@ 8n/ / af6f]df vfgsf nflu lrsg :ofG8ljr lslglbg'eof] /
;fydf b"w lsGg] ljrf/ ubf{ d}n] c/]Ghh'; lsGg] dg u/]F . To;kl5 k}bn
lx+8]/ xfdL /]n ePlt/ nfUof}F . dnfO{ labfO u/]/ ;f]df ;/ 3/ kms{g'eof] .
l;+sfg;]g ^ ah]/ % ldg]6df k|:yfg u¥of] . l:k8 lgs} 5, af6f]df hfkflgh
u|fdL0f Onfsf wfgv]tL, t/sf/L v]tL 6f9f 6f9f sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] h:t} kxf8
b]lvFb}5g\ . afbn nfu]sf] 5, kfgL knf{ h:tf] b]lvG5 . df};d emDd
k/]sf] ufpF j/k/ kmfF6}kmfF6sf] v]tL Sof ;'Gb/ b]lvg] /x]5 . x/ u/fdf
d];gn] hf]Tg] x'Fbf oftfofn] v]tLnfO{ k"0f{¿kn] hf]8]sf] /x]5 .
cfpFbfv]l/ d'lgsf] tNnfdf ePsfn] s]xL klg b]lvPsf] lyPg . cfh cufl8kl§
Tof] klg bf];|f] tNnfdf ePsfn] ;a} b]lvG5 jl/kl/ . clxn] klxnf] :6k
;'dfg];fGhf] cfOk'Uof] . 6f]lsof] k'Ug ;fob %,^ :6];gdf dfq /f]lsg]
sfo{qmd /x]5 of] l;sfg ;]gsf] . To;}n] l:k8 lgs} a9L 5 . hfkfgdf /]n
lgs} dxFuf] t/ lgs} l56f] oftfoftsf] ;fwg /x]5 . hfkfgaf6 uf8L dfq xf]gOg
c¿ klg k'/fgf ;fdfgx¿ w]/} d'n'sdf ;]s]G8x\ofG8 ahf/df laqmLsf nflu of pkxf/sf
nflu hfg] /x]5g\ . hfkfgsf] kxf8sf] /]Gh g]kfnsf] r'/]h:tf] b]lvg] /x]5 .
csf]{ :6k
gfufcf]sf cfpg} nfUof] . k"j{kl§ clxn] s]xL cUnf] kxf8 b]lvFb} 5 .
sfnf]afbnn] cfsfz 8Dd 9fsL ;Sof] l5§} kfgL knf{ h:tf] 5 . ef/tsf] h:tf]
/]nsf] lnsdf dfgj lji6f 5}g . /]nsf] lnsd'lg klg ;kmf 5 . Tof] ;kmfO
;fob hfkfgsf] ljz]iftf xf] . cfw'lgs ax'dlGhnn] 3/ eP klg ;fgf hfkfgL
lsl;dsf 3/s} ;+Vof c;+Vo 5 . clxn] a'n]6 6«]g 6g]nleq k:of] . slt
nfdf] 6g]n 5 yfxf 5}g, l;+sfg;]g klg %÷!) ldg]6 nfUg] u'kmf kSs} 7"nf] 5
xf]nf . l66L /]ndf cfpF5g\ clg ;fob 6fpsf uG5g\ xf]nf pN6} 9f]u]/ hfG5g\ .
l6s6 b]vfpg';\ eg]/ dfu]sf] klg d}n] b]lvg .
Pp6f 6g]n l;l4P/
Ps ;fgf] pkTosf b]lvPsf] lyof] . t'?Gt} csf]{ 6g]n nflu xfNof] d}n]
kmf]6f] lvRg Sofd/f klg lgsfNg} kfOg . /]nsf ofqL clwstd ylst b]lvG5g\ .
sf]xL s;};Fu af]Nb}gg\ . l:k8 w]/} ePsfn] xf]nf d]/f] xNsf 6fpsf] b'v]sf]
5 . olt n]Vb} csf]{ t];|f] 6g]n cfof] /]n cFWof/f] af6f] kf/ ub}{ 5 .
cfh p4j 5}gg\ . ;fob pgL Sof]tf] uP xf]nfg\ . d PSn} ofqf ub}{ 5' .
ofqfdf efjgf ;f6f;f6 ug]{ JolQm eP ofqfsf] cs}{ /dfOnf] x'G5 . k/Gt'
hfkfgsf] ofqfdf lrghfgsf] dflg;;Fu 5}g eg] ;DkGg la/fdL Tof] klg dfgl;s
/f]uLh:tf dflg; b]lvG5g\ . c¿;Fu s'/f ubf{ t nufgL ug'{ knf{ ls h:tfx¿ .
sf]xL lrghfg ug{ af]Ng rfxFb}gg\ . ef/tdf a? slxn]sfxLF 7u e]l6P klg
ddkmln vfFb} ukm ug]{, s'Nn8df lrof dfu]/ af]Ng] ukm ug]{ dfG5]sf] sdL x'Fb}g .
olQs}df rf}yf] 6g]n cfOk'Uof] . klxn] ;d'b|L lsgf/fsf] /]nsf] af6f]
6f]lsof] lguftf hfg !#÷!$ 3G6f nfUYof] /] . of] l;+sfg;]gsf] kmf:6 ?6
ag]kl5 dflg; oxL af6f] hfG5g\ . @ 3G6fdf k'lug] 5f]6f] / l56f] af6f] xf] .
hfkfgsf] dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{ o;n] grflxFbf] ult lbPsf] 5 . ;DkGg 5g\ t/ tgfjdf
5g\ hfkfgLx¿ rLg;Fu / pQ/ sf]l/of;Fu ;}lga an k|of]usf] tgfj 5 . ljZjs}
;a}eGbf ulx/f] ;d'b| glhs ePsfn] e"sDksf] ;w}F qf; 5 . km's'l;df
cf0fljs b'3{6gfkl5 hfkfgdf ;f]nf/ Kofgnsf] km}nfj6 Jofks a9]sf] 5 . v]t
df;]/ klg xhf/f}F, nfvf}F ;f}o{Kn]6 7"nf 7"nf ;fOhsf h8fg ul/Psf 5g\ .
of] n]Vbf n]Vb} kfFrf}F 6g]n klg kf/ x'g nfUof] .
Oldsf] 6f]lsof]df
al:5g\ . ;ft ah]/ kfFr ldg]6 eof] csf]{ :6];g cfof] . hfkfgsf]
l;+sfg;]gdf /]nsf] 3838fx6sf] cfjfh klg ;'lgFb}g, w]/} /]n cfPsf] uPsf] klg
b]lvFb}g, uha 5 . b'O{tn] /]ndf b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ dflyNnf] tnfd} r9\g' j]z
x'G5 x'g] /x]5 .
df};d /dfOnf] 5 .
kfgL kl/;s]sf] 5}g . knf{ h:tf] rflxF b]lvG5 . a:tLsf] aLraf6 uP klg
cUnf] k'n h:tf] agfPsf] / b'j}lt/ %,^ lkm6]sf] kvf{n h:t} af/ nufPsfn] :yfgLo
afl;GbfnfO{ ;d:of /x]g5 . sl/a k'n} km'naf6 hf]8]h:tf] b]lvG5 .
l;+sfg;]gsf] af6f] w]/} 7fpFdf u|]eof8{ b]lvFb} 5g\ . u|]e of8{df /flvg]
l;+ud/d/sf s'lbFPsf jf tof/ kf/]sf 9'+ufsf] k;n klg b]lvof] . ;–;fgf ufpF
a:tLsf] aLrdf klg s]6fs]6L v]Ngsf nflu 7"nf v]n d}bfg agfP/ /fv]sf /x]5g\ .
o;k6ssf] ofqfdf
w]/}h;f] p4j Kofs'¥ofn;Fu} ofqf uy]{+ . cl:t laxfg & ah]b]lv cfh laxfg
(,!) ah];Ddsf] b'O{ lbg d PSn} ofqf ub}{ 5' . PSn} ofqf ubf{ gofF ;fyL
agfpg] cj;/ kfOg klg ;S5 k/Gt' hfkfgdf Tof] ufx|f] /x]5 . d]/f] l;6 #
hgfsf] d PSn} lyPF . clxn] &M#) ah] aNn Ps s]6f cfof] .
ut jif{sf] ofqf
kl5 of] d]/f] klxnf] ljb]z ofqf xf] . dnfO{ gofF 7fpF x]g{ gofF ldq agfpg
dgk5{ . ef]ln klg 6f]lsof]df a:g] lgwf] eof] eg] ;fob xfdL 6f]lsof]df
cf}lw ag]sf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] :sfO{ 6«L x]g{ hfg]5f}F . :sfO{ 6«L agfP/
7"nf a'h{ agfP/, ljZjd} cUnf 3/ 6fj/ lgdf{0f u/]/ ;DkGg b]zn] cfˆgf] snf
sf}zn, ;DkGgtf b]vfpg / ko{6snfO{ cfkm"lt/ tfGg] sfd u5{g\ . dn]l;of,
b'jO{, 6f]lsof], s'g} a]nfsf] 6\jLg 6fj/ Go'of]s{ o:t} pbfx/0f x'g\ .
/]nn] dfgja:tLnfO{ b'Mv gb]cf];\ eg]/ dfgj a:tL ePsf] 7fpFdf cfjfh /f]Sg] cUnf
af/ nufPsf] b]lvG5 hfkfgL l;+sfg;]gsf] af6f]df . ljZjs} 7"nf] /
3gfcfbL ePsf] ;x/ ePsf]n] 6f]lsof] lgs} 7"nf] 5 . t}klg s]xL xl/ofnL
afFsL 5 . cfh !( tfl/v laxfg l5§} p7\of}F . k|ftsfnLg lgTolqmof ;s]/
;fdfg Kofs u¥of}F . xf]6nsf] lan lt/]kl5 ( ah]lt/ hfkfgL /]ndf xfdL
6f]lsof]lt/ nfUof}F . cflsxf/f :6];gdf cf]n]{/ csf]{ /]ndf r9\of}F .
Tof] :6];gaf6 t];|f], rf}yf] :6];g vfd]Obf] -lrjf nfOgdf_ k'Uof}F . ha
xfdL :6];gaf6 aflx/ lg:Sof}F . :6];gdf xfdLnfO{ l/l;e -:jfut_ ug{ Pshgf
g'jfsf]6sf] alxgL cfpg'ePsf] lyof] . ;+uLtf clwsf/L ;'j]bL
-k"j{ljBfyL{ kßsGof SofDk;_ ;Fu /dfOnf] e]6 eof] . pxfF;Fu 6\ofS;Ldf
pxfFsf] 3/;Dd uof}F . Ps lsnf]ld6/sf] &#) o]g k5{, oxfF k'Ubf &*)
o]g nfUof] . 3/df k'u]/ lnˆ6df ( tNnfdf uof}F . 3/df k'Ug]lalQs} cfO;
/ kfgL vfof}F . alxgLn] g]kfnL lrof agfpg yfNg'eof] . ca xfdL lrof
vfFb} OG6/g]6 ;r{ ug{ yfNof}F . xfjf kfgL cfh 7Ls} 5 . aflx/
t'jfnf]h:tf] nflu/x]5 .
cfh xfd|f] sf]l/of
hfg] l6s6 lyof] . k/Gt' p4jsf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ l6s6 ef]lnsf] nflu ;f/]/ cfh
6f]lsof] 3'Dg] ljrf/ u¥of}F . cleif]s sf]l/og Pc/sf] l6km6 ;fbf{ Ps hgfsf]
!) xhf/ ?lkofF yk nfUof] . Tof] bz xhf/n] Ps lbg 6f]lsof] 3'd3fdsf]
sfo{qmd aGof] . ;'j]bLhL ;fdfg lnP/ cfOk'Ug'eof] . Psl5gdf vfgf tof/
eof] . g]kfnL lsl;dsf] vfgf ePsfn] af:gf /dfOnf] cfPsf] 5 . vfgf vfO
6f]lsof] dxfgu/kflnsf 6fj/b]lv l;Gh's :6];g, 6f]lsof] :6];g, l;+jfl;sf]
df]gf]/]n r9\of}F . To;kl5 /f]af]6 x]¥of}F . w]/} kmf]6f] lvRof}F
;du|df /dfOnf] g} eof] . af6f]df h';, kfgL, au{/ Dofs8f]gfN8df uP/ vfof}F .
cfhsf] lbg lat]sf] klg kQ} ePg . cf]9fOjf cSjfl;l6df d]/f] >LdtLsf nflu
!@ xhf/ o]gdf 38L lsGof}F . To;kl5 e]g; kmf]6{ gSsnL cfsfz 3'Db} ca xfdL
3/lt/ kms{g] t/v/df lyof}F .
p4jnfO{ klg 38L dg k¥of] . To;}n] p4jsf] 38L lsGg nfu]sf 5f}F .
6\ofS; k|mL agfpg d]/f] kf;kf]6{ lbPsf] 5' .
/flqsf] ef]hg
hfkfgLh ;';L;lxt slt /fd|f] eof] aofg} gu/f}F . /flqsf] ef]hg ub}{ !)
alh;s]5 . vfgfkl5 Dofl/h v]Ng] ljrf/ ul//x]sf 5f}F . ;du|df
bf];|f]k6ssf] hfkfgsf] a;fOsf] clGtd /ft /dfOnf] eof] . dnfO{ clncln
7Ls7Ls eO;s]5 . jfOg dfq vfFbf klg . 8fS6/ p4j Kofs'¥ofn / 3/a]6L efO
alxgL eg] Psbd 7Ls x'g'x'G5 .
@) h'nfO{sf] lbg
laxfg %M#) ah] p7]F . k|ftMsd{ ;DkGg eof] . sl/a ;f9] & ah] p4jn]
/ d}n] n]dg lrof vfof}F . * ah]lt/ 3/jl/kl/ 3'Dg] ljrf/ ub}{ 5f}F .
clxn] OSo'–kf; ubf{ s;/L efiff l;Sg'k5{ eGg] ljifodf ukmufkm x'Fb} 5 .
xfdL :sfO{ 6«L
ljZjsf] ;aeGbf cUnf] 6fj/;Dd 6\ofS;Ldf uof}F . ToxfF 6\ofS;L 5f]8]/ :sfO
6«L x]¥of}F, kmf]6f] lvRof}F / /]:6'/]G6df uO{ k|]mGr a|]skmf:6 vfof}F .
clg gfl/tf Po/kf]6{ hfg] kmf:6 /]nsf] l6s6 lsg]/ xfdLnfO{ /]ndf a;fn]/
hfg'eof] cleif]s .
xfdL !)M@@ ah]sf]
6«]gaf6 !!@) ah] gl/tf Po/kf]6{ k'Uof}F . clg gfl/tfdf 6ld{gn ! vf]Hb}
dfly uof}F . #.$ tNnf dfly k'u]kl5 aNn Ps gDa/ l8kfr{/ 6ld{gn km]nf k¥of] .
