@)&).$.!% -h'nfO{ #) tf_
cWofudg :jLs[lt
kq jf s'g} d'n'sdf k|j]z ug{sf] nflu lbOg] cfudg :jLs[ltnfO{ ;qf}+ c7f/f}+ ztfAbLb]lv
le;f elgg yflnPsf] x'g'k5{ . ær/}j]lt r/}j]ltÆ lxF8b} hfpm k"jL{o b;{gdf
uxg / ax'cyL{ zAb xf] . hLjgdf cfkm"nfO{ ultzLn agfpg'k5{ . :j:y, c:j:y,
d:t lgGb|f, tGb|f, hfu[t ;'Kt /
:jlKgn cj:yfdf klg dflg; rnfodfg x'g'k5{ . hLjgsf] ;xL cy{ ultzLn x'g' / e}/xg'
xf] . cfhef]ln ljZjdf Jofks ¿kdf e|d0f ug]{ ;d"x 5 . ljZj cy{tGqdf o;sf]
7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .
xfn ljZjdf ljBdfg @!! j6f b]zdWo
;a} d'n'ssf] cfˆgf] b]zdf ljb]zLsf] cfudgsf nflu s]xL v'nf s]xL aGb lgod agfPsf
x'G5g\ . sltko d'n'sn] t Pp6} b]zsf ljleGg efusf nflu cg]sf}+ le;fsf] Joj:yf
u/]sf x'G5 . h:t} rLgsf] d'Vo e"ldsf nflu Ps lsl;dsf], ltAatnfO{ csf]{ /
xªsªsf nflu t];|f] jf a]Un} le;f lng'kg]{ x'G5 .
le;f k4ltn] ljZjahf/df wgL /
ul/a, ;DkGg / ljkGg d'n's Pj+d\ JolQmnfO{ e]befj u5{ . cem} egf}F wgL /fi6«sf
gful/s lk|len]H8 / ;'ljwf;DkGg x'G5g\ . pgLx¿n] l;km{ kf;kf]6{ lnP/ uP k'U5 . ljZjsf
w]/} d'n'sdf le;f k|fKt ug{ cfudg ug]{ d'n'sdf cfudg le;f e|d0f cg'dltkq k|fKt
ul/xfN5g\ . pgLx¿sf] cfly{s x}l;otsf] dtna x'b}g . b]zsf] ;}lgs, af}l4s, cfly{s
zlQm g} pgLx¿sf] kf;kf]6{df /x]sf] /fli6«otfn] g} OHhtbf/ e|d0fsf/L gful/ssf] ¿kdf
dfGotf kfpF5g\ . pgLx¿ csf]{ wgL jf ul/a h:tf];'s} d'n'sdf klg lg;ª\sf]r
3'dlkm/ ug{ kfpF5g\ . k/Gt' ul/a /fi6«sf ul/a jf wgL g} eP klg slxn] sfFxL
/fli6«otfs} sf/0f k|j]z1f le;f kfpgaf6 jl~rt ul/G5g\ .
Po/kf]6{df le;f lbg] t
;Defjgf g} x'Fb}g . ljZjel/af6 ko{6s leq\ofpg] yfONof08n] gfOh]l/of / g]kfnL afx]snfO{
Pc/kf]6{d} le;f -cg P/fOen_ lbG5 .
** xhf/ tfn ePsf] b]z :j]8]g,
jghª\un / xl/ofnLn] el/Psf] d'n's xf], sf7 laqmL ug]{ d'n's, lkmgNof08, …Nof08
ckm -PS6LP6_ yfph]G6 n]sÚ -:j]8]gsf] /dfOnf] b[Zo xhf/f}+ tfn / ;'Gb/ xl/ofnL
ePsf] d'n's xf] .
sf7df8f}+af6 a]n'sf *M@) df p8]sf] stf/ Pc/sf] xjfO{ hxfh kf}g] Ps ah] bf]xfdf
cjt/0f u¥of] . Ps} l5gdf xjfO{ hxfhaf6 aflx/ uP/ a;df r9\of}+ . sl/a cfwf 306f
nufP/ Pc/ kf]6{sf] a; 6«fG;km/ 6ld{gndf k'luof]+ . ToxfF @÷# hgf g]kfnL
cg'xf/sf s]6fx¿ b]lvP . d}n] …tkfO{ g]kfnL xf]Ú eg]sf] t p;n] oxfF ;a} ;'/Iff
g]kfnL sf] xf] eGof] . To;kl5 d}n] k|mfGskmf]6{ hfg] u]6 gDa/ t]lQ; xf] < eg]
/ ;f]w]F Tof] 6ld{gn vf]Hb} n3'zª\sf u/]/ lxF8]F . kfFr b; ldg]6 lxF8]kl5 t]lQ;
gDa/ u]6 t e]l6of] t/ ToxfFsf] :6fkmn] eGof] b'O{ 306fkl5 cfpg';\ . clg
8o"6Lk|mL x]b}{ gofF cg'xf/;Fu ldqtf ufF:b} a;]F . af6fdf a]nfotL lzIfs /
ljBfyL{;Fu e]6 eof] . pgLx¿ g]kfnsf ufpFdf ;fdflhs ;]jf u/L kms{b} u/]sf /x]5g\
.