;f]Wb} hfFbf s]l/og Po/sf] r]lsª -;fdfg hfFRg]_ sfpG6/df k'Uof}F . ;fdfg
hfFRbf @ lsnf] a9L eP5 . hDdf @$ lsnf] dfq :jLs[t u5{ eg] kl5 d}n]
;Dd]ngsf] hfgsf/L k':ts aflx/ lgsfnL xft] emf]nfdf xfn]F / Ps lsnf] hlt 36]kl5
aNn dfGnf h:tL eOg\ . xfdLn] eGof}F– olt yf]/} ;fdfgnfO{ klg s] ;d:of
u/]sf] . pgn] elgg d}n] xf]Og cfOPd ;l/ lgodn] xf] . ;fdfg k7fO;s]kl5
xft] emf]nf af]Sb} 6ld{gndf kf}g] 3G6f ;fdfg x]¥of}F, d}n] Ps n]l8h 38L lsg]F .
p4jn] klg s]xL ;fdfg lsg] . pkxf/ lbg] lsl;dsf hfkflgh 38Lx¿ 6f]lsof]eGbf
gfl/tf Po/kf]6{df ;:tf /x]5g\ . Psl5gkl5 km'lhtf;Fu e]6 eof] . pkxf/
lng] / lbg] sfd u¥of}F . aNn Oldu|];g r]s u/]/ xfdL af]l8{ªlt/ nfUof}F .
s]xLa]/ ;]So'l/6L hfFr Oldu|];g hfFr l;l4Pkl5 xfdL k|:yfg sIfdf k'Uof}F /
@& gDa/ u]6 x]g{ yfNof}F . s/d'Qm k;ndf hfkfgdf /S;L r'/f]6 b'j}
dxFuf] /x]5 . !M%% ah] xjfO{ hxfhlt/ nfUof}F . clxn] Kng]df 8fo/L
n]Vb} 5' . d]/f] l;6;Fu Pshgf sf]l/of dfOt hfkfg 3/ ePsL dlxnf / pgsL
5f]/L klg ofqf ub}{ l5g\ . Ps xKtf Sofg8fsf] EofGs'e/ labf dgfpg hfFb} l5g
/] .
cfzf u/f}F, xfd|f]
b'O{ 3G6fsf] ofqf /dfOn};Fu laTg]5 . pgsL 5f]/Lsf] pd]/ ;ft jif{ eof] .
bf];|f] sIffdf 6f]lsof]df k9\b} l5g\ /] . >Ldfg\ lbg lbg} /flq !@, !
ah] ha 3/ kms{G5g\ pgL yfls;s]sf x'G5g\ . k|foM hfkflgh kl/jf/sf dlxnf jf
sfdsfhL k'?ifsf] xfnt o:t} 5 . hLjgsf] /dfOnf] xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g .
sfd / k};f dfq 5 . dfgjLotf dfgjLo ;+j]bgfsf] ;fx|} sdL 5 . hLjgsf]
:jfb dxTj, dfgjLo efjgf / ljsf; st} Ps l;Ssfsf] km/s kf6f] kf] x'g\ ls h:tf]
nfUof] ljjfxsf] bzf}+ jflif{sf]T;jsf] pknIodf logLx¿ labf dgfpg Sofg8f hfFb}
/x]5g\ . nf]Ug] ef]ln dfq cfpF5g\ /] . hxfF uP klg sfddf g} ;do
nufpg] x'Fbf Sofg8fdf klg sDKo'6/n] dnfO{ ;do lbg ufx|f] x'G5 elgg\ .
g]kfnsf] ufpFdf lbgel/ ;Fu} sfd ub}{ a]n'sf ysfg;lxt 9'lnd'nL x'g] bfDkTo
hLjg;Fu Jo:t hfkflgh sf]l/og hLjg x]bf{ t ljsf; klg kfl/jfl/s d"NodfGotfsf
nflu cle;fk kf] xf] ls h:tf] nfUof] . xjfO{hxfh el/e/fp 5 . ljlzi6
>]0fLafx]s vfnL l;6 5}gg\ . vfgf vfO{ ;Sof}+ . ca Ps3G6f kl5
sf]l/of k'U5f}F xf]nf .
P]ltxfl;s sf/0fn]
hfkfg–sf]l/of, sf]l/of–rLg, rLg–hfkfgaLr Kof/ / 3[0ffsf] ;DaGw 5 .
pklgj]zsfndf, hfkfgsf] cTofrf/ cGofo . rLg–hfkfgaLrsf] 6fk' ljjfb, ;d'b|L
;Ldf ljjfb, / sf]l/of–hfkfgaLrsf] ;Ldf ljjfb klg Ps ;d:ofs} ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . .
cd]l/sf sf]l/of / hfkfg b'j}sf] ;+/Ifs xf] . ca xjfO{hxfh s]xL tntn hfg
yfNof] ;fob s]xLa]/df sf]l/ofsf] Po/kf]6{ cfpFb} 5 xf]nf . xfd|f] b'O{ 3G6fsf]
ofqf /dfOnf];Fu laTof] . gAa] k|ltzt dflg; ;'t]sf 5g\ . xfdL eg] ukm
ub}{ 5f}F . ;du|df gfl/tf hfkfg b]lvOG5g\ . blIf0f sf]l/of;Ddsf]
d]/f] xjfO{ ;km/ w]/} /fd|f] /Xof] . #@ jif{sf] pd]/df ljjfx ePsf] lyof]
/] clxn] $@ jif{ eO;Sof] . t}klg dfof nfU5, efjgf x'G5, ;DaGw /fVg km';{b
5}g /] >Ldfg\nfO{ eg]/ elgg\ tL dlxnfn] .
OG5g\ Po/kf]6{af6
aflx/ lg:sg sl/a kf}g] 3G6f nfUof] Oldu|];g / s:6d lSno/]G; u/]/ lndf]lhg a;sf]
af/]df hfgsf/L lnof}F . lndf]lhg
a;sf] l6s6 sf6]/ ( gDa/sf] u]6aflx/ lg:Sof}F . !) ldg]6kl5 b]hf]g hfg] a;
cfOk'Uof] . a;df ;fdfg /fVof}F . Tof]eGbf cl3 kfgL lsGof}F, @ ln6/sf]
7"nf] af]tn kfgLsf] !!)) k¥of] . cfwfln6/sf] ;fgf] af]tnnfO{ eg] !^
;o kg]{ /x]5 . s:tf] lj8Dagf, w]/} lsGbf ;:tf] yf]/} lsGbf dxFuf] .
OG5g\af6 %M#) ah] b]hf]gsf nflu a; k|:yfg u¥of] . clxn] xfdL a;df 5f}F .
@ 3G6f nfdf] ;8s kf/ u/]kl5 lnplhg a; ! ldg]6sf nflu /f]lsof] . s]xL ofqL
cf]ln{P a; km]l/ lxF8\of] . xfdL 7Ls *M!% ah] b]hf]g k'Uof}F .
kmf]6f] /fVg]
ueg{d]G6 sDKn]S;
k'Ubf t ToxfF j]s ;g ld cfPsL lyOgg\ . a;af6 ;fdfg emf/]kl5 xfdL ;8ssf]
lsgf/df pleof}F . Pshgf sf]l/ognfO{ d}n] d2t dfu]F . pgn] j]snfO{
kmf]g u/LlbPF . kmf]g u/]kl5 !% ldg]6df cfOk'U5' eg]/ j]sn] pQ/ lbOg\ .
xfdLnfO{ lk;fan] Rofk]sf] lyof] . s]xL k};f lnP/ p4j lk;fa ug]{ 7fpF
vf]Hb} uP d eg] ;fdfg s'/]/ a;]sf] lyPF . Tolts}df j]s sf/ lnP/ cfOk'lug\
e]6 eof] . ;fdfg sf/df /fVb} lyof}F ls p4j klg cfOk'u] . ToxfFaf6
xfdL Pshgf ;dfhzf:qsf] k|f]km];/nfO{ e]6\g oxfFsf] Ps ljZj ljBfnodf uof}F .
tL k|f]km];/;Fu} ef/tLo /]:6'/]G6df vfgf vfg uof}F . rf/hgfn] vfPsf]
(),))) jg k|f]km];/n] ltg'{eof] . vfgf dL7f] lyof] . vfgfkl5 skmL
vfof}F . g]kfn / sf]l/ofsf] lzIff, /f]huf/L, a]/f]huf/L, ;dfgtf,
c;dfgtfaf/] s'/f u¥of}F . kms{g]a]nf d}n] g]kfnaf6 NofPsf] Ps kl:dgf tL
k|f]km];/nfO{ pkxf/ lbPF . /flt j]ssf] ckf6{d]G6df k'Uof}F . 9f]sf
vf]Ng]lalQs} pgsf] >Ldfg\n] :jfut u/] . Psl5g xfdL ;'Tg]sf]7fdf ;fdfg
/fv]/ pkxf/ lbg] sfd u/]F . l6eL sf]7fdf v/a'hf vfof}F / ;'Tof}F .
@)!$ h'nfO{ @!
laxfg p7]/ :gfg
u/]F . To;kl5 p4j / d b'j} hgf 3/ k5fl8sf] kxf8 / kfs{df 3'Dg uof}F .
Ps 8]9 3G6f 3'Dbf / ukm;km ubf{ /dfOnf] eof] . clxn] p4j g'xfpFb} 5g\ .
d eg] b}lgsL n]Vg yfn]sf] 5' . 7fpF /dfOnf] /x]5, tLn, lt/s'nf] -l;nfd_
kmNg cfF6]sf] 5 . km;L{ kmNb} 5, v';f{gL, uf]ne]8f, sfFqmf, l;dL, eG6f,
ddkmnL, ;v/v08 ;a} tof/ x'Fb} 5g\ . kfs{df z'4 lkpg]kfgLsf] k|aGw
ldnfOPsf] 5 . xfdL a:g] 3/s} k5fl8 ;'Gb/ xl/ofnLo'Qm kxf8 ePsfn] a:gsf
nflu ;fx|} ;'Gt/ cfjf;Lo If]qdf a:g k'u]sf 5f}F . lbpF;f] st} hfg] sfo{qmd
/x]sf] 5 . cfzf u/f}F, sf]l/of e|d0f ;'Gb/ x'g]5 . d]/f] PnhLsf]
gf]6a'ssf] lsjf]8{df v/flj cfPsf] lyof] . g]kfndf Tof] lsjf]8{ gkfPsf]n]
sf]l/of lnP/ uPsf] lyP .
Tof] cfh d]/f]
Nofk6k dd{t ug{ lbof}F / vfgfvfg k'Uof}F . af]ª h' lsdhL;Fu e]6 eof] .
jxfF cfuGt's sfdbf/ sNof0f ;+:yf k|d'vsf] ?kdf b]hf]g sf]l/of . b]hf]gdf
^))) hgf j}b]lzs sfdbf/ sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;a} aflx/lt/ sfd u5{g\, g]kfnL
sfdbf/ !)) hgf x'g ;S5g\ . lrlgofF, ;+Vofdf a9L 5g\ t/ g]kfnLsf] :t/,
d]xgt, ldng;f/kgf /fd|f] 5 . j}b]lzs sfd bf/sf] sNof0fsf nflu sfd ul//x]sf
;+:yf k|d'vsf] egfO{ lyof] .
j}B, cj}B sfdbf/sf]
nflu cf}ifwf]krf/ l;Q} ul/lbg] k|fljlws 8fS6/, :jf:YosdL{ klg 5g\ . s]xL
k};f lbP/ k/]sf] a]nfdf d2t u5{g\ . b]hf]g gu/sf d]o/ / s]lx Pg hL cf]n]
klg s]xL ;xfotf u5{g\ . ax'/fli6«o /]:6'/]G6df vfgf vfof}F, yfO{, e]tgfd,
OG8f]g]l;of, sDaf]l8ofsf vfgfsf kl/sf/ . ldl>t vfgfsf] dHhf g} cs}{
x'Fbf] /x]5 . cfOPd Pl;of /]:6'/]G6 -b]xªbf]ª_ Pl/of b] hf]g sf]l/of .
sf]l/ofsf] >d
ahf/df &)÷*) k|ltzt k'?if sfdbf/ 5g\ . dlxnfsf] ;+Vof sd 5 . sfd
ufx|f] ePsfn] k'?if a9L cfpF5g\ . pgLx¿ ufx|f] sfd ug{ klg ;S5g\ .
j}w jf cj}w sfdbf/sf] b}lgs Hofnf sd;]sd %)÷^) 8n/ kfpF5g\ . dflg;df sfd
ul/ /xg' ePsf] /x]5 . sfd;Fu} vfgf kfpF5g\ . slxn]sfxLF b'O{ km/s
b]zsf k'?if / dlxnfaLr ljjfx Ot/sf] ;DaGwn] aRrf s;sf] x'g] / s;n] kl5 n}hfg]
;d:of 5 .
;g\ @)!# sf] g]zgn
:6«fl6l6:6s tYof+scg';f/
!!@#)^ hDdf
j}b]lzs sfdbf/ /x]sf 5g\ .
@#))) g]kfnL
sfdbf/
;aeGbf a9L
lrlgofF, t];|f] gDa/df leotgfdL, pHj]s, hfkflgh cflb 5g\ .
;g\ @)!# ;Ddsf]
sf]l/ofsf] hg;+Vof %)@@),)))
h;dWo k'?if – @%,
!##)))
n}lËs l:ylt ef/t /
rLg eGbf /fd|f] ePklg sf]l/ofdf klg k'?ifg} al4 5g\ . dlxnf – @%,
)*&)))
cfuGt's sfdbf/
u|fdL0f Onfsfdf
dlxnfs]f pRr lzIffsf] b/ /fd|f] 5 . k'?ifsf] bfFhf]df 7"nf ;x/L
Onfsfdf dlxnfsf] pRr lzIffsf] k|ltzt sd 5 . b]hf]g, a]Sh] If]qdf .
Oldu|];g – @)!@ –
^$#))( sf]l/ofdf cfpg]x?
dfOu|];g – @)!@ –
^#^$)# sf]l/ofaf6 jflx/ hfg]x?sf] tYofÍ
;/sf/L xfp;xf]N8
;e]{cg';f/
ljb]zL sfdbf/ hDdf
hDdL (*%(@# s'n @)!# sf] tYof+scg';f/ sf]l/ofdf sfd ul//x]sf hDdf klxn] cfPsf /
@)!# df cfPsf ljb]zL sfdbf/sf] ;+Vof ( nfv krf;L xhf/ gf} ;o t]O; /x]5 .
a]/f]huf/ ;+Vof
sf]l/ofdf hDdf -sf]l/ofdf klg a]/f]hufl/sf] cj:yf / ;d:of /x]5 . t/ h'g
sfd ug{ j]/fhuf/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf >lds hfG5g\ cfhsf sf]l/og o'jf Tof] sfd
ug{ clgR5f /fVg] /x]5g\ ._
*=^ k'?if -s'n
&=(_
^=* dlxnf
a]/f]huf/
#=! k'?if 5f]6f]
;do
#=# dlxnfsf]
a]/f]huf/L
cfTdxTof k|ltzt
@=(Ü
of}g c;Gt'li6 #=#Ü
/fli6«o /fhgLltdf
dlxnf #))–$& -!%Ü_
k'?if cfTdxTof !=(
dlxnf -k|of;_ #=%
! nfv hgf dWo]
!!=$ k|ltzt
! nfvdWo] ^( dflg;
cfTdxTof u5{g\ .
cf};t cfo' – k'?if
&&=^%Ü
dlxnf *$=*%Ü
s'n *!=@)Ü
@)!! sf] ;/sf/L
tYof+scg';f/ cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;L eP/ hfg] sf]l/og #$(*^*
sf]l/ofdf ljb]zL
sfdbf/sf] ?kdf cfPsfx? ;+Vof @!&&)@
sf]l/ofdf btf{ eO{
j}wflgs sfd ug]{ j}B j}b]lzs sfdbf/ (#@(*# o; jfx]s klg j}B cjlw k'/f ePkl5
cj}B ePsf jf ko{6s eP/ cfO{ n'lsl5lk sfd ul/ /x]sf j}b]lzs sfdbf/ klg sf]l/ofdf
sfo{/t 5g\ . h:sf] tYofÍ o;df ;d]l6Psf] 5}g .
-@)!@ sf]
tYof+scg';f/_
a;fO;/fO
afn d[To'b/ #Ü
/]ld6\ofG; Ps
jif{df
cfpg]
hfg]
sf]l/ofaf6
hfg]eGbf cfpg] a9L 5 .
j';fgdf cfFwL
cfof] ;d:of eof], To;a]nf a';fgsf :yfgLo jfl;Gbfn] ;Fu} ldn]/ d2t ub}{ lyP .
kfs{ r'ª xLn] To;} j]nfb]lv Go' len]h d'ed]G6 ;'? u/] . Deligent, self-hulp-co-operation tLg vDa] gLlt
kfs{ r'ªxLn] cfˆgf] dGqL d08nsf] a}7s u/]/, k|fWofks dhb'/, ljBfyL{, ls;fg
;a}nfO{ Go' len]h d'ed]G6df ;+nUg u/fP . To;a]nf sf]l/og kxf8 ¿v, j[If
geP/ v}/f /ª\sf lyP . sf]l/ofdf vfgf lyPg . lzIff lyPg, ;a} ug{
;/sf/n] dfq sfd ug{ ;Sb}gYof] . ^ ah] ufpFdf 3G6L ahfPkl5 ;a} hgf
p7\g'kYof]{ . ;/sf/n] of] k4lt clgjfo{ agfof] . To; cleofgn] tf;
v]Ng], /S;L vfg] k'?ifsf] afgL aGb u/fof] . ;Fu} ;a} ldn]/ sfd ug]{,
j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{, clzlIftnfO{ lzIff lbg] Pscsf{nfO{ d2t ug]{ sfd eof] .
ufpFsf h]7f, jf lgjf{lrt eO{ sfd ug{ dg ePsf o'jfn] g]t[Tjsf] cj;/ kfof] .
To; cl3 lgjf{rgsf] k4lt lyPg . g]tf tf]Sg] sfd x'GYof] .
x/]s kl/of]hgfsf]
sdhf]/L kIf klg x'G5 !(*) sf] bzsdf cfP/ ;femf sfdn] ult lng 5f8\of] . ha
b]zn] cf}Bf]lusLs/0fdf ult lnof] . …l;df]n pnbf]ªÚ n] ult 5f]8\of] .
;Fu} ldn]/ sfd ug]{ k4ltdf sdL cfof] . cfnf]rsx¿n] To;kl5 l;df]n pnbf]ªsf]
cfnf]rgf ug{ yfn] .
!((& sf] cfly{s
;+s6af6 b]znfO{ lgsfNg sf]l/og dfG5]n] cfkm";Fu ePsf] ;'g ;/sf/nfO{
lgMz'Ns bfg lbP . o; pbfx/0fkl5 cfˆgf] vfgfaf6 s]xL 5'6\ofP/ c¿sf] enfOsf
nflu /fVg] afgL a;fNof}F . !(*)–!((& ;]dfpn pb\bf]ªsf] cGwf/do ;do
lyof] . cfhef]ln xfdLn] Tof] efjgfnfO{ leotgfd, sDaf]l8ofdf
…;]dfpn–pNbf]ªÚ cEof; ug{ l;sfof}F .
:jf:Yo s]Gb| /
lzIff s]Gb| agfpgsf nflu OG8f]g]l;ofnfO{ klg l;df]n pnbf]ª cleofg;Fu kl/lrt
u/fof}F . -@))(_ ldn]lgod k|f]ld; ldn]/ UNDP ;Fu ldn]/ clk|msg ljsf;sf nflu sfd ug{ yfn]sf] 5f}F .
;a ;xf/f clk|msf If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu .
sf]Osf h:tf
:jo+;]lj ;+:yfnfO{ ef/tdf sfd ug{ ufx|f] 5 . ef/tdf hftLotf, cfly{s
c;dfgtf cflb sf/0fn] sfd ug{ d'l:sn 5 . ufpFsf] g]t[Tj ug]{ dfG5]sf]
gft]bf/ dfq sf]l/of cfpF5g\ . ;fFRr} sfddf ;+nUg dfG5] sf]l/ofsf] PS;kf]h/
lelh6df klg cfpFb}g kfpFb}gg\ . 7"nfj8fsf] dfq zf;g rN5 ef/tdf .
ef/tdf dlxnf
:jo+;]jssf] JolQmut ;'/Iff klg ;lhnf] 5}g . To;}n] xfdL ef/tdf sfd ug{
;+sf]r dflg/x]sf 5f}F . gofF k':tfsf] ljrf/df of] cleofg k/Dk/fut km];g
xf] . l;dfpn pNbf]ª s[lifsf] ljsf;sf nflu ufpFsf] ljsf;sf nflu xf] cfh
Tolt dgdf of]Uo 5}g .
;]dfpn pnbf]ª
If]qLo, u|fdL0f ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt Ps kl/of]hgf lyof] . sltko dfG5] kfs{r'ª
xLnfO{ dg k/fpFb}gg\ . lsgls plg tfgfzfxsf] ?kdf lyP . To;}n] pgsf]
cleofgnfO{ klg dg k/fpFb}gg\ . cfˆgf] ljsf;sf] Kofs]h;Fu afa'sf] gfdsf]
sfo{qmd aflx/ k7fpg jt{dfg /fi6«klt rfxG5g\ . ;]df8n cleofgsf] a]nf
;of]{bo x'g] ;do 306L ahfpg] sfd x'GYof] .
wGojfb ;g ld j]s,
;Dk"0f{ Joj:yfkg Ps bd Jojl:yt / /dfOnf] eof] . cfh xfdL b]hf]gaf6
vfhf vfO{ b]u'sf nflu k|:yfg u¥of}F .
xfdL ;f9] % ah]
sl/a ;f9] rf/;o lsnf]ld6/ ofqf u/]/ plNhg sf]l/og ;/sf/sf] :6fl6l:6sn clkm;df
k'Uof}F . of] sf]l/ofsf] b'u{d clkm;dWo] k|yd xf] oxfF xfdL hDdf bz hgf
sd{rf/L 5f}F . Ps xKtfcl3 j]sn] dnfO{ e]6 ug{ eGg'eof] . dnfO{ labf
lbg / ;do lbg ufx|f] lyof] . b'u{d eg]sf] s] xf] sf]l/og egfOdf < of]
7fpFaf6 ;fj{hlgs oftfoftdf ofqf ug{ ;fdfGo oftfoft 5}g . k"/f b]zsf]
cj:yf x]bf{ of] 7fpF lgs} ufx|f] 5 .
k|f]km];/ ;'hg
d]S8]d]M
cfly{s c;fgtf
aflx/ uP/ sfd ug]{ sfdbf/sf] ;Gbe{df a9L k|of]u x'G5 . ljZjJofkL /fhgLlts
zf:q 7"nf] kl/jt{gsf] qmddf 5 . kfl/jfl/s dxTj, 3/leqsf] sfdsf]
kl/efiff :ofxf/ ;';f/ ug]{, / x]/ ljrf/ ug]{, sfd dfq km/s eO;s]sf] 5 .
ljZjJofkL ;dfhzf:qL cfFvfn] efif0f lbP/ dfq ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ;dfh agfpg ;lsGg .
ljZjdf x]h]df]lgs Jojxf/ ljBdfg 5Fb} 5 . dlxnf / kl5 k/]sf ju{nfO{ ;dfhsf]
;dfgtf cleofgn] sfd ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . /a6{ sg]nsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ /fqLdf olb
s's'/ e'Sb}g eg] s's'/sf] wd{ dflgFb}g . åTjsf] ;+;f/nfO{ Ps lsl;dsf]
agfpg ;dfhzf:qLsf] e"ldsf x'gk¥of] .
ljZjJofkL åGbdf
/x]sf dfG5]nfO{ x]/ljrf/ rflxG5 . aRrf hGdfpg], x'sf{pg], la/fdL ePsf]
a]nf b]vefn ug]{, a'9f}nLsf] ;'ljwf ;a} care work df k5{g\ . of] sfdn] ;dfhnfO{ c;dfgtflt/ n}hfG5 .
pklgj]zjfb, ;fd|fHojfbn] care
work
sf] hGd u/fPsf] xf] .
sd cfDbfgL x'g]
dlxnfsf] 7"nf] >d ;Lwf cfDbfgL gx'g] If]qdf vr{ x'G5 . h;nfO{ care work elgG5 .
Dof8d– ;'hftf k6]n– x}b/fjfb– ;fdflhs c;dfgtf – ef/t
Equality of opportunity cfDbfgLsf] ;dfgtf ef/t :jtGq ePb]lv
;/sf/n] sfg'g agfP/ c;dfgtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ sf]l;; u/]sf] 5 . k/Gt' Tof]
sf]lzifn] ;kmntf kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .
c;dfgtfsf] sf/0f
s] s] x'g\ < ;/sf/L tYof+sn] eG5 %)Ü ul/aLsf] sf/0f cfkm} JolQm, klg xf] .
zlQmsf] ;|f]t, cfly{s kx'Fr, hflt cflbsf] klg c;dfgtf l;h{gf ug{df 7"nf]
e"ldsf 5 . ljwflosfsf] dfWodaf6 clgjfo{ lgod P]g agfP/ k|of]u gu/];Dd
c;dfgtf dfly JolQmsf] k|of;n] Tolt sfd ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g .
sfg'g agfP/ u/]sf]
;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] k5fl8 klg cf}klgj]lzs dfgl;stf ljBdfg 5 . d]/f] k]k/
7"nf k|f]h]S6sf] efu xf] . j}wflgs –sfg'gL_ dfWodaf6 ul/Psf] kl/jt{g
klg Ps dxTjk"0f{ efu xf] .
ef/tdf (#Ü JolQm
cgf}krfl/s If]qdf sfo{/t 5 . s[lifdf nfu]sf], cw{Hofnf, HofdL, cw{ v]tLdf
nfu]sf] ju{ ef/tdf o;} ju{df k5{ . of] ju{ c:yfoL ¿kdf s'g} klg If]qdf sfd
u/]sf] x'G5, p;sf] gf]s/L Uof/]G6]8 x'Fb}g . pklgj]zsf] a]nfb]lv rn]sf]
sltko ;fdflhs ;+/rgf, sfdbf/sf] :j¿k :jtGq ef/tdf klg sfod /Xof] .
of] lgoldt ug{
hftLotfn] klg e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . hft, hflt, j0f{, ju{, hghflt klg
c;dfg ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf s]xL sf/0f x'g\ .
!= ;fwg;|f]t
@= ;+:s[lt
oL b'j} sf/0fn]
d'Vo ?kdf ;dfhdf c;dfgtf sfod /fv]sf] 5 . hftLotfsf] cEof;sf sf/0f klg
;dfhdf cfly{s c;dfgtf ljBdfg 5g\ . h;sf] sf/0f ;dfh Jofks ljefhg /
c;dftfdf cfwfl/t 5 . !@ ah]b]lv ! ah];Dd xfdLn] vfgf vfof}F skmL vfof}F /
;jf ! ah] Dof8d ;g\ ld j]kmn] sf/ xflsg\ xfdL pNhLg k"jf]{Q/ ;d'b|lt/ cfh
/ftL af; a:g 3'Dg hfFb} 5f}F . ch'{g, p4j, j]s / d .
af6f]df ;a}
8fF8fsfF8f xl/ofnLo'Qm b]lvG5g\ . ;a} kxf8nfO{ 5]8]/ 6g]n agfOPsf] 5 .
;a} 6g]ndf emndNn aQL an]sf] 5 . Sof ;'Gb/ sf]l/og ljsf; df]8n / k|s[lt
;+/If0f . xfOj]df uf8L xfFSbf !@) b]lv !$) lsldk|lt 3G6f xfFSg] /x]5g\ .
k/Gt' 7fpF 7fpF l;l;l6eL Sofd/f h8fg ePsfn] Sofd/fsf] cfFvf 6Ng Sofd/f glhs
k'Ug] rfnssf] :j;, l:k8 sd ug]{ /x]5g\ . olb, !)) eGbf a9L l:k8 /x]5 eg]
klg uf8Lsf] g]leu]6/n] b]vfpF5 Sofd/f cfpFb} 5 eg]/ clg t'?Gt} uf8Lsf] l:k8 !))
lslddf emfl/xfN5g\ . gq eg] oxfF klg lgod t ldlrg] /x]5 . t/, klqmof]
eg] 8«fOleª ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] xflsdnfO{ klg sf/afxL x'g] /x]5 .
laxfg !^^
lsnf]ld6/ @ 3G6fdf b]hf]g–b]u' uof}F . clxn] b]u'b]lv k"jf]{Q/ ;d'b|L
;x/ pNhLg;Dd hfg !#@ lsnf]ld6/ ;8s kf/ ub}{ 5f}F . k"/} sf]l/of /dfOnf],
xl/of] ;kmf ;8s, Kjfn} Kjfn -6g]n_ ePsf kxf8x¿ 5g\ . g]kfnsf] r'/]h:t} .
;–;fgf ;x/ klg cfpFbf ;8sdf hfd -uf8Lsf]_ n:s/ b]lvG5 .
xfOj]df eg] ;8ssf]
/ˆtf/ lgs} x'g]/x]5 . ljsl;t ;dfhdf dflg; d]l;gsf] bf; eO;s]5g\ .
e/v/ u+u6fsf] ;x/df k'Uof}F . clxn] ;jf tLg alh;s]5 . ljG8ldnx¿ y'k|}
5g\ . k"j{kl§ xl/of] ;kmf ;d'b| b]lvof] Sof dHhf slt ;'Gb/ .
@@ tfl/v
tYof+sljgf
xfdLnfO{ sfd ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 . 6fu]{6 u|'k–;fgf] :s'nsf] ljBfyL{ ;+Vof klg
x'g ;S5 / l;+uf] b]z klg x'g;S5 . sf]l/ofdf !(^) b]lv hgu0fgf ;'? eof] .
hgu0fgf klg kfFr jif{df Psk6s x'G5 . 200 million vr{ u/]/ @)!) sf] hgu0fgf u/]sf lyof}F . lnË,
sIffsf] tYof+scg';f/ gd'gf ;j]{If0fsf] ¿kdf xfdL u0fgf ug{ ;S5f}F .
sf]l/ofdf w]/}h;f]
dWodju{sf dflg; a:5g\ . sf]l/og dfG5]sf] nufgL, lzIffdf w]/} x'G5 .
To;}n] sf]l/ofn] ljsf; ug{ ;s]sf] xf] . lzIff – 1fg l;k, k|ljlw ;a}sf]
hggL xf] .
cfly{s lx;fan]
sf]l/og ;dfhnfO{ !) ju{df ljefhg u/]sf] 5 . pRr ju{ #, dWodju{ $, lgDg ju{
# ju{df 5g\ . xfdL pQ/k"jL{ sf]l/ofaf6 b]hf]g hfg] af6f]df hfFb} 5f}F .
xfdLn] vfgf vfPsf] 7fpFaf6 !@% lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f 5 . ld; a]sn] sf/sf] l:k8
klg !@)÷!@% lsnf]ld6/df /fv]sL l5g\ . Psl5gcl3 kfgL k/]sf] lyof], xfO j]
df xfdLeGbf cufl8 /x]sf] t];|f] sf/ xfd|f] cfFvf cufl8 b'3{6gf eof] ;fob
8«fOe/n] /flt /S;L vfof] xf]nf jf ;'t]g xf]nf To;}n] cufl8 hfg'kg]{ sf/
pN6f]eP/ ;fO8sf] af/df 7f]lsof] Tof] sf/ sRofss'r's eof] . a]nsf] d'6'n]
7fpF 5f]8\of] . dnfO{ klg 8/ nfUof] !@) lsnf]ld6/sf] af6f]df xfdL /f]lsg]
;Defjgf g} lyPg .
8/fP/ d}n] lj:tf/}
xfFs eg]F pgn] klg 8/fP/ s]xL lj:tf/} ul/g\ . clt /ˆtf/sf] ;8sdf c¿sf]
s;}n] klg lx;fa ub}{g . cfkm" dfq l56f] s;/L hfg] w'gdf x'g] /x]5 .
clxn] ;f9] $ alh;Sof] . cfh xfdLn] klxnf]k6s cf0fljs e§Lsf] cjnf]sg u¥of}F .
lxhf] / cfh d]/f] hLjgs} /dfOnf] sf/ofqf ;Dk"0f{ xl/ofnLo'Qm pQ/
k"jL{ sf]l/ofdf x'Fb} 5 . d w]/}k6s sf]l/of e|d0f u/]sf] eP klg
plNhgl/t uPsf] /x]g5' . sl/a !))) lsnf]ld6/sf] ofqf ug{ @ nfv sf]l/og
agsf] k]6«f]n nfUof] . sf]l/og ldqn] k"/} :jfut ;Tsf/ ub}{ w]/} 7fpF
3'dfOg . ;fFRr} /dfOnf] df};d 5, laxfg kfgL k/]sf] lyof] . clxn]
df};d cln ;kmf 5, cfsfzdf afbn eP klg 6f9f 6f9f;Dd kxf8 b]lvG5g\ . P;L
rnfpg'k/]sf] 5}g, ;'xfgf ;km/ cfh df};d xl;, lxGbL uLtsf] ofb cfof] .
@$ tfl/v w]/} kfgL
kl//x]sf] lyof], t}klg bª\b]d'gdf Pe/]:6 /]:6'/]G6 leq !@–#) b]lv n~h vfFb}
sf]l/ofdf /x]sf g]kfnL bfh'efO;Fu enfs';f/L eof] . b'O{ ah]/ bz ldg]6df
xfdL bªb]d'g ;aj] :6];gsf] u]6g]/ sf]l/og ;fyLx¿sf] uf8Ldf a:of}F . lbgel/
pxfFx¿s} uf8Ldf 3'Dof}F . ;a}eGbf klxn] ahf/df uP/ df]afOn lsGof}F .
d}n] b'O{j6f lsg] p4jn] Pp6f lsGof] . To;kl5 ;f]n 6fj/lt/ uof}F . t/,
dfly sf/ hfg glbPsfn] tn} a:of}F, skmL vfof}F . a]n'sf ;'Gb/ /]:6'/]G6df
xfF;sf] df;';lxt l8g/ vfof}F . vfgf /fd|f] lyof] . ToxfFaf6 k|f]km];/
pg t] o'gn] xfdLnfO{ 8s;'g dlxnf ljZj ljBfnosf] cltlyu[xdf a:g] aGbf]a:t
ug'{ePsf] /x]5 . ToxfF ;fdfg /fVof}F . ;fdfg /fv]kl5 xfdLn]n] ljZj
ljBfno aflx/kl§sf] skmL ;kdf skmL vfof}F . To;a]nf p4jsf] sf]l/og ;fyL klg
cfOk'lug\ . skmL vfPkl5 Psl5g ukm u/]/ p4jsf] ;fyL / d]/f ;fyLx¿ xfdL;Fu
labf eP/ lkmtf{ eP . To; a]nf;Dd /flqsf] ;f9] ( alh;s]sf] lyof] . p4j
/ d Pslt/ aflx/ 3'Dg uof}F . ToxL g} d]/f] ;fyL 8fS6/ oª ;s lnd dnfO{
e]6\g ljZjljBfnoleq cfO;Sg'ePsf] /x]5 . pxfF $) 8n/ lt/]/ 6\ofS;Ldf dnfO{
e]6\g cfpg'eof] . e]6kl5 tLg} hgf a;]/ lao/, h'; / s'v'/fsf] df;' vfof}F .
pxfFn] #))))) sf]l/og jg rSn]6 lsGg eg]/ dnfO{ of] sf]l/og :6fOn xf], d}n]
pkxf/ lsGg] ;do kfOg . lxhf] dfq cd]l/sfaf6 cfPsf] x'F . d]/f]
>LdtLn] tkfO{nfO{ e]6]/ pkxf/ lbg' eg]/ cd]l/sfaf6 kmf]g ug'{ e|Psf] lyof] .