!!÷!@ sIffdf k9\g] ljBfyL{ hLjgsf] km/s cg'ej ug{ g]kfn uPsf /x]5g\ .
kfFr hgf lzIfs, lzlIfsf;Fu d}n] a]nfotdf b'O{ xKtfdf nfUg] vr{n] xjfO{ l6s6;lxt
g]kfndf vfgf a:g vr{ k'Ubf] xf]nf x} eg]/ ;f]w]F . Ps hgf lzlIfsfn] eGg'eof], ……kSs}
xf] . xfdL Ps /ft ;fFlu|nfdf a:of} ;fFlu|nfdf slt vr{ nfUof] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g .
t/ p:t} xf]6ndf a]nfotdf a:bf t #%) kfp08 hlt nfU5 a]8 / a|]s kmf:6sf nflu .ÚÚ
d}n] eg]F, ……;fFlu|nfdf ;d"xdf a:bf k|lt JolQm !)) Ps ;o 8n/ ;Dd nfUbf]
xf]nf .ÚÚ ofqfdf ldqtf eof] . of] cfn]v d bf]xfsf] 6ld{gndf s'bf{ n]Vb} 5' . Ps
l5g g]kfn 3'd]/ cfPsf a]nfotL lzlIfsf, lzIfs / ljBfyL{;Fu ukmufkm eof] .
->fj0f !% h'nfO{ #!
tfl/v_
clxn] /fltsf]
g]kfnL ;do @M)) aHof] . d}n] sNkgf u/]F, Ps ;o jif{cl3 stf/ s:tf] lyof] xf]nf .
k]6«f]nsf] k|of]u pTkfbg / cf}wf]lusLs/0fn] pu| d¿e"lddf ;fgbf/, ;'Gb/ /
dgdf]xs xjfO{ u|fpG8 / 6ld{gn agfPsf] /x]5 . of] ag]sf] w]/} jif{ ePh:tf]
nfUb}g lsgls oxfF k|of]u ePsf lgdf{0f ;fdu|L :6Ln, 6fon, cflb xfn}sf] pTkfbg h:tf
b]lvG5g\ . ;kmf ;'U3/ eP klg sf]l/ofsf] OGwg hlt ;'ljwfo'Qm rfxL 5}g . 8o'6L
k|mL gfd dfqsf] h:tf] nfUof] . vf;} ;fdfg 5}g, Tof] klg lgs} dx+uf]g} 5 .
b'aO{df /fd|f] 5 /] .
/fhf dx]Gb|sf]
a]nfot e|d0fsf] a]nfdf a]nfotsL dxf/fgL leS6f]l/of /]nj] :6]zgdf :jfut ug{ cfPsL
lyOg, ToxL b]zdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf sfo{/t–s0f]{n======= nfdfnfO{ >LdtL e]6\g
uPsf] a]nfdf åGåsf] ;dosf] dfgj clwsf/ xggsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ lu/ˆtf/ u/] . Ps
8]9 dlxgf;Dd >LdtL / sfg"g Joj;foLl;t klg e]6g lbOPsf] lyPg .
DFID g]kfnL gfd eP /fd|f] n] lbg] u/]sf] elgPsf]
$.% c/a ¿lkofF jflif{sdWo] xfdLnfO{ s] slt rflxPsf] 5, To;n] g]kfnsf] slt
ljsf;df ;3fPsf] 5 <
cfPsf] /sd / To;sf] k|of]u
g]kfnLx¿n] sxfF u/]sf 5g\ ;"rgfsf] xs ;a} g]kfnLsf] 5 ls 5}g <
cha b'lgofF uha ;+;f/ M
cfh cu:6 ! tfl/vsf lbg laxfg ;a]/} p7]/ uy]gju{ ljZjljBfno j/k/sf]
;]/f]km]/f]df w'dwfd u/+] . laxfg} Tolt :jLl8;x¿ p7]sf x'b}gg\ xf]nf . To;}n]
nfdf nfdf a;df, 6«ddf 8«fOe/afx]s d'l:snn] Ps b'O{ hgf dfq ofqL ofqf ul//x]sf] b]v]F
. dnfO{ nfUof] eujfg\n] ls dfG5]n] slt cGofo u/]sf] xf] tf . c;dfg ljt/0f
k|0ffnLsf] r/d ¿k . wgL /fi6«df hgtfsf] ;'ljwfsf nflu /]n, 6«d, @, # cf]6f
hf]l8Psf / leq Pc/ slG8;g ePsf a;x¿ nfvf}+ vr{ u/L dfgj/lxt klg ;]jf lbO{/x]sf
5g\ . xfd|f] d'n'sdf aemfª hfg] a;df $) hgfsf] ;L6df &).*) hgfn] ofqf ubf{
b'3{6gf x'Fbf d[tssf] ;ª\Vof tf]Sg} ufx|f] x'G5 .