To;}n] of] tkfO{sf] s]6fs]6Lsf] nflu l8p6L lk|maf6 rsn]6 lsGg dfq lbPsf] eg]/
d]/f] uf]hLdf /flvlbg'eof] . jxfF km]l/ 6\ofS;Ldf kmls{+bf % 8n/ nfU5 /] .
%) ± #)) ± $* Ö #(* 8n/ d]/f] nflu vr{ ug'{eof] . s'g} a]nfsf] g]kfnL
efiff u'?k|ltsf] dL7f] ;DaGwsf] sf/0f .
c;dfg ;dfh
-!% tfl/v_
;/sf/sf tYof+sn]
oyfy{ lrq b]vfpFb}g . rLgdf cfDbfgLsf] c;dfgtf Jofks 5 . rLg of]
c;dfg cfodf cu|0fL /fHosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . clk|msf, cd]l/sf hfkfgh:t} .
w]/} tYof+s ;/sf/L:t/s} dfq pknAw 5g\ . ;dfhzf:qL o:tf tYof+s;Fu ;xdt
5}gg\ . rLgdf w]/} ljZj ljBfno:t/Lo cWoog ePsf 5g\ . China General Social Surgery a]Olhª ljZjljBfnoaf6
xfdLn] cg';Gwfg u/]sf lyof}F .
cfhef]ln rLgdf
cd]l/sfeGbf cfDgfgLdf c;dfgtf 5 . rLgsf] ;fdflhs cWoog cGt/f{li6«o:t/af6
;d]t ug{ ;lsG5 . cfDbfgLsf] c;dfgtf 36fpg ;s] ;fdflhs ;b\efj x'g ;S5 .
c;dfg cfDbfgL lsg
w]/} km/s x'g k'Uof] t < ahf/ cy{zf:qsf] cfwf/df, cy{zf:qrflxF xf]Og .
rLgsf] ;Dk"0f{ cy{tGq ;/sf/ / ;/sf/L kIfaf6 lgolGqt cy{tGq xf] .
cd]l/sf / rLgdf cfDbfgLsf] cj:yf b]vfpg] k|d'v sf/0f s] x'g\ t < If]q,
:yfgLo ;/sf/, u|fdL0f, ;x/L, lzIffsf] :t/, hft, hflt, /+u, kfl/jfl/s Joj:yf g}
d'Vo cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]tsf sf/0f x'g\ .
s[ifs u|fdL0f
afl;Gbf / ;x/L hg;+Vof jf afl;Gbfdf 7"nf] b"/L 5 rLgdf . of]
;d:ofn] e|i6frf/, åGå hGdfpFb} 5 . ;/sf/L gLltnfO{ of] b"/Ln] ;d:ofdf
kf/]sf] 5 . rLgsf] k|fWofksaf6 o:tf] :ki6 k|:t'lt x'g' klg rLgsf]
pbf/tfsf] pbfx/0f xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfUof] .
@% tfl/v 3/ hfg]
lbg, laxfg} $M#) ah] p7]F . % ah]kl5 hfg] tof/Ldf lyof}F . Psflaxfg}
8s;'g dlxnf ljZjljBfnosf lzIfs pGt]pg cfOk'Ug'eof] . xfdLn] jxfFsf] sf/df
;fdfg /fVof}F / lndf]lhg a;sf] l6s6 klg pg}n] lslglbP . !!, ))) k|ltJolQm
clg xfdLnfO{ a;df /fv]/ pgn] labfO u/] . lndf]lhg a;df OG5g k'Ug sl/a Ps
3G6f nfUof] . ;fdfg r]shfFr u/fO{ xfdL ;]So'l/6L r]ssf] nfOgdf nfUof}F .
l8p6Llk|mdf
k'u]kl5 /S;L, r'/f]6 rsn]6 lsGof}F . 6f]:6 / h'; lsg]/ vfof}F .
TolQs}df * ah]/ $% ldg]6 eP5 . clg, k|:yfg sIfkf/ ub}{ xjfO{hxfhdf r9\of}F .
clxn] d d]lS;sg 8fS6/;Fu ukm ub}{ k};f ;f6f;f6 ub}{ 5' . sf]l/og Po/
/gj]df p8\g] t/v/df 5 . af6f] kfO;s]sf] 5}g . sf]l/og ;docg';f/ (
ah]/ #% ldg]6df e'OF 5f]8\of] / rSsf 36f36 u/L ;fob leq 3';f¥of] .
hfkfg ofqf
xfdL !@ h'nfO{sf]
lbg k|ftM OG5g OG6/g];gn Po/kf]6{ sf]l/ofaf6 !) ah] hfkfgsf nflu k|:yfg u¥of}F .
lbpF;f] Ps ah] gf/Ltfdf k'Uof}F . gf/Ltfaf6 csf]{ /]ndf of]sf]xfdf uof}F .
of]sf]xfdf cf]n]{kl5 k'gM Ps :6];gsf nflu !$) ofgk|lt ofq'sf] l6s6 lnP/ xfdLn]
a's u/]sf] 6]/];, xf]6n ePsf]lt/ uof}F . xf]6ndf hfg]lalQs} kf;kf]6{ b]vfO
!),))) o]g hDdf u/L sf]7fsf] ;fFrf] lnof}F clg d}n] g'xfPF, kl5 p4jn] klg g'xfP .
a]n'sf ahf/lt/ 3'Dg hfg] l8g/ vfg] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 . hfkfgdf kfFr aHbf
g]kfnL ;dofg';f/ kf}g] b'O{ ah]sf] 5 . lxhf] ;jf b'O{ah] sf7df8f}+af6
sf]l/og Po/sf] xjfO{hxfh p8]sf] lyof] . xfdL cfPsf] k|fljlws ¿kdf b'O{ lbg
eP klg s'n @$ 3G6f Ps lbg dfq ePsf] 5 . df};d ;'Gb/ 5, 3fd c:tfO;Sof]
clncln afbn nfu]sf] 5 .
@)&! – )# –
)&
c7f/f}+ ;fob
ljZjJofkL ;dfhzf:qL, dfgjzf:qL, /fhgLltzf:qL;lxt n}+luszf:qL / cGo ;fdflhszf:q
ljwfsf ljZjsf ljleGg b]zsf ljåfg\, cWoogfyL{, zf]wfyL{ ;xefuL x'g] sfo{qmd 5 .
hfkfgsf] of]sf]xfdf ;x/df h'nfO{ !# b]lv !( ;Dd cfof]hgf x'g] ;Dd]ng kSs} klg
7"nf] hfgklxrfgsf nflu klg dxTjk"0f{ x'g]5 . ;fy} ljZjel/sf
y'k|} d'n'ssf ;fyLx¿ Tof] sfo{ qmddf ;xefuL x'g cfpg]5g\ . JolQmut ¿kdf
;xefuL x'g uP klg d lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] / 8f= p4j Kofs'¥ofn sf7df8f}+
ljZjljBfnosf] k|fWofks xf}F . ;fob k|ydk6s x'g] g]kfnsf] ;xeflutf klg
dxTjk"0f{ g} x'G5 .
clxn] aNn sf]l/og Po/ wfjgdfu{df l:k8 lng pQ/lt/sf] lelecfOkL nfpGh ePlt/
hfFb} 5 . clxn] af}4 / xfoft xf]6n b]lvof] . uf]s0f{, d"nkfgL
b]lvg] u/L wfjgdfu{df clncln ub}{ ultlnof] / 6]sckmsf] nflu bu'g{ nfUof] .
clxn] b'O{ ah]/ !%
ldg]6 eO;Sof] s'n @) ldg]6 hlt p8fgdf l9nfO ePsf]n] xfdL sl/a !@M#) af !=)) ah]
/flq sf]l/og ;dofg';f/ sf]l/of k'U5f}F xf]nf . h]xf];\ /flt sf]l/og
cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn OG5g\df s'g'{kg]{ ePsf]n] l9nf ePklg xfdLnfO{ ;d:of 5}g,
b'O{ ah]/ @% ldg]6df ljdfgn] e'OF 5f]8\of] / xfjfdf pRrfO lnFb}5 . clxn] t
lgSs} dfly k'lu;Sof] .
@)&!
c;f/ h'nfO{ @# k|ftM
xfdL cfh laxfg}
p7\of}F, :joDe"h:t} cUnf] 8fF8fdf sf7sf] l;F9L r9]/ uof}F . *M#) ah]
l/;f]6{af6 ;fdfg Kofs u/L kms{g] t/v/ u¥of}F . Psl5gsf] 8«fleªkl5 ;'Gb/
kxf8Ldf cjl:yt /]:6'/]G6df sf]l/og vfhf vfof}F . vfhf vfP/ gofF af6f]
xfOj] x'Fb} xfdL km]l/ pHnLg k'Uof}F . plNhgdf ;/sf/L clkm;df a;]/ vfgf
vfof}F . To;kl5 ch'{gnfO{ csf]{ dfG5];Fu labf u/]/ xfdLx¿ sf]l/ofsf]
cf0fljs e§L x]g{ hfFb} 5f}F .
kf}g] P3f/ah]b]lv
sf]l/ofsf] cf0fljs e§L x]¥of}+ . ToxfF sf]l/ofsf] ljB't\ pTkfbgsf] hfgsf/L
klg lnof}F . h'nfO{ @)!$ ;Dd sf]l/ofsf] ljB't\ Ifdtf %^))) d]ufjf6 /x]5 .
h;dWo] sf]Onfaf6 $%Ü cf0fljs e§Laf6 !*,))) d]ufjf6 / afFsL j}slNks pmhf{af6
pTkfbg x'g] /x]5 .
hfkfg /
sf]l/of e|d0f M @)!$
#) h'nfO{ @)!#
cWofudg :jLs[lt kq
jf s'g} d'n'sdf k|j]z ug{sf nflu lbOg] cfudg :jLs[ltnfO{ ;qf}F c7f/f}F
ztfAbLb]lv le;f elgg\ yflnPsf] x'g'k5{ . …r/}j]lt r/}j]ltÚ lx+8\b} hfpm
k"jL{o bz{gdf uxg / ax'cyL{ zAb xf] . hLjgdf cfk"mnfO{ ultzLn
agfpg'k5{ . :j:y, c:j:y, d:t, lgGb|f tGb|f, hfu[t ± ;'Kt–:jlKgn cj:yfdf klg dflg; rnfPdfg x'g'k5{ . hLjgsf] ;xL cy{
ultzLn x'g' / eO/xg' xf] . cfhef]ln ljZjdf Jofks ¿kdf e|d0f ug]{ ;d"x
5 . ljZj cy{ tGqdf o;sf] 7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .
xfn ljZjdf ljBdfg @!! j6f b]zdWo] ;a} d'n'sn] cfˆgf] b]zdf ljb]zLsf]
cfudgsf nflu s]xL v'nf s]xL aGb lgod agfPsf x'G5g\ . sltko d'n'sn] t Pp6}
b]zsf ljleGg efusf nflu cg]sf}F le;fsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 . h:t} rLgsf]
d'Vo e"ldsf nflu Ps lsl;dsf], ltAatnfO{ csf]{ / xªsªsf nflu t];|f] a]Un}
le;f lng'kg]{ x'G5 .
le;f k4ltn] ljZj ahf/df wgL / ul/a, ;DkGg / ljkGg d'n's Pj+ JolQmnfO{
e]befj u5{ . cem} egf}F wgL /fi6«sf gful/s lk|len]H8 / ;'ljwf;DkGg x'G5g\ .
pgLx¿n] l;km{ kf;kf]6{ lnP/ uP k'U5 . ljZjsf w]/} d'n'sdf le;f k|fKt ug{
cfudg ug]{ d'n'sdf cfudg le;f e|d0f cg'dlt kq ;lhn} k|fKt ul/xfN5g\ .
pgLx¿sf] cfly{s x}l;otsf] dtna xF'b}g . b]zsf] ;}lgs, af}l4s, cfly{s zlQm
g} pgLx¿sf] kf;kf]6{df /x]sf] /fli6«otfn] g} OHhtbf/ e|d0fsf/L gful/ssf] ¿kdf
dfGotf kfpF5g\ . pgLx¿ csf]{ wgL jf ul/a h:tf];'s} d'n'sdf klg lg;+sf]r
3'dlkm/ ug{ kfpF5g\ . k/Gt' ul/a /fi6«sf ul/a jf wgL g} eP klg slxn]sfxLF
/fli6«otfs} sf/0f k|j]zcf1f le;f kfpgaf6 jl~rt ul/G5g\ .
Po/kf]6{df le;f lbg] t ;Defjgf g} x'Fb}g . ljZj el/af6 ko{6s
leq\ofpg] yfONofG8n] gfOh]l/of / g]kfnLafx]s Po/kf]6{d} le;f cg P/fOen lbG5 . **,))) tfnsf] b]z :jL8]g, h+un, jg
xl/ofnLn] el/Psf] d'n's xf], sf7 laqmL ug]{, d'n's, lkmgNofG8 ckm -Pl§P6_
yfph]G6 n]sÚ -:jL8]gsf] /dfOnf] b[io xhf/f}F tfn / ;'Gb/ xl/ofnL xf] .
sf7df8f}+af6 *M@) df p8]sf] stf/ Po/sf] xjfO{hxfh kf}g] Ps ah] bf]xfdf
cjt/0f u¥of] . PSs}l5gdf xjfO{hxfhaf6 aflx/ uP/ a; r9\of}F . sl/a
cfwf 3G6f nufP/ Po/kf]6{sf] a; 6«fG;km/ 6ld{gndf k'Uof}F . ToxfF @÷# hgf
g]kfnL cg'xf/sf s]6fx¿ b]lvP . d}n] tkfO+{ g]kfnL xf] eg]sf] t oxfF ;a}
;'/Iff g]kfnL sf] xf] eGof] . To;kl5 d}n] ;f]w]F– k|mfGskmf]6{ hfg] u]6
gDa/ ## xf] eg]kl5 Tof] 6ld{gn vf]Hb}, n3'z+sf u/]/ lx+8F] . kfFr bz ldg]6
lx+8]kl5 ## gDa/ u]6 t e]l6of] t/ ToxfFsf] :6fkmn] eGof] b'O{ 3G6fkl5 cfpg';\ .
clg, 8\o'l6k|mL x]b}{ gofF cg'xf/;Fu ldqtf ufF:b} a;]F . af6f]df a]nfotL
lzIfs / ljBfyL{ e]6 eof] . pgLx¿ g]kfnsf] ufpFdf ;fdflhs ;]jf u/L kms{+b}
u/]sf /x]5g\ .
!!÷!@ sIffdf k9\g] ljBfyL{ hLjgsf] km/s cg'ej ug{ g]kfn uPsf /x]5g\ .
kfFr hgf lzIfs, lzlIfsf;Fu d}n] ;f]w]F– a]nfotdf b'O{ xKtfdf nfUg] vr{n] xjfO{
l6s6;lxt g]kfnsf] vfg a:g vr{ k'Ubf] xf]nf x} . Ps hgf lzlIfsfn] eGg'eof]
kSs} xf] . xfdL Ps /ft ;f+lu|nfdf a:of} ;f+lu|nfdf slt vr{ nfUof] dnfO{
yfxf 5}g . t/, p:t} xf]6ndf a]nfotdf a:bf t #%) kfpG8 hlt nfU5 a]8 / a|]s
kmf:6sf] nflu . d}n] eg] ;f+lu|nfdf ;d"xdf a:bf k|ltJolQm !)) ;o
8n/;Dd nfUbf] xf]nf . ofqfdf ldqtf bf]xfsf] 6ld{gndf s'bf{ n]Vb} 5' .
Psl5g g]kfn 3'd]/ cfPsf a]nfotL lzlIfsf, lzIfs / ljBfyL{;Fu ukmufkm eof] .
->fj0f !% h'nfO{ #!
tfl/v_
clxn] g]kfnL
;docg';f/ /fltsf] @ aHof] . d}n] sNkgf u/F]– ! ;o jif{cl3 stf/ s:tf] lyof]
xf]nf . k]6«f]nsf] k|of]u pTkfbg cf}wf]lusLs/0fn] pu| d?e"lddf ;fgbfg
;'Gb/, dgdf]xs xjfO{ u|fpG8 / 6ld{gn agfPsf] /x]5 . of] ag]sf] w]/} jif{
ePh:tf] nfUb}g lsgls oxfF k|of]u ePsf lgdf{0f ;fdu|L l:6n, 6fon, cflb xfn}sf]
pTkfbg xf] . ;kmf;'U3/ eP klg sf]l/ofsf] OG5g hlt ;'ljwf o'QmrflxF 5}g .
8o'l6k|mL gfd dfqsf] h:tf] nfUof] . vf;} ;fdfg 5}g, Tof] klg lgs} dxFuf]
g} 5 . b'aO{df /fd|f] 5 /] .
/fhf dx]Gb|sf]
a]nfot e|d0fdf a]nfotsL dxf/fgL leS6f]l/of /]nj] :6];gdf :jfut ug{ cfPssL lyOg,
ToxL b]zdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf sfo{/t–s0f]{n s'df/ nfdfnfO{ >LdtL e]6\g uPsf]
a]nfdf åGåsf] ;dosf] dfgjclwsf/ xggsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ lu/ˆtf/ u/] . Ps 8]9
dlxgf;Dd >LdtL / sfg'g Joj;foL klg e]6g lbPsf] lyPg .
l8PkmcfO{l8n] lbg] u/]sf] elgPsf] $.% c/a ?lkofF jflif{sdWo] xfdLnfO{ s]
slt rflxPsf] 5, To;n] g]kfnsf] slt ljsf;df ;3fPsf] 5 < cfPsf] /sd / To;sf]
k|of]u g]kfnLx¿n] sxfF u/]sf 5g\ ;"rgfsf] xs ;a} g]kfnLsf] 5 ls 5}g <
eGg] s'/fsfgL eof] la|l6;x?;Fu .
cha b'lgofF uha ;+;f/ M
cfh cu:6 ! tfl/vsf lbg laxfg ;a]/} p7]/ uy]gju{ ljZjljBfno j/k/sf]
;]/f]km]/f]df 3'd3fd u/F] . laxfg} Tolt :jLl8;x¿ p7]sf xF'b}gg\ xf]nfg\ .
To;}n] nfdf nfdf a;df, 6«ddf 8«fOe/afx]s d'l:snn] Psb'O{ hgf dfq ofqL ofqf
ul//x]sf] b]v]F . dnfO{ nfUof] eujfg\n] ls dfG5]n] slt cGofo u/]sf] .
c;dfg ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] r/d ¿k . wgL /fi6«df hgtfsf] ;'ljwfsf nflu /]n,
6«d, @, # j6f hf]l8Psf / leq Po/ slG8;g ePsf a;x¿ nfvf}F vr{ u/L dfgj/lxt klg
;]jf lbO/x]sf 5g\ . xfd|f]h:tf d'n'sdf aemfª hfg] a;df $) hgfsf] l;6df
&).*) hgfn] ofqf ubf{ b'3{6gfsf d[tsf] ;+Vof tf]Sg} ufx|f] x'G5 .
lj8Dagf k"0f{ ;+;f/ . km]l/ 3'Db} hfFbf uy]gju{sf] 8s
7"nf 8'+uf c8\ofpg] 7fpF b]v]F . ;f]wk'5 u/]F clg yfxf eof] .
sl/a !%) qmf]g/df 7"nf] 8'+ufn] 8]gdfs{;Dd 3'dfP/ lnP/ cfpF5/] .
To;kl5 d cfˆgf] sf]7fdf uPF . s]xL vfg]s'/f vfP/ 8sdf cfO{ a;]F .
k|ftM bz ah] :6]gn]g gfdsf] af]6 k|:yfg u¥of] . sl/a ;f9] tLg 3G6f hfg /
Toltg} kmls{g nfU5 /] . a]n'sf ^ ah];Dd km]l/ uy]gju{ k'lu;S5 eg]kl5 d
t}of/ eO{ l6s6 vl/b u/]/ 8'+ufdf a;]F . 8'+uf ls kfgL hxfh h] eg] klg of]
lgs} 7"nf] 5 . dnfO{ t 7fpF, jftfj/0f, dfG5]sf] Jojxf/ ;a} x]g{ dg
nfUof] . ljkGgtfdf dfgjLo ;DkGgtf / ;DkGgtfdf dfgl;s bl/b|tf ePh:tf]
nfUof] dnfO{ t .
sf]xL klg af]Ng klg t}of/ x'Fb}gg\ . zAb lsGg knf{h:tf dflg;
;DkGgtfdf dfgl;s tgfj k|z:t b]v]F . xfdLsxfF ef]s, Kof;, cefj, b'leIf{df
klg ;do, ;Dj]bgf dflg; dflg;sf] efjgfsf] cfbfg k|bfg x'G5 . bz tNnfsf]
kfgL hxfh uy]gju{ xfj{/af6 8]gdfs{sf nflu k|:yfg u¥of] . sl/a @)) jif{cl3
h'ga]nf /]n, a;, xjfO{hxfh lyPgg\ To;} a]nfb]lv :jLl8; hgtf / /fhfn] oftfoftsf]
ljsf; ug{ ;d'b|dfu{af6 ;x/leq;Dd cfpg ;Sg] 7"nf] gx/h:tf] agfO{
uy]gju{nfO{ ;'ud agfPsf /x]5g\ . ;'Gb/ k|s[lt yf]/} :yfgLo afl;Gbf ;kmf
rf}8f ;8s oxfFsf] ljz]iftf /x]5 . cf]ssf] ¿v k|z:t x'g] ePsfn] hxfh
lgdf{0fdf :jL8]g k|l;4 /x]5 . To;}n] efOlsËx?sf] ;Eotf ljsf;df 7"nf
8'Ëfsf] k|of]u ePsf] Oltxf; /x]5 . a]nfot, ?;, hd{g;Dd uO{ n'6\g;Sg] alnof
:s]08] g]leog efOlsË .
clxn] rf}yf] tnfdf k'u]F / aDa}b]lv uf]cf;Ddsf] d}n] cfof]hgf u/]sf]
blIf0f Pl;ofnL cWoog e|d0fsf] k'g/fj[lQ ePh:tf] nfUof] . s:tf /fd|f/fd|f
;d'Gb|L lsgf/f, l5of, lbof k/]sf . ;kmf ;d'Gb| lsgf/fdf ;'Gb/ a:tLx¿
uy]gju{ ;fFRr} dgdf]xs 7fpF /x]5 . k|zfGt dxf;fu/sf nx/Ldf nxl/Fb} hxfh
cfˆgf] af6f] 8]gdfs{ nfUb} 5 . ;'Gb/ dGb 3fd nflu/x]5 . cfsfzdf afbn
eP klg gLnf] cfsfzdf as'Nnfx¿ ;fob df5f vf]Hb} p8]sf 5g\ . 3'dGt]x¿ tndfly
oq tq udL{ labfsf] dHhflng hxfhleq 3'Db} 5g\ . z/L/sf] ef/ w]/} ePsf
eF};Lh:tf] b]lvg]x¿ Xofd au{/ / 7"nf] sf]ssf] lunf; xftdf lnO{ cem cfˆgf]
z/L/nfO{ ef/L agfpFb} 5g\ . k]6df aRrf ePsL dlxnf lbSs dfGb} PSn} a;]sL
l5g\ . ;fgf gfgL x'g]x¿ gfgL n]vfpFb} 5g\ . pgsf] afafn] af]tnn]
b"w VjfpFb} 5g\ . cfdf hxfhdf 3'dlkm/ ub}{ l5g\ . w]/}sf] cg'xf/
dlng 5 . s]xL s]6L;fyLnfO{ v';L kfg]{ OR5fn] gSsnL xfF;f] xfF:b} 5g\ kGw| kRrL;]x¿ . ;d'Gb|sf] lsgf/df xn]G8sf]
h:t} y'k|} laG8dLn klg 5g\ .
ca bzf}F tnfdf k'u]F, dflg; vfFb} 3'Db} /dfpFb} /x]5g\ . s;}s;}n]
csf]{ ljk/Lt ln+lunfO{ sfvdf /fvL v]nfpFb} lyP . hxfhsf] dflyaf6
w"jfFsf] d':nf] cfO/x]sf] lyof] . l8hn jf sf]Onf s]sf] xf] yfxf 5}g .
s]xL t?gLx¿ aS;/ / hd{g ;]km8{ hftsf] s's'/x¿ Tof] klg w]/} 7"n7"nf
cfsf/sf lnP/ hxfhsf] Psfkl§ a;]sf 5g\ . Ps 5]plt/ s's'/sf] /]:6'/]G6 /
;'k/dfs]{6 klg /x]5 . csf]{lt/ s/d'Qm k;n . hxfhleq :jfb rvfpg ;–;fgf
lunf;df l;Q} /S;L klg ljt/0f ug]{ ;'Gb/Lx¿ . sl/a &*.*) jif{sf j[4sf]
;xf/f ePsL Ps hgf Pl;og dlxnf b]v]F . b'j}sf] pd]/df cflweGbf a9Lsf] km/s
5 . pgn] dlt/ x]l/g\, a"9f dfG5] klg 3'/]/ x]/] . gh/ cklg cklg
vofn ckgf ckgf . ljifdtf g} ljZjsf] ljz]iftf xf] . clxn] hxfhaf6
kfgLafx]s s]xL klg gb]lvg] eO;Sof] . P3f/ aHof] Ps 3G6fdf xfdL ;fob lgs}
;d'Gb|leq k|j]z u¥of}F
xf]nf . d}n] hxfhsf] Ps :6fkmnfO{ ;f]w]F– slt tnfsf] xf]nf . pgn] 7fpF b]vfP / eg] ToxfF hfg';\, x]g'{;\ ;a} n]lvPsf] x'G5 . pgn] t'?Gt} hfg]sf] ljifodf klg pQ/ glbO{ cfkm} vf]Hg dnfO{ afWo kf/] . g]kfndf ePsf] eP k]6 b'Vof] eg] a]/fnug vfg';\ eg]/ h;n] klg elglbg ;S5 . l;sfpg]eGbf l;Sg nufpg] afgL /x]5 . Tof] k4ltn] dflg;sf] vf]lh ug]{ afgL kbf]{ xf]nf . clg d}n] hxfhleqsf] hxfhsf] lrq / Tof] lgdf{0fsf] oyfy{ x]/]+ / k9]+ .
xf]nf . d}n] hxfhsf] Ps :6fkmnfO{ ;f]w]F– slt tnfsf] xf]nf . pgn] 7fpF b]vfP / eg] ToxfF hfg';\, x]g'{;\ ;a} n]lvPsf] x'G5 . pgn] t'?Gt} hfg]sf] ljifodf klg pQ/ glbO{ cfkm} vf]Hg dnfO{ afWo kf/] . g]kfndf ePsf] eP k]6 b'Vof] eg] a]/fnug vfg';\ eg]/ h;n] klg elglbg ;S5 . l;sfpg]eGbf l;Sg nufpg] afgL /x]5 . Tof] k4ltn] dflg;sf] vf]lh ug]{ afgL kbf]{ xf]nf . clg d}n] hxfhleqsf] hxfhsf] lrq / Tof] lgdf{0fsf] oyfy{ x]/]+ / k9]+ .
P6nflG6s cf]l;ogdf xfd|f] 8'+uf t}l/Fb} 5 . Ps hgf lkt[eQm 5f]/L
afa'nfO{ j[4 clg c;Qm cj:yfdf ed|0f u/fpFb} l5g\ . xfG; (Hans)
Berjkvast ah|sef:6 / pgsL 5f]/L cGgf;Fu s]xLa]/ ;Fu}
hxfhdf 3'd]F . e|d0f ;'Gb/ /Xof], af6f]sf] ldqtf /dfOnf] x'G5 . *!
jifL{o kfgL hxfhsf OlGhlgo/;Fu ukm u/L 8]sdf a;] . pgn] kGw| jif{sf]
pd]/b]lv ;d'Gb|df sfd u/]sf] /] . @^ jif{ t cd]l/sfdf dfq} sfd u/]sf] lyPF .
pgn] eg] sl/a ;a} ;d'Gb| ef]u]sf] / x]/]sf] 5' . clxn] d]/f] v'§f rNb}g .
To;}n] lXjn r]o/sf] ;xf/f 5f]/Ln] 3'dfpFb} l5g\ /] .
bz tNnfsf] hxfhdf kfFrb]lv bz tnf;Dd tndfly 8'Nb} gofF ;fyL agfpFb} ukm
ub}{ hfFbf tLg 3G6f lat]5 . Tolts}df xfd|f] 7"nf] 8'+uf ls xhfh
8]gdfs{ k'Uof] . Tof] cfFx'; zx/df hfg] /x]5 .
of] 8]lg; e"ldaf6 cfx'; eP/ /]ndf sf]a]gx]ug uOFbf]/x] 5 .
cfx';df PN;fsf] 3/ 5 xf]nf, 8]lg; :jo+;]js ;+:yfdf efiff lzIfs eO{ sfd ubf{
d}n] g]kfnL efiff k9fPsL ljBfyL{ lyOg\ PN;f . ca t a"9L eO;sL xf]lng\ .
7fpF ;'Gb/ /dfOnf] k/d ;DkGgtf dflg;df g}/f:otf xtf;, lbSbfl/kgf ls r/d
JolQmjfb xfaL ePsf] h:tf] nfUof] dnfO{ t . vf]H5g\ ;a} ;'v egL ;'v Tof]
sxfF 5, cfk"m ld6fO{ c¿nfO{ lbg' hxfF 5 . :jL8]gdf r/d ul/aL ePsf]
a]nfdf oxfFsf !)Ü dflg; cd]l/sfdf uP/ a;f]af; u/]5g\ . sltkosf] egfOdf
c7f/f}F ztfAbLsf] cGtlt/ r/d ul/aLsf sf/0f $ ldlnog hg;+Vof . $) nfvdWo]
sl/a cfwf hg;+Vof g} cd]l/sf k'u] eGg] klg 5g\ . h]xf];\ k|ltzteGbf klg dflg;
vfgkfg / ;'v;'ljwfsf] vf]hLdf csf]{ b]z hfG5 eg] Tof] hfoh g} xf] .
cd]l/sfsf] ldlgPkln; cflb 7fpFdf :jLl8; ;+:s[lt b]Vg ;lsG5 /] . dfgj
3'dGt] k|f0fL xf], ;'vsf] vf]hLdf b'Mv u/]/ o'/f]k k'u]sf slt g]kfnL e]l6P .
sf]Onf / kmnfd o'4df k|of]u ePkl5 :jL8]gdf lr;f]n] l6Sg} g;lsg] eP5 .
To;kl5 w]/} dflg; ;lhnf] hLjgsf] vf]hLdf cd]l/sflt/ nfu]5g\ . lbpF;f] @
ah]lt/ 8]gdfs{ k'u]/ kGw| ldg]6 hlt 3'd] . w]/} ofqLx¿ 8]lg; pTkfbgsf]
sfn{;ju{ lao/sf] r':sL lnFb} lyP . 8]lg; uLt / ;+uLt nfOe eO/x]Yof]
Tolts}df km]l/ :jL8]g kms{g'kg]{ ePsfn] d t'?Gt} lkmtf{ ePF, l6s6 km]l/ r]lsª
u/]/ Stena Line :6]gf nfOg km]l/df a;]F clg 8sdf
a;]/ 8fo/L n]Vg a;]F . cfhsf] lbg ;d'Gb|sf] cfgGb lnFb} :jL8]g / 8]gdfs{
aLrdf cjl:yt ;d'Gb|L ;tx x]g{ d Jo:t ePF . :jL8]gsf] a;fOsf] bf];|f] lbg
dxTjk"0f{ /x\of] . hxfhdf ;fgf] lunf;df :jLl8; cNsf]xn lgMz'Ns ljt/0f
eO/x]sf] lyof] . 8]lg; Xof6 klxl/Psf b'O{ hgf ;'Gb/L s]6fs]6Lsf nflu
nfdfnfdf a]n'g km's]/ lgMz'Ns ljt/0f ub}{ lyP . ko{6snfO{ cfslif{t ug{
o:tf 7fpFcg';f/sf ultljlw ug'{ jf~5gLo b]lvG5 .
hxfh 8]gdfs{af6 :jL8]gsf] c+u|]hL efiffdf uy]gju{ hfgsf nflu k|:yfg
u¥of] . kmls+{bf 8]lg; ;adl/g -kfgLd'lg /xg] ;}lgs hxfh_ klg 8sdf b]lvof] .
d}n] lrq afx]s jf:tljs ;adl/g cfˆgf] cfFvn] b]v]sf] lyPg . ;Fu} ;'Svf 8sdf
Ps lgdf{0f x'Fb} u/]sf] csf]{{ kfgLhxfh klg b]lvof] . ca 8]lg; lsgf/faf6
6fl9Fb} ;d'Gb|sf] leqkl§ hfFb} 5 . xfdL uPsf] efu 8]gdfs{sf] pQ/df kg]{
/x]5 .