s:tf] lj8Dagfk"0f{ ;+;f/ . kml]/
3'Db} hfFbf uy]gju{sf] 8s -7"nf 8'Ëf c8\ofpg] 7fpF_ b]v]F . ;f]wk'5 u/+]
clg yfxf eof] . sl/a !%) qmf]g/df 7"nf] 8'Ëfn] 8]gdfs{;Dd 3'dfP/ lnP/
cfpF5 /] . To;kl5 d cfˆgf] sf]7fdf uPF . s]xL vfg]s'/f vfP/ 8sdf cfO{ a;]F . k|ftM
b; ah] :6]gn]g gfdsf] af]6 k|:yfg u¥of] . sl/a ;f9] tLg 306f hfg / Tolt g}
kmls{g nfU5 /] . a]n'sf ^ ah];Dd km]l/ uy]gju{ k'lu;S5 eg]kl5 d tof/ eO{ l6s6
vl/b u/L 8'Ëfdf a;]F . 8'Ëf ls kfgL hxfh h] eg] klg of] lgs} 7"nf] 5 . dnfO{
t 7fpF, jftfj/0f / dfG5]sf] Jojxf/ ;a} x]g{ dg nfUof] . ljkGgtfdf dfgjLo
;DkGgtf / ;DkGgtfdf dfgl;s bl/b|tf ePh:tf] nfUof] dnfO{ t .
sf]xL klg af]Ng t}of/ xF'b}gg\ . zAb lsGg knf{ h:tf dflg;x¿ ;DkGgtfdf
dfgl;s tgfj k|z:t b]v]F . xfdLsxfF ef]s, Kof;, cefj / b'le{Ifdf klg dflg; dflg;df
efjgfsf] cfbfg k|bfg x'G5 . b; tNnfsf] kfgL hxfh uy]gju{ xfj{/af6 8]gdfs{sf] nflu
k|:yfg u¥of] . sl/a @)) jif{cl3 h'ga]nf /]n, a;, xjfO{ hxfh lyPgg To; a]nfb]lv
:jLl8; hgtf / /fhfn] oftfoftsf] ljsf; ug{ ;d'b|dfu{af6 ;x/ leq ;Dd cfpg ;Sg]
7"nf] gx/ h:tf] agfO{ uy]gju{nfO{ ;'ud agfPsf /x]5g\ . ;'Gb/ k|s[lt yf]/}
:yfgLo afl;Gbf ;kmf rf}8f ;8s oxfFsf] ljz]iftf /x]5 . cf]ssf ¿v k|z:t x'g]
ePsfn] hxfh lgdf{0fdf :j]8]g k|l;4 /x]5 .
hxfhsf] d rf}yf] tnfdf k'u]+
. aDa}b]lv uf]cf;Ddsf] d}n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] blIf0f PlzofnL cWoog e|d0fsf]
k'g/fj[lQ ePh:tf] nfUof] . s:tf /fd|f /fd|f ;d'lGb| lsgf/f, l5of, lbof
k/]sf . ;kmf ;d'b| lsgf/fdf ;'Gb/ a:tLx¿
uy]gju{ ;fFRr} dgdf]xs 7fpF /x]5 . k|zfGt dxf;fu/sf nxl/df nx/Lb} hxfh cfˆgf]
af6f] 8]gdfs{ tkm{ nfUb} 5 . ;'Gb/ tyf dGb 3fd nflu/x]5 . cfsfzdf afbn eP klg
gLnf] cfsfzdf as'Nnfx¿ ;fob df5f vf]Hb} p8]sf 5g\ . 3'dGt]x¿ tndfly oqtq udL{
labfsf] dHhf lng hxfhleq 3'Db} 5g\ . z/L/sf] ef/ w]/} ePsf e}F;L h:tf] b]lvg]x¿
Xofd au{/ / 7"nf] sf]ssf] lunf; xftdf lnO{ cem cfˆgf] z/L/nfO{ ef/L agfpFb}
5g\ . k]6df aRrf ePsL dlxnf lbSs dfGb} PSn} a;]sL l5g . ;fgf gfgL x'g]x¿ gfgL v]nfpFb}
5g\ . pgsf afafn] af]tnn] b'w Vjfpb} 5g\ . cfdf hxfhdf 3'dlkm/ ub}{ 5g\ .
w]/}sf] cg'xf/ dnLg 5 . s]xL s]6L;fyLnfO{ v';L kfg]{ OR5fn] gSsnL xfF;f] xfF:b}
5g\ kGw| klRr;]x¿ . ;d'b|sf] lsgf/df xn]08sf h:t} y'k|} xfjfn] rNg] ldnx¿ klg
5g\ .
ca b;f}+ tnfdf k'u]F, dflg;x¿
vfFb} 3'Db} / /dfpFb} /x]5g\ . s;} s;}n] ljk/Lt lnËLnfO{ sfvdf /fvL v]nfpb} lyP
. hxfhsf] dflyaf6 w'Fjfsf] d':nf] cfO/x]sf] lyof] . l8hn jf sf]Onf s] sf] xf]
yfxf 5}g . s]xL t¿gLx¿ aS;/ / hd{g ;]km8{ hftsf s's'/x¿ Tof] klg w]/}
7"n7"nf cfsf/sf lnP/ hxfhsf] Psfkl§ a;]sf 5g\ . Ps 5]plt/ s's'/sf]
/]:6'/]G6 / ;'k/dfs]{6 klg /x]5 . csf]{lt/ s/d'Qm kzn . hxfhleq :jfb rvfpg
;–;fgf lunf;df l;Q} /lS; klg ljt/0f ug]{ ;'Gb/Lx¿ . sl/a &*.*) jif{sf
j[4sf] ;xf/f ePsL Ps hgf Plzog dlxnf b]v]F . b'j}sf] pd]/df cflw eGbf a9Lsf]
km/s 5 . pgn] dlt/ x]l/g a'9f dfG5]klg 3'/]/ x]/]+ . gh/ ckgL ckgL vofn ckgf
ckgf . ljifdtf g} ljZjsf] ljz]iftf xf] . clxn] hxfhaf6 kfgLafx]s s]xL klg
gb]lvg] e} ;Sof] . P3f/ aHof] Ps 306fdf xfdL ;fob ;d'b|sf] lgs} leqL tOdf k|j]z
u¥of}F
xf]nf . d}n] hxfhsf] Ps :6fkmnfO{ ;f]w]F, of] hxfh slt tNnfsf] xf]nf Û pgn] 7fpF b]vfP / eg] ToxfF hfg'; x]g'{; ;a} n]lvPsf] x'G5 . pgn] cfkm"n] hfg]sf] ljifodf klg t'¿Gt} pQ/ glbO{ cfkm} vf]Hg dnfO{ afWo kf/] . g]kfndf ePsf] eP k]6 b'Vof] eg] a]/fnug vfg'; eg]/ h;n] klg elglbg ;s5 . l;sfpg] eGbf l;Sg nufpg] afgL /x]5 . Tof] k4ltn] dflg;sf] vf]lh ug]{ afgL kbf]{ xf]nf .
xf]nf . d}n] hxfhsf] Ps :6fkmnfO{ ;f]w]F, of] hxfh slt tNnfsf] xf]nf Û pgn] 7fpF b]vfP / eg] ToxfF hfg'; x]g'{; ;a} n]lvPsf] x'G5 . pgn] cfkm"n] hfg]sf] ljifodf klg t'¿Gt} pQ/ glbO{ cfkm} vf]Hg dnfO{ afWo kf/] . g]kfndf ePsf] eP k]6 b'Vof] eg] a]/fnug vfg'; eg]/ h;n] klg elglbg ;s5 . l;sfpg] eGbf l;Sg nufpg] afgL /x]5 . Tof] k4ltn] dflg;sf] vf]lh ug]{ afgL kbf]{ xf]nf .
P6nflG6s cf]l;ogdf xfd|f]
8'Ëf t}l/Fb} 5 . Ps hgf lkt[eQm 5f]/L afa'nfO{ j[4 clg czQm cj:yfdf e|d0f
u/fpFb} l5g . xfG; (Hans) Berjkvast ah|sef:6 / pgsL 5f]/L cfGgf;Fu s]xL j]/ ;Fu}
hxfhdf 3'd]F . e|d0f ;'Gb/ /Xof] . af6fsf] ldqtf lgs} /dfOnf] x'G5 . *! jlif{o
kfgL hxfhsf OlGhlgo/;Fu ukm u/L d 8]sdf a;] . pgn]kGw| jif{sf] pd]/ b]lv ;d'b|df
sfd u/]sf]/] 5g\ . @^ jif{ t cd]l/sfdf dfq} sfd u/] pgn] eg] s/La ;a} ;d'b|
df]u]sf] / x]/]sf] 5' . clxn] d]/f] v'§f rNb}g . To;}n] lXjn r]o/sf] ;xf/fdf
dnfO{ 5f]/Ln] 3'dfpFb} l5g .
b; tnfsf] hxfhdf kfFrb]lv b;tnf;Dd
tndfly 8'Nb} gofF ;fyL agfpb} ukm ub}{ hfFbf tLg 306f lat]5 . Tolts}df xfd|f]
7"nf] 8'Ëf jf hxfh 8]gdfs{ k'Uof] .
of] 8]lg; e"ldaf6 cfFx'; eP/ /]ndf sf]a]gx]ug uOFbf] /x]5 . cfx';df
PN;fsf] 3/ 5 xf]nf, 8]lg; :jod\ ;]js ;+:yfdf efiff lzIfs eO{ sfd ubf{ d}n]
g]kfnL efiff k9fPsL ljBfyL{ lyOg PN;f . ca t ltdL klg a'9L e};sL xf]lng . 7fpF
;'Gb/ /dfOnf] k/d ;DkGgtfn] dflg;df g}/fZotf xtfz, lbSbfl/ kgf / r/d JolQmjfb
xfjL ePsf] h:tf] nfUof] dnfO{ t . vf]H5g\ ;a} ;'v egL ;'v Tof] sxfF 5, cfkm'
ld6fO{ c¿nfO{ lbg' hxfF 5 . :j]8]gdf r/d ul/aL ePsf] a]nfdf oxfFsf b; k|ltzt
dflg; cd]l/sfdf uP/ a;f]af;
u/]5g\ . sltkosf] egfOdf c7f/f}+ utfAbLsf] cGtlt/ oxfF r/d ul/aLsf] sf/0f rf/ ldlnog hg;ª\Vof . rfln; nfvdWo] s/La cfwf hg;+Vof g} cd]l/sf k'u] eGg] klg 5g\ . h] xf];\ k|ltzt eGbf klg dflg; vfgkfg / ;'v;'ljwfsf] vf]hLdf csf]{ b]z hfG5 eg] Tof] hfoh g} xf] . ldlgPkln; cflb 7fpFdf :jLl8; ;+:s[lt b]Vg ;lsG5 /] . dfgj 3'dGt] k|f0fL xf], ;'vsf] vf]hLdf b'Mv u/]/ o'/f]k k'u]sf slt g]kfnL e]l6P .