8]gdfs{ e|d0f
lxGbdxf;fu/b]lv k|zfGt dxf;fu/sf] ofqf M g]kfn
hldg} hldgn] 3]l/Psf] d'n's xf] . ;fob NofG8 nS8 x'g' klg g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf]
afws xf] . o;kfnL blIf0f Pl;of, ef/t, >Ln+sflt/ ePsf] lxGbdxf;fu/af6
o'/f]ksf] pQ/ klZrdlt/ /x]sf] P6nflG6s dxf;fu/sf] lsgf/df cjl:yt :jL8]gsf]
uy]gju{ e|d0fsf] cj;/ k|fKt eof] . Ps lx;fan] x]bf{ of] cj;/n] ljsl;t /
ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«aLrsf] b"/L -kf6g} g;lsg]_ cfly{s ljljwtf slt dfgj lgld{t
x'g eg] sltko k|s[ltk|bQ x'g\ . uy]gju{d} $.% j6f g]kfnL /]:6'/]G6 /x]5g\ .
tfKn]h'ªb]lv afun'ª;Ddsf dflg;n] kfl/jfl/s >dåf/f ;'? ul/Psf tL /]:6'/]G6sf
dflnssf 5f]/f5f]/L :yfgLoh:t} eO;s] 5g\ . s6s dNnhLn] Ps dlxgfcl3
eg]cg';f/ :jL8]gdf sl/a ^)).&)) hgf g]kfnL xfn a:b} 5g\ /] . yfO{
/]:6'/]G6 gfd ePsf] /]:6'/]G6 klg hxfhsf] 8s glhs} /x]5 . g]kfnLsf] a'l4,
Ifdtf, >d ;a}sf] ;lDd>0f b]lvof] uy]gju{sf /]:6'/]G6df .
…j;'w}j s'6'Das+Ú kl/jf/ s] xf] t, j}w a:g] cg'dlt ePkl5 s/ ltg'{ k5{ /] .
s/ lt/]kl5 cfˆgf] OR5f eP ;/sf/n] g} :j]l8; efiff l;sfpg] /x]5 . :jL8]gdf
a:g] x/]s pd]/ ;d"xsf dfG5] ;fgf]b]lv &) jif{;Ddsf nflu :jLl8; efiff
l;sfOg] /x]5 . efiff, ;+:s[lt, ;Eotfsf] d"n xf] .
cf}iflwd"nf], lgMz'Ns s]6fs]6Lsf] lzIff, lgMz'Ns a]/f]huf/L eQf c¿ s] g}
rflxof] / < ljZjel/ g]kfnL klg j}w, cj}w k'u]/ cfˆgf] >d nufP/ k|ult
u/]sf] b]Vbf /dfOnf] nfUof] . hf8f]df hLjg clns sl7g x'G5 /] .
cufl8kl§ ;fgf] 7fpFdf k"mn km'nfPsf 5g\ . xFl;nf] ldhf;sf efOx¿ x]b}{
g]kfnL kgfsf] v';LofnL g} nfUof] . ;'/]Gb| s'df/ lnDa", :jL8]gdf s]
lnDa'jfg\ s] v'Da'jfg\ oxfF t dfgjLotf ljsf; >d / ;'/Iff olt g} xf],
xfdLnfO{ rflxg] Ps hgf efOn] eGof] . d]/f] 3/ x]6f}+8fsf] kbd kf]v/Ldf xf] .
kbd kf]v/L eGg] lalQs} Ps k6s r]nLa]6L a]rlavg lj?4 cleofgdf dfOtL g]kfn, g]kfn
k|x/L dlxnf ;+3 / kb\dsGof SofDk;sf lzIfs ljBfyL{;Fu} k'u]sf] dsjfgk'/sf]
ufpFdf ;Dem]F . :jL8]g cfPsf] !* dlxgf eof] /] d]/f] ;;'/f :s'nsf] lzIfs
x'g'x'GYof] . ;]ldgf/df cfO{ oxLF n'Sg'eof] . !$ jif{kl5 j}wflgs eP/
ut jif{ 3/ uP/ e/v/} kms{g'ePsf] 5 eGof] . tkfO+{ t oxfF a:g] xf]Og ls bfO
k|Zg t]:of{of] . d}n] eg] efO, hfkfg, sf]l/of, cd]l/sf, :jL6\h/NofG8 sxLF
n'lsgF, oxfF kf] lsg n'Sg' / efO eg]F . t}klg, cj}w ePsf g]kfnL c¿nfO{ klg
p:t} cfFvfn] x]g]{ /x]5g\ . o:t} 5, g]kfnLsf] csf]{ g]kfnLk|ltsf] x]/fO .
Tof] x]/fOdf p;sf] uNtL xf]Og, ljb]zLg], n'Sg], efUg], nfx'/] x'g], zf/Ll/s
>dsf nflu klg :jb]zdf sfd gkfO{ aflxl/g] afWotf eP/ xf]nf < g]kfn ;/sf/n]
cj;/ ljg g;s]sf] sf/0f o;f] ult ePsf] xf] .
h]xf];\ cflv/ g]kfnLdf g]kfnLkgf t x'G5 g} . d d]/f] 3/sf] /fhf
em'k8L g} eP klg .
d]/f] xjfO{hxfhsf] l6s6 &%)) qmf]g/ k/]5 . u]i6 xfp;sf] ef8f
$))) qmf]g/ lx;fa u/]5 uy]gju{ ljZjljBfnon] Tof] b'j} lt/]sf] /x]5 .
cfh cu:t @ tfl/vsf lbg laxfg p7]F . uy]gju{ ljZjljBfnosf]
k|fWofksx¿;Fu g]kfndf ul/g] lkmN8 l/;r{af/] 5nkmn u¥of}F . lkmN8 l/;r{sf]
:yfg, tl/sf, l/;r{ d]yf]8f]nf]hL, ;+Vof, k|ZgfjnL, ;f]wdf nfUg] ;do cflbaf/]
rrf{ eof] . cg'dflgt vr{ cflb ljljw ljifodf 5nkmn u¥of}F . uy]gju{
ljZjljBfnosf] Unf]an :6l8h sfo{qmd ljefudf a;]/ ?jfG8fsf] Ps cg';Gwftf;Fu klg
5nkmn eof] . b'O{ ah];Dd cg';Gwfgsf] 5nkmnkl5 sf7df8f}+ /]:6'/]G6df vfgf
vfof}F . ToxfF ;fx'hLn] d}n] vfPsf] vfgfsf] k};f lnPg . kf]v/f
n]vgfysf efOn] ut jif{b]lv Tof] /]:6'/]G6 rnfPsf] /x]5 .
Tof] b]v]/ :jLl8; ;fyLnfO{ crDd nfUof] . s] xf] of] g]kfnL cfTdLotf
glrg]sf] klxnf] e]6 ePsf] dflg;nfO{ klg lsg l;Q} vfgf lbPsf] < eg]/ dnfO{
;f]lwg\ .
df};d lnªb]g –lnDa"_
kGw| jif{df P;Pn;L u/]kl5 cfOP kf; ePg, ljb]z hfg] Rofgn lyPg .
ljb]zaf/] yfxf kfPF, o'/f]k t d lx+8]/ cfPsf] x'F . ef/t Go' lbNnL bnfnsf]
kl5 nfu]F, rf]/ a'l4 l;sF], bnfn;Fu, bnfnL;Fu hf]l8g k'uF] . g]kfndf
:s'ndf k9\bfv]l/ hf]8{gsf] /fhf dbf{ :s'n laFbf ePsf] ;Demgf lyof] .
ef/taf6 d ToxL b]z k'u]5' . ToxfF hfsL ;x/df sl/a tLg dlxgf a;]F, n]agfg
glhs} /x]5 . leq a:bf kbf{ vf]Ng gkfOg] . aflx/ uof] dlxnfsf] cg'xf/
x]g{ gkfpg] . d]/f] o'/f]k s;/L k'Ug] eGg] dfq WofpGg lyof] . xfdL !^
hgf lyofF} bnfnn] k7fpg g;Sg] l:ylt eof] $ nfv ltl/;s]sf lyof}F . a]n'sf
l/; p7]/ ‰ofn vf]Nof}F . jl/kl/sf dfG5]n] 3/df 9'+ufd'8f u/] . To;kl5
xfdLdWo]sf kGw| hgf 3/ g]kfn kms]{ . d}n] bnfn;Fu s'/fu/]F / Sa'afsf] le;f
kfPF . So'af hfg eg]/ :k]gdf emg]{ ljrf/ lyof] . kfOn6n] kf;kf]6{
cfk"m;Fu /fVof] . clg, So'af k'luof] tLg dlxgf a;]kl5 ef]sef]s} eOof]
clg :k]g eP/ kmls{of] . ToxLF kf;kf]6{ 6jfOn]6df
Roft]F . kf;kf]6{ gePsfn] Kn]gsf] u]6df dnfO{ 5f]8\of] . xjfO{hxfh 5f]8]F / z/0ffyL{ ePF . k'ln;n] k};f dfUof] d;Fu k};f lyPg . Ps xKtf s8f k|x/L lgoGq0fdf y'Gof] . Ps xKtfkl5 ^ dlxgf vfg], a:g] efiff k9\g] Joj:yf u¥of] . t/, sfd eg] kfpg d'l:sn lyof] . ToxfFaf6 d k|mfG; k'u]F . ToxfF k+hflasf] u'?åf/fdf vfg, a:g k|mL lyof], ToxfF a;]F . kl5 :jL6\h/NofG8 k'uF], h]g]ef sl/a @).@% lbg a;]F, a]lNhoddf !$ dlxgf a;F] . ToxfF sdfO ePg clg hd{gL x'Fb} k|mfGskmf]6{ k'u]F . km]l/ a]lNhod eP/ 8]gdfs{ k'u]F . sf]k]gx]u]gdf ufFhf vfg] 7fpF k'u]F . ToxfFaf6 gj]{ uP/ tLg jif{ latfPF . lagfkl/ro kq cj}w eP/ gj]{af6 :jL8]g cfPF . sl/a bz uf8Ldf PsnfO{ r]lsª x'G5 d cfPsf] uf8L r]s ePg . kl5 kf]r'{un uP/ k]k/ t}of/ eof] . clxn] :jLl8; gful/stf / kf;kf]6{ eO;Sof] .
Roft]F . kf;kf]6{ gePsfn] Kn]gsf] u]6df dnfO{ 5f]8\of] . xjfO{hxfh 5f]8]F / z/0ffyL{ ePF . k'ln;n] k};f dfUof] d;Fu k};f lyPg . Ps xKtf s8f k|x/L lgoGq0fdf y'Gof] . Ps xKtfkl5 ^ dlxgf vfg], a:g] efiff k9\g] Joj:yf u¥of] . t/, sfd eg] kfpg d'l:sn lyof] . ToxfFaf6 d k|mfG; k'u]F . ToxfF k+hflasf] u'?åf/fdf vfg, a:g k|mL lyof], ToxfF a;]F . kl5 :jL6\h/NofG8 k'uF], h]g]ef sl/a @).@% lbg a;]F, a]lNhoddf !$ dlxgf a;F] . ToxfF sdfO ePg clg hd{gL x'Fb} k|mfGskmf]6{ k'u]F . km]l/ a]lNhod eP/ 8]gdfs{ k'u]F . sf]k]gx]u]gdf ufFhf vfg] 7fpF k'u]F . ToxfFaf6 gj]{ uP/ tLg jif{ latfPF . lagfkl/ro kq cj}w eP/ gj]{af6 :jL8]g cfPF . sl/a bz uf8Ldf PsnfO{ r]lsª x'G5 d cfPsf] uf8L r]s ePg . kl5 kf]r'{un uP/ k]k/ t}of/ eof] . clxn] :jLl8; gful/stf / kf;kf]6{ eO;Sof] .
;g\ @))( b]lv cfkm}n] xf]6n vf]nF] . klxn] ef/tLosxfF kfFr jif{ sfd
u/]F . xfn :jLl8; eP/ kl/jf/sf dfG5]nfO{ sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf af]nfPF . xfn
xfdL @) hgf $ /]:6'/]G6 vf]n]/ a;]sf 5f}F . d oxfFsf] dfG5];Fu lax] u/L
l8ef];{sf] ;w}F ;Defjgfdf /xGg . To;}n] g]kfnL 8f]/LnfO{ d l5gfNg] 5}g .
dnfO{ d]/f] b]zsf] dfof 5 .
:jL8]gsf] ;'Gb/ bf];|f] 7"nf] gu/Lsf] gfd uy]gju{ xf] .
uy]gju{sf] xfj{/ glhs} Ps efOsf] yfO{–O;fg /]:6'/]G6 5 . h;sf] d"n
dflns lnª\b]g efO x'g\ . pgL klxn] t]x|y'd t?0fbnsf] cWoIf /x]5g\ . -Ps
axfb'/ g]kfnLsf] wSsd wSsfsf] ;kmntf_ k|f]:tfnªutf, km6{ nª l:6«l6;\
cjl:yt, clxn] :jL8]gsf] uy]gju{df hDdf $ j6f /]:6'/]G6df hDdf @) hgf Ps}
kl/jf/sf] dfG5] dflns, sfdbf/ ;a} cfkm} x'g'x'G5 . dfl;s $) xhf/ :jLl8;
qmfpg /]:6'/]G6sf] axfn 5/] . ! xhf/sf] g]kfnL kGw| xhf/ x'g]/x] 5, d'b|f
;6xL ubf{ .
cfh kfFr ah] p7]/ M Slots skogen :nf]:sf]h]g
kfs{df 3'Dg uPF . kfs{ cToGt ;'Gb/ lyof] . klxnf]k6s l;n df5f k|hflt
w'|jLo k|b]zsf hgfj/nfO{ b]v]F . af6f]df s]xL kmf]6f] lvr]F b'O{ hgf
dlxnfn] Psl5g kv]{/ d]/f] klg kmf]6f] lvRg] sfd ul/g\ . ^ ah]b]lv * ah];Dd
3'd3fd u/]kl5 d u]:6xfp;df kms]{ / g'xfOw'jfO u/]F . To;kl5 g]kfnaf6
NofPsf] jfO{jfO{ rfprfp ksfP/ vfPF .
cu:t–$
@)&).$.@)
cfh uy]gju{af6 sf]k]g x]ug hfg laxfg} t}of/ eP/ a;]F . sl/a Ps 3G6f
k|l;4 kfs{df 3'Dbf Oe]G6sf] t}of/L x]/]F . 6F'8Lv]nh:tf] kfs{sf] rf}/df
8f]h/ rnfP/ klg b"af] / 3fF;nfO{ s;/L ;'/Iff ubf{ /x]5g\ To;sf nflu slt
vr{ nfUbf] xf] . oxfFsf] gu/kflnsf jf kfs{ Joj:yfkgsf] t}of/L vr{ b]v]/
dnfO{ cgf}7f] nfUof] . ToxfFaf6 kms]{kl5 g'xfOw'jfO u/] / n'ufdf l:q nufpg
nfpG8«/L sf]7fdf uPF k/Gt' l:q sfd u/]g . To;kl5 km]l/ sf]7fdf cfPF /
vfg];fdfg lsGg ahf/ uPF . bxL, kfp/f]6L, s]/f lsg]/ lnP/ cfPF .
g]kfnaf6 NofPsf] 6«]s/;{ km'8 ld;fP/ vfhf vfPF . w]/}a]/;Dd ;'zg gcfPkl5
ckmufgL;Fu– ;f]wF] :6];gdf s;/L k'Ug] p;n], …eGof] k}bn @).@% ldg]6 nfU5 .Ú
t/, a; / 6«d h]df uP klg x'G5 . ToxL tndfly ub}{ lyPF, ;'zg cfOk'lug\ .
pgsf] sf/df ;]G6«n :6];g uof}F / :6sxf]dsf] lk|G6 gePsf] l6s6sf] af/]df
;f]Wof}F / lk|G6 ul/dfUof}F . csf]{ sf]k]g x]ugb]lv uy]gju{ kms{g] l6s6sf]
;do kl/jt{g ug{ cg'/f]w ubf{ ;Dej ePg . /]nsf] l6s6sf] ;dodf klg kl/jt{g
ug{ ufx|f] /x]5 . OG6/g]6af6 l6s6 laqmL ug]{ sDkgL cs}{ xf] /] l6s6df ;do
lbPsf]nfO{ km/s gkg]{ eg]sf] 5 . To;}n] l6s6df n]v]sf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/df
kmf]g ug'{;\ eGof] . cyjf 6]«gdf a;]kl5 ;f]Wg';\ eGof] . To;kl5
xfdLn] /]nj] :6];gdf a;]/ sfk'lrgf] skmL vfof}F . xfdL b'j} hgfn] vfPsf]
skmL dL7f] lyof] . tLg ah]/ $$ ldg]6df xfd|f] /]n af6f] nfUof] . Sof
/dfOnf] ;'Gb/ ;kmf xl/of] d'n's . lxhf] kfgL k/]sfn] cfh cfsfz :jR5 5 .
u|fdL0f b[Zofjnf]sg ub}{ :jL8]gsf] /]n 8]gdfs{lt/ nfUb} 5 . df};d Ps bd
/dfOnf] 5 . emndNn 3fd nflu/x]sf] 5 . tfkqmd hDdf @@.@# l8u|L 5 .