u/]5g\ . sltkosf] egfOdf c7f/f}+ utfAbLsf] cGtlt/ oxfF r/d ul/aLsf] sf/0f rf/ ldlnog hg;ª\Vof . rfln; nfvdWo] s/La cfwf hg;+Vof g} cd]l/sf k'u] eGg] klg 5g\ . h] xf];\ k|ltzt eGbf klg dflg; vfgkfg / ;'v;'ljwfsf] vf]hLdf csf]{ b]z hfG5 eg] Tof] hfoh g} xf] . ldlgPkln; cflb 7fpFdf :jLl8; ;+:s[lt b]Vg ;lsG5 /] . dfgj 3'dGt] k|f0fL xf], ;'vsf] vf]hLdf b'Mv u/]/ o'/f]k k'u]sf slt g]kfnL e]l6P .
oxfFsf sf]Onf / kmnfd o'4df k|of]u
ePkl5 :j]8]gdf lr;f]n] l6Sg} g;lsg] eP5 . To;kl5 w]/} dflg; ;lhnf] hLjgsf] vf]hLdf
cd]l/sflt/ nfu]5g\ . b'O{ ah]lt/ 8]gdfs{ k'u]/ kGw| ldg]6 hlt 3'd]F . w]/}
ofqLx¿ 8]lg; pTkfbgsf] sfN;{ju{ ljo/sf] r':sL lnFb} lyP . 8]lg; uLt / ;+uLt
nfOe e}/x]Yof] Tolts}df km]l/ :j]8]g kms{g'kg]{ ePsfn] d t'¿Gt} lkmtf{ ePF . l6s6
km]l/ r]lsª u/]/ Stena Line :6]gf lng] km]l/df a;] clg 8sdf a;]/ 8fo/L
n]Vg yfn]F . cfhsf] lbg ;d'b|sf] cfgGb lnFb} :j]8]g / 8]gdfs{sf] lardf cjl:yt
;d'b|L ;tx x]g{df Jo:t eof}+ . :j]8]gsf] a;fOsf] bf];|f] lbg dxTjk"0f{
/xof] . hxfhdf ;fgf] lunf;df l:jl8; cNsf]xn lgMz'Ns ljt/0f e}/x]sf] lyof] . 8]lg;
Xof6 klxl/Psf b'O{ ;'Gb/L s]6fs]6Lsf nflu nfdf nfdf a]n'g km's]/ lgMz'Ns ljt/0f
ub}{ lyP . ko{6snfO{ cfslif{t ug{ o:tf 7fpF cg';f/sf ultljlw ug'{ jf~5gLo
b]lvG5 .
hxfh 8]gdfs{ af6 :j]8]gsf] uf]6]sf{
-c+u|]hL efiffdf uy]gju{_ hfgsf nflu k|:yfg u¥of] . kmls{Fbf 8]lg; ;adl/g -kfgLd'lg
/xg] ;}lgs hxfh_ klg 8sdf b]lvof] . ;Fu} ;'Svf 8sdf lgdf{0f x'b} u/]sf] csf]{{
kfgL hxfh klg b]lvof] . ca 8]lg; lsgf/faf6 6fl9b} ;d'b|sf] leqkl§ hfFb} 5 .
xfdL uPsf] efu 8]gdfs{sf] pQ/df kg]{ /x]5 .
8]gdfs{ e|d0f
lxGb dxf;fu/b]lv k|zfGt
dxf;fu/sf] ofqf M g]kfn hldg} hldgn] 3]l/Psf] d'n's xf] . ;fob e"kl/j]li6t
nS8 x'g' klg g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf] afws tTj xf] . o; kfnL blIf0f Pl;of, ef/t,
>Lnª\sflt/ ePsf] lxGb dxf;fu/af6 o'/f]ksf] pQ/–klZrdlt/ /x]sf] P6nflG6s
dxf;fu/sf] lsgf/df cjl:yt :j]8]gsf] uy]gju{ e|d0fsf] cj;/ k|fKt eof] . Ps
lx;fan] x]bf{ of] cj;/n] ljsl;t / ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«larsf] b'/L -kf6g} g;lsg]_
cfly{s ljljwtf slt dfgj lgld{t x'g eg] sltko k|j[ltk|bQm x'g\ . uy]gju{ d} $.%
j6f g]kfnL /]i6'/]G6 /x]5g\ . tfKn]h'ªb]lv afUn'ª;Ddsf dflg;n] kfl/jfl/s
>dåf/f ;'¿ ul/Psf tL /]i6'/]06sf dflnssf 5f]/f5f]/L :yfgLo h:t} eO{ ;s]5g\ .