…;'xfgf ;km/ cfh df};d xl;FÚ jfnf lxGbL uLt ;Demg dg nfUof] .
Ps hgf cw{ sfnL aflnsf;Fu /]ndf e]6 eof] . pg};Fu ukm ub}{ uof}F
…;]gfa'Ú pgsf] gfd xf] . Do'lhs sG;6{df :jLl8; uLt ufpg hfb}F l5g\ .
rf/ cfdf / Ps af 5g\ /] pgsf . pgsf] g]kfn x]g]{ OR5f 5 . uflDaofdf
ljsf;] sfd ubf{ pgsL cfdf;Fu lax] u/]5g\ . of] /]n :jL8]gaf6 8]gdfs{lt/
nfUb} 5 . af6f]df y'k|} laG8ldn lah'nL lgsfNg] kFvf b]lvFb} 5g\ .
;du| If]q xl/ofnLo'Qm 5 . ux'F, hfF} kfs]/ kx]Fnf] ePsf] 5 .
ufO{a:t', e]8f, 3f]8f, rb{}5g\ . af6f]df ;–;fgf 3/, ;–;fgf ufpF b]lvG5g\ .
o'/f]ksf] /]nj] :6];gdf klxnf]k6s h+unL v/fof] b]v]F . o'/f]ksf]
ljsf;sf] Pp6fsf/0f ;dy/ k/]sf] hldg /x]5 . efOlsª o'udf n'6fxfx¿sf] d'n's
/x]sf] :jL8]g j}wflgs /fHo vf]Hbf afx|fF} ztfAbLb]lv /fhtGq;lxtsf] /fHo :yfkgf
ePsf] b]lvFbf] /x]5 . pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] ;'?b]lv dfq gj]{ 5'§} /fHo
ag]sf] /x]5 . klxnf :jL8]g g} :sfG8]g]leog Ps dfq alnof] /fHosf] ¿kdf
:yflkt eP5 . klxnf] 7"nf] kfgLhxfh agfO{ k"j{df ?; / klZrd
blIf0fdf a]nfot, hd{gL;Dd nfO{ n'6\g] n'6fxfdfFemL 8s}t ;fgf ;d"xsf] gfd
efOlsª /x]5 . cfhef]nL k]6«f]nsf] 7"nf] e08f/sf sf/0f gj]{ wlg eP5 .
klxn] Tof] e"–efu Psbd clgsfn / ljkGgu|:t If]q /x]5 . /fhf u':tfeb]lv :jL8]gsf] Jojl:yt Oltxf; ;'?
ePsf] dflgFbf] /x]5 . afx|f} ztfAbLsf] dWoefunfO{ :j]l8; /fhgLlts
Oltxf;;Fu hf]8] klg cfO; Phsf] cGtb]lv sl/a !),))) jif{b]lv :jL8]gdf dfgj
cl:tTj /x]sf] ljZjf; ul/g] /x]5 .
dfNdf] k'Ug] a]nflt/ 6]«g el/o/ cfof] . klxn] cfwfeGbf a9L vfln
lyof] . o'/f]ksf] 6]«gdf klg cfˆgf] ;fdfgsf] xf]l;of/ ug'{;\, cfkm};Fu
/fVg';\ dfly /fVbf cfk"mn] lgu/fgL ug'{;\ eGbf -PgfpG; ubf{_ /x]5g\ .
;a} dfG5] cf–cfˆg} tfndf a;]sf 5g\ . cfwf 3G6fkl5 xfdL dfNdgfds
;x/df k'Ug] 5f}F . Tof] :jL8]gsf] t];|f] 7"nf] ;x/ xf] /] .
k/Gt' ToxfFsf] hg;+Vof hDdf % nfv dfq 5 . dfNdaf6 8]gdfs{ hfg gofF k'n kf/
ug'{kg]{ /x]5 . Tof] k'n :jL8]gdf cfsfzdf / 8]gdfs{df ;d'Gb|d'lg ag]sf]
/x]5 . To;af/]df hfgsf/L lng d}n] Ps hgf s]6f;Fu ukm u/]F .
Pontus kf]G6; gfd u/]sf] s]6f sDKo'6/ l;:6d l8enlkª ljifo k9\b} u/]sf] dfG5] .
p;n] eGof]– :jL8]gaf6 hd{gL hfg] /]n 7"nf] 8'+uf -km]/Ldf_ hfG5 /] .
hals xfdL s0ff{nL / sf];Ldf klg /fd|f] 8'+uf oftfoft rnfpg ;Sb}gf}F .
kz'kltsf] ofqf l;b|fsf] Jofkf/ eg]em}F, d}n] yf]/} ;dosf] :jL8]gsf] z}lIfs
e|d0fnfO{ clwstd pkof]u ug{ 8]gdfs{ uPF . sf]k]g x]ugdf Ps /ft latfP/
km]l/ ef]ln laxfg} :jL8]g kmls{g] 5' . /]naf6 8]gdfs{ :jL8]gsf] hldgsf]
b[Zofjnf]sg xF'b} 5 . cTofw'lgs 8]lg; k'n klg kf/ ug]{ 5' .
@)!#–)*–)%
-8]gdfs{–:jL8]g_
wgL b]z dxFuf] lbzf M sf]k]g x]ugsf] ;]G6«n
/]nj] :6];gdf d]/f] k]6 cln c;lhnf] eof] . tLg hgfnfO{ ;f]w]kl5 aNn rkL{
b]lvof] . k/Gt' To; a]nf;Dd d}n] cfk"m;Fu ePsf 8]lg; qmf]g/ ;f6L
;s]sf] lyPF . d;Fu hDdf Ps qmf]g/ dfq afFsL /x]5 . clg, t %) qmf]g/
glt/];Dd -rkL{_ 6\jfOn]6lt/ hfg] 9f]sf v'Ng] ePg . To;kl5 d a}+sdf uP/
:jLl8; qmf]g/af6 8]lg; qmf]g/ ;f6\g nfu]F . sfpG6/sL dlxnfn] elgg\– l;Ssf
t cfwf d"Nodf dfq laS5 . t}klg, k]6 t ;kmf ug}{ lyof] . d}n]
:jLl8; qmf]g/af6 8]lg; qmf]g/ ;f6F] /
rkL{ hfg]lt/sf] d]l;gdf Kjfn k/]sf] 7fpFdf kfFr qmf]g/ xfnF] . Ps lan
cfof] . s]xL k/ Tof] lan b]vfPkl5 9f]sf v'Nof] . rkL{sf] sfd ;DkGg
eof] . Ps qmf]g/sf] !% ?lkofFsf b/n] &% ?lkofFdf lbzf ug'{k¥of] .
Ps 3G6f hlt klxn] g} /]nj] :6];g sf]kgx]ug ;]G6«ndf k'u]kl5 otfptf ub}{
;do laTof] . 7Ls !!M#) ah] :jL8]g hfg] /]n cfOk'Uof] . !! ah]/ #@
ldg]6df 8]gdfs{af6 k|:yfg;d]t u¥of] . Sof uhasf] ;dosf] Vofn ul/g] /x]5 .
8]gdfs{df sl/a %))) hgf g]kfnL j}w cj}w a:5g\ /] . ltgLx¿dWo] yf]/}n] dfq
k|f]km];gn sfd kfPsf /x]5g\ . oxfF sfd kfpg ufx|f] 5 /] . w]/} sdfpg]nfO{
s/sf] b/ a9\g] ePsfn] dflg; w]/} sfd gug]{ /x]5g\ . b'O{ 3G6fb]lv rf/÷
kfFr 3G6f dfq sfd u5{g\ /] k|foM . gjLg Ps hgf g]kfnL cfO6L– OlGhlgo/ /x]5g\ . d h;sf] 3/df a;]F, pgL k|f]km];gn sfd ul//x]sf
5g\ . OGkm/d];g k|ljlwsf] sfd . of] sfddf tLg, rf/ nfv k|ltdlxgf
k|fKt x'G5 /] . 8]gdfs{df ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, :jf:Yo pkrf/, s]6fs]6Lsf] lzIff
;a} /fd|f] 5 /] . sf]k]g x]ugdf uf8Lsf] d"No / ;fOh cg';f/ dxFuf] s/
k|0ffnL /x]5 . ;x/sf] kmf]xf]/nfO{ hnfP/ jf oyf of]Uo gi6 ug]{ k|0ffnL
uhasf] /x]5 . kmf]xf]/ kmfn]kl5 w]/} 7fpFdf c6f]d]l6s d'lgsf] Kjfnaf6
Jojl:yt ug]{ s'g} 7fpFdf hfg] /x]5 . u8u8fx6sf] cfjfh ub}{ . sf]k]g
x]ugdf jftfj/0f ;kmf, jfo' k|b"if0f Go"g ePsf] ;fOsnd}qL ;x/ /x]5 .
s/f]8 kltb]lv /f]8 klt;Dd ;// ;fOsndf s'b\g] /x]5g\ . ;'Gb/Lx¿ j[4j[4fx¿
klg lbgel/ g} ;fOsn s'bfPs} b]lvP . :jL8]gkl§ ;d'Gb|dfly / 8]gdfs{kl§
;d'Gb|d'lg /]nsf] k'n / 6g]n agfPsf] /x]5 . ;d'Gb|df ;of}+sf] ;+Vofdf laG8
ldn klg la5ofOPsf /x]5g\ . em'Nsf] d'Nsf] 8]gdfs{ sf]k]gx]ugsf] ofqf ;dfKt
x'Fb} 5 . :jL8]gsf] u|fdL0f Onfsfdf ux'F kfs]/ kx]nf] ePsf] 5 . of]
ux'Fn] dfgj tyf ufO{a:t' b'j}nfO{ vfgsf] aGbf]a:t u5{g\ xf]nf . /]ndf ofqf
ul//x]sL sfnL dlxnf;Fu b'O{ lsl;dsf] aLpsf] pTkfbg /x]5 . 5f]/f] clk|msg
aLp clk|msL v]t / 5f]/LrflxF :jLl8; ljh clk|msg v]tdf k/]sf] :ki6 b]lvGYof] .
:SofG8]g]leofdf /+uLg dflg; agfpg clk|msg /+un] ;lhPsf] b]lvof] .
8]p8f …ux'F kfsL kx]nf e}Uof] ds}sf ad/Ú cfpFb}/o} 3'Db}/g' g]kfnL ed/ .Ú
aemf+uL 8]p8fsf] no;lxtsf] uLt ufpg dg nfUof] . cfˆgf] sfd ug]{ ynf]
kBsGof SofDk;, 3/, kl/jf/ ;a}nfO{ la;]{/ o'/f]lkog /]ndf /dfOnf] udL{df labf
dgfpFbf cjZo cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt eO/x]5 . clxn] x]nl;jf]/ eGg] :6];g
cfP5 . w]/} ofqL cf]ln{P . hLjg ofqfdo 5, pqg', r9\g', Ps lbg laFbf
x'g' . st} ;fgf :6];g st} hS;g 7"nf :6];g cfpF5g\ . sltko JolQm
Ps zAb klg gaf]n]/leq l55{g\ / aflx/ lg:sG5g\ . cf–cfˆg} tfnsf dfG5]
x'G5g\ . h] eP klg gaf]n] klg :jL8]gsf] ;'Gb/Lx¿ x]g{nfO{ ;fFRr} /dfOnL
tLvf] gfs, ;'gf}nf] ls ;]tf skfn / k"/} ;]tf] uf]/f] 5fnf / udL{df ()Ü hlt
g 9flsPsf] hLp . k/Gt' pgLx¿ dfgl;s ¿kdf Tolt rGrn] rflxF 5}gg\ . g]kfndf
jiff{ Ct' xf], emdemd kfgL kl//x]sf] 5 xf]nf . oxfF udL{sf] labfsf] df};d
/x]5 . ;a} sn]hx¿ labfd} 5g\, oxfFsf k|fWofks ljBfyL{ labf dgfpg ;d'Gb|
lsgf/df klN6g, h+undf ;fOsn rnfpg / b]z b]zfj/ 3'Dg hfg] /x]5g\ . o'/f]k
cd]l/sfdf labf ;fFRr} labfsf] ¿kdf cfgGbn] dgfpg] /x]5g\ .
o'/f]ksf] /]ndf a:bf ef/tLo /]ndf ;'lgg] cfjfh rgfr6k6] d;fn] jfn], u/d
k'/L, 5f]n] e6'/]sf] dL7f] cfjfhsf] ;Demgf eof] . o'/f]kdf cfˆgf] :jfbsf]
vfgf ef/tLo /]:6'/]G6df klg gkfOg] /x]5 . :jL8]gdf k|s[lt wgL 5 .
¿vla?jf c;+Vo 5g\ . To;df klg cf]ssf] ¿v dxTjk"0f{ dflgg] /x]5
…efOlsªÚ * b]lv !$ ztfAbL;Dd 7"nf] cf]ssf] ¿v sf6\g /fhfnfO{ dfq clwsf/ 5
eGg] egfO /x]5 . cf]ssf] sf7n] /fd|f] hxfh agfOg] x'Fbf ljZjsf] 7"nf]
hxfh To;a]nf :jLl8; /fhfs} dfq x'GYof] /] . To;}n] k"j{df /l;ofb]lv
blIf0f hd{gL, k|mfG;, a]nfotnfO{ klg ;d'Gb|df n'6\g] sfd efOlsªn] ug]{ /x]5g\ .
cfhsf] ;dfhjfbL Joj:yf / /fd|f] dfgjclwsf/, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ePsf] b]z ljutdf
n'6fxfsf] b]z lyof] .
/]n ;–;fgf :6];gdf klg /f]lsg] / lj:tf/} hfg] /x]5 . w]/}h;f] ;dodf
rf/ l;6 ePsf] 7fpFdf d PSn} lyPF . slxn]sfxLF dfq cfwf l;6;Dd el/g] /x]5g\ .
w]/} ;do /]nsf w]/} l;6 vfln g} 5g\ . sf]k]g x]u]gb]lv uy]gju{ @!^ + @* = @$$.– hDdf b'O{ ;o $$ lsnf]ld6/ /x]5 .
t/, Tof] b"/Ldf /fd|f] kmf:6 6]«grflxF 5}g .
cu:t ^ tfl/v uy]gju{af6 b'O{ lbgcl3 :6sxf]d hfg] sfo{qmd eof] .
laxfg ^ ah] p7]/ bfFt dfFem] bf/L sf6]F / km]l/ s]lxa]/ kN6]F . oxfF dflg;
/flt l9nf ;'Tg] /x]5g\ !@–!–@ ah]lt/ . laxfg klg l9n} p7\g] /x]5g\ .