s6s dNnhLn] Ps dlxgfcl3 eg] cg';f/ :j]8]gdf sl/a 5÷;ft ;o hgf g]kfnL xfn
a:b}5g\ /] . yfO{ /]i6'/]06 gfd ePsf] /]i6'/]06 klg hxfhsf] 8s glhs} /x]5 .
g]kfnLsf] a'l4, Ifdtf, >d ;a}sf] ;lDd>0f b]lvof] uy]gju{sf /]i6'/]06df . æj;'w}j
s'6'Dasd+Æ kl/jf/ s] xf] t, j}w a:g] cg'dlt ePkl5 s/ ltg'{k5{ /] . s/ lt/] kl5
cfˆgf] OR5f eP ;/sf/n] g} :j]l8; efiff l;sfpg] /x]5 . :j]8]gdf a:g] x/]s pd]/
;d"xsf dfG5] ;fgf]b]lv ;Q/L jif{;Ddsf nflu :jLl8; efiff l;sfOg] /x]5 .
efiff ;+:s[lt ;Eotfsf] d"n xf] . cf}iflw d'nf] lgMz'Ns, s]6fs]6Lsf] lzIff
lgMz'Ns a]/f]huf/L eQf c¿ s] g} rflxof] / < ljZjel/df g]kfnLn] klg j}w, cj}w
k'u]/ cfˆgf] >d nufP/ k|ult u/]sf] b]Vbf /dfOnf] nfUof] . hf8f]df hLjg clns
sl7g x'G5 /] . cuf8Lkl§ ;fgf] 7fpFdf km"n km'nfPsf 5g\ . xFl;nf] ldhf;sf
efO{x¿ x]b}{ g]kfnLkgfsf] v'l;ofnL g} nfUof] . ;'/]Gb| s'df/ lnDa', :j]8]gdf s]
lnDa'jfg s] v'Da'jfg oxfF t dfgjLotf ljsf; >d / ;'/Iff olt g} xf] xfdLnfO{
rflxg] Ps hgf efOn] eGof] . d]/f] 3/ x]6f}F8fsf] kbd kf]v/Ldf xf] . :j]8]g
cfPsf] !* dlxgf eof] d]/f] ;;'/f :s'nsf] lzIfs x'g'x'GYof] . ;]ldgf/df cfO{ oxL
n'Sg'eof] . rf}w jif{kl5 j}wflgs eP/ ut jif{ 3/ uP/ ev{/} kms{g'ePsf] 5 eGof]Ú tkfO{ t oxfF a:g] x}g ls bfO{ < k|Zg
t]:of{of] . d}n] eg] efO{, hfkfg, sf]l/of, cd]l/sf, :jL6\h/ Nof08 sFlx n'lsg
oxfF kf] lsg n'Sg' / < t}klg cj}w ePsf g]kfnLx¿ c¿nfO{ klg p:t} cfFvfn]
x]g]{ /x]5g\ . o:t} 5 g]kfnLsf] csf]{ g]kfnL k|ltsf] x]/fO . Tof] x]/fOdf p;sf]
uNtL xf]Og, ljb]l;g], n'Sg], efUg], nfx'/] x'g], zf/Ll/s >dsf] nflu klg
:jb]zdf sfd gkfO{ aflxl/g] afWotf eP/ xf]nf .
h] xf]; cflv/ g]kfnLdf g]kfnL kgf t x'G5 g} . d d]/f] 3/sf] /fhf em'k8L g}
eP klg .
d]/f] xjfO{ hxfhsf] l6s6 &%)) qmf]g/ k/]5 . u]i6 xfp;sf] ef8f $)))
qmf]g/ lx;fa u/]5 uy]gju{ ljZjljBfnon]
cfh cu:t @ tfl/vsf lbg laxfg p7]F . uy]gju{ ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofksx¿;Fu
g]kfndf ul/g] lkmN8 l/;r{sf af/]df 5nkmn u¥of}+ . lkmN8 l/;r{sf] :yfg, tl/sf,
l/;r{ d]yf]8f]nf]hL, ;+Vof, k|ZgfjnL, zf]wdf nfUg] ;do . cg'dflgt vr{ cflb
ljljw ljifodf 5nkmn u¥of}+ . uy]gju{ ljZjljBfnosf] Unf]an :6l8h sfo{qmd ljefudf
a;]/ ¿jf08fsf] Ps cg';Gwftf;Fu klg 5nkmn eof] . b'O{ ah];Dd cg';Gwfgsf] 5nkmn
eof] . To; kl5 sf7df8f}+ /]i6'/]G6df vfgf vfof}F+ . ToxfF ;fx'hLn] d}n] vfPsf]
vfgfsf] k};f lnPgg\ . kf]v/f n]vgfysf efO{n] ut jif{b]lv Tof] /]i6'/]G6 rnfPsf
/x]5g\ .
Tof] b]v]/ l:jl8; ;fyLnfO{ crDd nfUof] . s] xf] of] g]kfnL cfTdLotf,
glrg]sf] klxnf] e]6 ePsf] dflg;nfO{ klg lsg l;Q} vfgf lbPsf] xf]nf <
df};d lnªb]g -lnDa'_M Ps
cg'ej
kGw| jif{df P;=Pn=;L= u/]kl5 cfO{=P= kf; ePg, ljb]z hfg] Rofgn lyPg . ljb]zsf]
af/]df yfxf kfPF, o'/f]k t d lx8]/ cfPsf] x'F . gofF lbNnLsf ef/tLo bnfnsf] kl5
nfu]F, rf]/ a'l4 l;sF], bnfn, bnfnL;Fu hf]l8g k'uF] . g]kfndf :s'ndf k9\bfv]l/ hf]8{gsf]
/fhf dbf{ :s'n labf ePsf] ;Demgf lyof] . ef/taf6 d ToxL b]z k'u]F5' . ToxfF hfsL
;x/df sl/a tLg dlxgf a;]F, n]agfg glhs} /x]5 . leq a:bf kbf{ vf]Ng kfOFb}gsf]]
. 3/ aflx/ hfFbf dlxnfsf] cg'xf/ x]g{ kfOb}gYof] . d]/f] o'/f]k s;/L k'Ug] eGg]
dfq WofpGg lyof] . xfdL !^ hgf lyofF} bnfnn] k7fpg g;Sg] l:ytL eof] t/ xfdLn] rf/
nfv ltl/;s]sf lyof}+ . a]n'sf l/; p7]/ ‰ofn vf]Nof}+ . jl/kl/sf dfG5]n] 3/df
9'Ëfd'9f u/] . To;kl5 xfdL dWo]sf kGw| hgf 3/ -g]kfn_ kms]{ . d}n] bnfn;Fu s'/f
u/]F / So'afsf] le;f kfPF . d]/L So'af hfg eg]/ :k]gdf emg]{ ljrf/ lyof] .
kfOn6n] kf;kf]6{ cfkm';Fu} /fVof] . clg So'af k'luof] So'jfdf tLg dlxgf a;]kl5
ef]sef]s} eOof] clg :k]g eP/ kmls{of] . ToxFL kf;kf]6{ 6jfOn]6df Roft]F .
kf;kf]6{ gePsfn] Kn]gsf] u]6df dnfO{ 5f]8\of] . xjfO{ hxfh 5f]8] z/0ffyL{ ePF .
k'ln;n] k};f dfUof] d;Fu k};f lyPg . Ps xKtf s8f k|x/L lgoGq0fdf y'Gof] . Ps
xKtf kl5 ^ dlxgfsf nflu vfg], a:g] / efiff k9\g] Joj:yf u¥of] . ToxfF sfd eg]
kfpg d'l:sn lyof] . ToxfFaf6 d k|mfG; k'u]F . ToxfF k+hflasf] u'¿åf/fdf vfg,
a:g lk|m lyof], ToxfF a;]F . kl5 :jL6h/ Nof08 k'uF] h]g]ef sl/a @).@% lbg a;]F,
a]lNhoddf !$ dlxgf a;F] . ToxfF sdfO{ ePg clg hd{gL k'Fu] k|mfGskmf]6{ k'u]F .
km]l/ a]lNhod eP/ 8]gdfs{ k'u]F . sf]k]gx]u]gsf] ufFhf vfg] 7fpFdf k'u]F . ToxfFaf6
gj]{ uP/ tLg jif{ latfPF . ljgf kl/ro kq cj}w eP/, clg gj]{af6 :j]8]g cfPF .
sl/a b; uf8Ldf PsnfO{ r]lsª x'G5 d cfPsf] uf8L r]s ePg . kl5 kf]r'{un uP/ k]k/
t}of/ eof] . clxn] :jLl8; gful/stf / kf;kf]6{ e} ;Sof] .
;g\ @))( b]lv :j]8]gdf cfkm}n] xf]6n vf]nF] . klxn] ef/tLosxfF kfFr jif{
sfd u/]F . xfn :jLl8; eP/ kl/jf/sf dfG5]nfO{ sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf af]nfPF . xfn xfdL
@) hgfn] $ cf]6f /]i6'/]G6 rnfP/ a;]sf 5f}+F . d oxfFsL dlxnf;Fu lax] u/]/
l8ef];{sf] ;Fw} ;Defjgfdf /xg rfxGg . To;}n] g]kfnL 8f]/LnfO{ d l5gfNg] 5}g . dnfO{
d]/f] b]zsf] dfof 5 .
:j]8]gsf] ;'Gb/ bf]>f] 7"nf] gu/Lsf] gfd uy]gju{ xf] .
uy]gju{sf] xfj{/ glhs} Ps efOsf] yfO{–O;fg /]i6'/]G6 5 . h;sf] d"n dflns
================= efO x'g\ . pgL klxn] t]x|y'd t¿0fbnsf] cWoIf /x]5g\ . -Ps
axfb'/ g]kfnLsf] wSsd wSsfsf] ;kmntf_ k|f]:tfnª\utf, km6{ nª l:6«l6;\
cjl:yt, clxn] :j]8]gsf] uy]gju{df hDdf $ j6f /]i6'/]06df hDdf @) hgf Ps}
kl/jf/sf dfG5] dflns, sfdbf/ ;a} cfkm} x'g'x'G5 . dfl;s $) xhf/ :jLl8; qmfpg
/]i6'/]G6sf] axfn 5 /] . Ps xhf/sf] g]kfnL kGb| xhf/ x'g] /x]5 d'Gb|f ;6xL ubf{
.