& ah]kl5 Psl5g aflx/ ;8sdf 3'Dg uPF . kms]{kl5 g'xfOwf]O u/]F lsgls
lxhf] sf]k]g x]ugdf ;fx|} ;fgf] 7fpFdf a;]sfn] g'xfpg ;lsgF . cfh
g'xfO;s]kl5 nG8«L -jfl;ªd]l;g_ df n'uf xfn] / jfl;ª kfp8/ /fv]F . Ps
3G6fdf n'ufw'g] sfd eP5 . km]l/ csf]{ d]l;gdf /fv]F . cfwf 3G6fleq}
n'uf ;'Sof] . l:q eg] grNg] /x]5 . To;}n] wf]Psf] n'uf k6\ofP/ /fv]F
/ ;fdfg Kofs ug]{ ljrf/ eof] . d cfPsf] lbgb]lvsf] uf/j]hnfO{ y}nLdf
Jojl:yt u/L uf/j]h /fVg] 7fpFdf uPF . d]6nsf] 7"nf] kfOkaf6 ;a}
tnfaf6 /fv]sf] uf/j]h e'OF tNffdf hfg] Joj:yf u/]sf] /x]5 . kmf]xf]/ p7fP/
tn hfg'gkg]{ cfˆg} tNnfsf] s'gfdf uof] l:6nsf] 9Ssg vf]Nof] / kf]sf] kf/]sf]
kmf]xf]/ leq xfnL lbof] . Tolts}df e/v/ dflyNnf] tnfdf cfPsf] :k]lg;
cg';Gwftf e]l6of] . p;n] eGof] ef]snfUof] a|]skmf:6 vfg hfG5' . d}n]
cfˆgf] ;fdfg Kofs u/]F . ;f9] ( ah]lt/ ;'zgsf] kmf]g cfof] d ;f9] !)
ah]lt/ xfuf cfOk'U5' eg]/ . pgL sf/ lnP/ cfpg] ePkl5 dnfO{ lrGtf ePg .
To;}n] sf]7fdf a;]/ of] ;'Gb/ gu/L 5f]8\g] lbgsf] s]xL ;Demgf n]Vg a;]F .
:6sxf]d :jL8]g
@–$) df k'Ug'kg]{ 6]«g #% ldg]6 l9nf k'Uof] . ToxfF k'Ug]lalQs} s6s
dNnhL t'?Gt} b]lvg'eof] . clg, xfdLn] l56f]l56f] uP/ csf]{ nf]sn /]nsf]
l6s6 lnof}F . Tof] l6s6 lnPkl5 l;l6 6]«gdf @ :6];gk/ dNnhLsf] 3/ uof}F .
ToxfF k'Ug]lalQs} kmnkm"n cf?– :6«j]/L rLh, kfp/f]6L / dVvg, skmL vfPF .
PSs}l5g g]kfnsf] /fhgLltsf] ukm u¥of}F . afa'/fd, b]pjf, k|r08, k|jf;L g]kfnL,
g]kfnsf] eljio ljleGg ljifodf xfd|f] ljrf/ ljdz{ eof] . dNnhLsf] 5f]/Ln]
gd:t] elgg\– pxfFn] lrGof}, eg]kl5 6fpsf] xNnfOg vfhf vfPkl5 st} 3'Dg hfg]
xf]nf eGg] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 .
s6s dNnhLsf] :6sxf]dsf] 3/df laxfg ^ ah]/ @) ldg]6df Ao'Fem]F . cfh
pxfFsf 5f]/f5f]/L aflx/ ;fyLsxfF hfg] ePsfn] ;fob l5§} p7]/ uO;s] . d}n]
cw{ lgGb|fdf p7]sf] cfjfh ;'g]sf] lyPF . s6shL klg ;fob pl7;Sg'ePsf] 5 ls
Sof xf] . cln vf]s]sf] ;'g]sf] lyPF . pxfF e/v/ cfˆgf] sf]7faf6 aflx/
lg:sg'eof] . eGg'eof]– d]/f 5f]/f5f]/L tkfO{+ lxhf] cfPs} 7fpF -hf]ltjl/_
:jL]gsf] af]nfpg] gfd uy]gju{ hfFb} 5g\ . ToxfF k'Ubf /]ndf sl/a ^.&
3G6f nfU5 . l56f] hfg] /]ndf $ 3G6f nfUg] /x]5 . d klg lxhf] ToxL
/]ndf cfPsf] lyPF . % ;o lsnf]ld6/sf] ofqf ;'Gb/ ef}uf]lns If]qaf6 s:tf]
/fd|f] . -hf]ltjl/_ uy]gju{df pxfFsf] :jLl8; ;fyLsf] kl/jf/ 5 /] .
pgLx¿ klg g]kfndf a;]sf x'g\ To;}n] xfd|f] kfl/jfl/s ldqtf 5 . pgL g]kfndf
8fS6/sf] ¿kdf sfd u/]sf dfG5] x'g\ To;}n] pgsf] d]/f] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw /fd|f] 5 .
pgsf 5f]/f, 5f]/L / d]/f 5f]/f 5f]/L pgLx¿;Fu ToxfF 3'Dg uP .
cfh k|ftM * ah]b]lv !!M#) ah];Dd :6sxf]d ;x/sf] b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ s6s
dNnhL;Fu k}bn 3'd]F . xfdL gofF :6sxf]daf6 k'/fgf] ;x/ sf7df8f}+sf] c;g ls
7d]n h:tf] efudf uof}F . ToxfF /fhb/af/, ;+;b\, dGqfno, cfOl8ofsf] clkm;
klg x]¥of}F . :6sxf]d lgs} k'/fgf] ;x/ /x]5 tLg, rf/ ;o jif{ k'/fgf 3/x¿
b]Vof}F .
^)÷ &) xhf/ ljBfyL{
ToxfFaf6 xfdL clxn] :6sxf]d ljZjljBfnosf] dNnhLsf] clkm; sf]7fdf a;]sf
5f}F . ljZjljBfno leqsf] k':ts k;ndf :j]l8; ;+ljwfgsf] c+u|]hLdf n]lvPsf]
k':ts vf]Hbf kfOPg . :j]l8; efiffdf rflxF /x]5 . xNsf kfgL k/]sf] 5 .
8Dd afbn nfu]sf] 5, aflx/ clncln hf8f] 5 sf]7fleq udL{ 5 . cfh
ljZjljBfnosf] SoflG6gdf vfgf vfof}F () qmf]g/ k¥of] . To;kl5 km]l/
ljZjljBfno xftf 3'Dg nfUof}F . ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] ejg x]¥of}F .
dNnhLn] eGg'eof]– oxfF ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] z'Ns glt/];Dd hfFrdf a:g kfOFb}g .
ljZjljBfno !*&* df :yfkgf ePsf] /x]5 . ljBfyL{ o'lgogdf ;a} kf6L{sf]
k|lt:kwf{ x'G5 /] oxL g} b]zsf] /fhgLltsf] d"nåf/ xf] . sfg'g -n_
k9\g] ljBfyL{n] o'lgog z'Ns ;aeGbf a9L ltg'{k5{ /] #)) Ps ;]d]:6f/sf] cGon] @%)
b]lv dfly . Pp6} sDn]S;df laxfg * ah]b]lv ;fFem jf /flt ( ah];Dd sIff ;'?
x'G5 /] . s'n k|fWofkgdf ;+nUg k|fWofks / sd{rf/L u/L k"0f{sfnLg
cf+lzs u/L hDdf %))) ;+Vof /x]5 . ljZjsf] !)) ljZjljBfnodWo] Ps :6sxf]d
ljZjljBfno ljZjsf] !)) pRr:t/sf ljZjljBfno leq k5{ eGg'eof] dNnhLn] .
dfgljsL, sfg'g / lj1fg ;fdflhs lj1fg k9fO x'G5 . sl/a &) xhf/
ljBfyL{ k9fO x'g] /fhwfgLsf] ljZjljBfno ( tnfsf] ejg eP klg Psflt/ e"ldd}
gjf}F tnf lyof] . ;fob xfd|} lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] h:tf] cUnf]–xf]rf]sf]
h:tf] 8f8f]df eP/ xf]nf . :jL8]gdf #) xhf/af6 ;]gfsf] ;+Vof 36fP/ !%,)))
dfq agfpFbf ul0ft, lj1fgh:tf ljifo hfGg] ;}lgsnfO{ :s'ndf, sn]hdf k9fpg
lzIfssf] ¿kdf lnP5 . To;}n] pgLx¿ klg l;len hLjgdf cfpg v';L eP5g\ .
l;Gh]g le;f Joj:yf ubf{ l;Gh]g b]zdf 7"nf] Ao'/f]qm]l;sf] vr{ 36]5 .
sf/0f x/]s d'n'sdf s:6ddf nfUg] sd{rf/L cfjZos k/]g . To;}n] o'/f]df geP
klg gj]{ l;Gh]g le;f dfGg] d'n'ssf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . :jL8]g EU df eP klg o'/f] rNg] d'n'sdf kb}{g . oxfF cfˆg} d'b|f rN5 .
o'/f]ksf @^ b]z l;Gh]g le;f rNg] d'n'sdf kg]{/x]5g\ . o'/f]kleq klg cem}F
a]nfot, :jL;h:tf d'n'ssf nflu cnu le;f lng'k5{ . ;+;f/ ljlrqsf] 5 .
k|jL0f s'df/ k|hfklt–kf]v/f, xfn sf]k]g x]u]g, ;Fu / ls/0f lnDa"– t]x|y'd–
:jL8]gdf a:g];Fu, e]6 ukmufkm dNnhLsf] 3/df vfgf vfP/ xfdL ukm ufkm ub}{ 5f}F .
xfdL rf/ hgf hDdf ePsf 5f}F . d'lQm e§ 8]gdfs{sf] /fhb"tn] cd]l/sfdf
kl9/x]sL 5f]/Lsf] gfddf lkPsf] tna a'‰g] u/]sf 5g\ /] . s] sf/afxL ug{
ldN5 ls ldNb}g . 5f]/f / 5f]/LnfO{ :6fkm agfO /fVg ldN5 ls ldNb}g .
8]gdfs{df a:g] g]kfnL crDddf k/]sf 5g\ /] . s:tf] dtL e|i6 ePsf] xf]nf
< eg]/ eg] 8]gdfs{sf g]kfnLn] .
cfh 3/hfg] lbg ePsfn] dnfO{ /fd|f] lgGb|f nfu]g . laxfg % ah] p7]F .
To;kl5 k|ftM lqmof ;dfKt u/L 8fo/L n]Vg dfq cfF6]sf] lyPF ls s6s dNnhL
p7\g'eof] . clg, dnfO{ /flt Ps lsl;dsf] c;lhnf] ePsf] lyof] . d}n]
ljrf/ u/]F– d uy]gju{af6 :6sxf]d cfO;s]F cfh} laxfg ( ah] ToxfFaf6 sf7df8f}+
p8\g] sfo{qmd 5 < :6sxf]ddf xjfO{hxfhdf hfg lbPg eg] s] ug]{ xf]nf < clg,
d}n] ;'zgnfO{ P;PdP; k7fPsf] lyPF . t}klg, dNnhLsf] ;xfotf dfu]/ l6s6sf]
OGSjfol/df :jLl8; efiffdf s'/f eof] . pQfkl§af6 nfdf] s'/fsfgLkl5 pQ/
cfof] ;Dejg} 5}g . csf]{ l6s6 lng'k5{ . kGw|÷ aL; ldg]6 eO;Sof] dNnhL
cg'/f]w ub}{ x'g''x'GYof] . d}n] pxfFsf] efiff / xfjefj b]v]F 8/nfUof]
To;aLr 8/fP/ tLgrf/k6s kfgL lkPF . 3fF6L ;'s]/ cfof], pkfo s]xL klg 5}g
eGof] . cs}{ l6s6 lsGg'k5{ /] . s]xL klg pkfo 5}g eg]kl5 xfdL lrlGtt
eof}F . d}n] dgdg} sNkgf u/]F– slt lbg dNnhLsf] kfx'gf eOg] eof] .
s;/L l6s6 lsGg] < dNnhLn] klg ;f]Rg'eP5 s] ug]{ k};fsf] hf]xf] u/L l6s6 sf6L
k7fOlbg'knf{ eGg] ljrf/ ug'{eP5 . slt pQd ljrf/, g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljz]iftf
g} ;fdflhs bfloTj xf] . Ps ldqn] of]eGbf slt ;f]Rg] < clg, d}n] uy]gju{
ljZjljBfnosf] cg';GwftfnfO{ kmf]g u/]F / eg]F– d ;d:ofdf k/] h:tf] 5' .
pxfFn] eGg'eof] tkfO+{sf] lhd]n x]g'{;\ / af]l8{ª kf; lk|G6 ug'{;\, ;d:of
gxf]nf . clg, hL d]n vf]n]F . ToxfF af]l8{ª kf; cfP5 . 8f6f s]an
vf]h]/ dNnhLn] b'O{j6f af]l8{ª sf8{ lk|G6 ug'{eof] . clg, d]/f] df]afOndf
stf/ Po/ nfOgaf6 klg P;PdP; cfof] . tkfO{+sf] l6s6 sGkmd{ eof] . b'O{
3G6fcl3 cf/NofG8 6ld{gn hfg';\ . ef}Ftfl/Psf] dg 9'Ss eof] . afFsL
/x]sf] skmL dHhf;Fu vfPF . To;kl5 8fo/L n]Vg a;]F .
dNnhLn] cgnfOgdf g]kfnL Go'h ;'Gg yfNg'eof] . xtf;, laTof;, va/bf/,
xf]l;of/sf] dfgl;stfdf dndk§L nfUof] . clxn] * ah]/ @% ldg]6 eof] .
cfh afbn nfu]sf] 5 . :6sxf]ddf cu:tdf ;dlztf]i0f xfjf kfgL 5 . xfdLn]
:6«j]/L / ltgd0ff -r'y|f]_ h:tf] kmn ldnfP/ a|]skmf:6df bxL clg gf}lg oxfFsf]
t}of/L /f]6L vfof}F . clxn] dNnhL g'xfpg afy?ddf hfg'ePsf] 5 .
s]xLa]/df vfgf vfO{ pxfFn] dnfO{ ;]G6«n :6];g / Po/kf]6{ hfg] 7fpF;Dd ;fob
;aj]df 5f]8\g hfg'x'g] 5 . cl:tb]lv cfh;Ddsf] k"/f ;do pxfFn] dnfO{
lbg'eof] . cfhsf] ;do vfgf agfpg], 3'dfpg] / g]kfnsf] /fhgLltsf] lrGtf
ug]{df laTof] . clxn] bz alh;Sof] . ca Psl5gdf nGr vfP/ xfdL /]naf6
k|:yfg ug]{5f}F . o'/f]k ofqfsf] ;+lIfKt Oltj[QfGt oxLF /f]Sb} ;dosf]
k|tLIffdf 5' . dNnhLn] / d}n] g]kfnsf] /fhgLltnfO{ Ps /fli6«o ;f]rdf cl3
a9fpg k'/fgf] / gofF ;Qfsf tLg kIfnfO{ ;Fu} /fVg sf]l;; ug'{k5{ eGof}F .
wgk|;fb kl08t :6sxf]d
:jL8]g, @)!# cu:t *
cGtdf Ps ah]lt/ :6sxf]dsf] cf/nfG8 Po/kf]6{ k'u]F . ;fdfg r]shfFr
u/L kf;kf]6{;d]t hfFr]kl5 u]6 gDa/ ^^ glhs uP/ a;]F . stf/ Po/j]haf6
cf–cfˆgf] b]z hfg y'k}| dflg; cfPsf 5g\ . clk|msL d'n'ssf, ef/tsL Pshgf
x}b/fafbsL dlxnf /lxl5g\ . oxfFaf6 stf/ / stf/af6 Go' lbNnL, ToxfFaf6
x}b/fafb hfg] sfo{qmd 5 /] . Ps xKtfdf clkm;sf] sfdn] :jL8]g, gj]{,
cf]:nf]df 3'd3fd / sfd ubf{ ysfO{ nfUof] /] . cfh aNn df};d kSsf o'/f]ksf]
h:tf] eof] . l;dl;d] kfgL kl//x]5 . cfsfz afbnn] 6Dd 9flsPsf] 5 .
;"o{ gf/fo0fsf] bz{g klg kfOPsf] 5}g . xjfO{hxfhdf ;fdfg /flv;s]F t/
ofqL af]nfosf] 5}g . ;a} hgf k|tLIffsf] 38Ldf 5g\ . s'g a]nf af]nfpnf
/ xfdL Kn]gleq k|j]z u/f}Fnf eg]/ d]/f] cufl8 b'O{ hgf sfnL dlxnf 5g\ .
ltgLx¿ d'l:nd ;d'bfosf x'g'k5{ . a'sf{ 5}g k/Gt' ;nn] cfˆgf] cg'xf/jl/kl/
9fs]sL 5g\ . s]xL afnaflnsf 5g\ . k]lG;n s6/n] tf5\b} s]xL n]Vb} 5g\ .
sltko n§ ks]sf 5g\ . lgGb|f nfUg cfF6]h:tf] jftfj/0frflxF e"m/
cN5LnfUbf] ePsf] 5 . o'/f]ksf] w]/}h;f] ;do o:t} x'G5 /] clg t 3fd nfUof]
eg] o'/f]lkogx¿ v';LofnL dgfpF5g\ . cfˆgf] ;fx|} ;]tf] uf]/f] /+unfO{ clns
v}/f] agfpg ;d'Gb| lsgf/sf] afn'jfdf 9lndnL u5{g\ / ;g jfy u5{g\ .
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