cfh kfFr ah] p7]/ M Slots skogen Znf]:sf]h]g kfs{df 3'Dg uPF . kfs{ cToGt
;'Gb/ lyof] . klxnf] k6s l;n df5f k|hflt w'|jLo k|b]zsf hgfj/nfO{ b]v]F .
af6fdf s]xL kmf]6f] lvr]F . b'O{ hgf dlxnfn] Ps l5g kv]{/ d]/f] klg kmf]6f]
lvRg] sfd u/] . ^ ah]b]lv * ah];Dd 3'd3fd u/]kl5 d u]i6 xfp;df kms]{ / g'xfO{ w'jfO{
u/]F . To;kl5 g]kfnaf6 NofPsf] jfO{jfO{ rfprfp ksfP/ vfPF .
cu:t–$
@)&).$.@)
cfh uy]gju{af6 sf]k]g x]ug hfg laxfg}b]lv t}of/ eP/ a;]F . sl/a Ps 306f
k|l;4 kfs{df 3'Dbf Oe]G6sf] t}of/L x]/]+ . 6F'l8v]n h:tf] kfs{sf] rf}/df 8f]h/
rnfP/ klg b'jf] / 3fF;nfO{ s;/L ;'/Iff ubf{ /x]5g\ To;sf nflu slt vr{ nfUbf]
xf] . oxfFsf] gu/kflnsf jf kfs{ Joj:yfkgsf] t}of/L vr{ b]v]/ dnfO{ cgf}7f]
nfUof] . ToxfFaf6 kms]{kl5 g'xfO{ w'jfO{ u/]+ / n'ufdf O:qL nufpg nfpG8«L
sf]7fdf uPF k/Gt' O:qLsf] sfd ePg . To;kl5 km]l/ sf]7fdf cfPF / vfg] ;fdfg lsGg
ahf/ uPF . bxL, kfp/f]6L, s]/f lsg]/ lnP/ cfPF . g]kfnaf6 NofPsf] 6«]s/;{ km'8
ld;fP/ vfhf vfPF . w]/} a]/;Dd ;'zg gcfPkl5 ckmuflg;Fu :6]zgdf s;/L k'Ug] eg]/
;f]w] . p;n] p;n] k}bn uP @).@% ldg]6 nfU5 . t/ a; / 6«d h] df uP klg x'G5 .
ToxL tndfly ub}{ lyP ls ;'zg cfOk'lug . pgsf] sf/df xfdL ;]G6«n :6];gdf uof}+ /
:6sxf]dsf] lk|G6 gePsf] l6s6sf] af/]df ;f]Wof}+ / lk|G6 u/L dfUof}+ . csf]{
sf]k]gx]ug b]lv uy]gju{ kms{g] l6s6sf] ;do kl/jt{g ug{ cg'/f]w ubf{ Tof] ;Dej
ePg . /]nsf] l6s6sf] ;dodf klg kl/jt{g ug{ ufx|f] /x]5 . OG6/g]6af6 l6s6 ljqmL
ug]{ sDkgL cs}{ xf] /] . l6s6df ;do lbPsf]nfO{ km/s gkg]{ eg]sf] 5 . To;}n]
l6s6df n]v]sf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/df kmf]g ug'{;\ eGof] . cyjf 6]«gdf a;]kl5 ;f]Wg';
eGof] . To;kl5 xfdLn] /]nj] :6];gdf a;]/ sfk'lrgf] skmL vfof}+ . xfdL b'j}
hgfn] vfPsf] slkm ld7f] lyof] . tLg ah]/ rjfln; ldg]6df xfd|f] /]n af6f] nfUof]
. Sof /dfOnf] ;'Gb/ ;kmf xl/of] d'n's . lxhf] kfgL k/]sf]n] cfh cfsfz :jR5 5 .
u|fld0f b[Jofjnf]sg ub}{ :j]8]gsf] /]n 8]gdfs{ lt/ nfUb} 5 . df};d Ps bd
/dfOnf] 5 . emndNn 3fd nflu/x]sf] 5 . tfkqmd hDdf @@.@# l8u|L 5 . æ;'xfgf ;km/
cfh df};d x;FLÆ jfnf lxGbL uLt ;Demg dg nfUof] .
Ps hgf cw{ sfnL aflnsf;Fu /]ndf
e]6 eof] . pg};Fu ukm ub}{ uof}+ . …;]gfa'Ú pgsf] gfd xf] . Do'lhs sG;6{df l:jl8;
uLt ufpg hfb}F /lxl5g\ . rf/ cfdf / Ps af 5g\ /] pgsf . pgsf] g]kfn x]g]{ OR5f
5 . uflDaofdf ljsf;sf] sfd ubf{ afn] pgsL cfdf;Fu lax] u/]5g\ . of] /]n
:j]8]gaf6 8]gdfs{ lt/ nfUb} 5 . af6fdf y'k|} ljG8ldn lah'nL lgsfNg] kFvf
b]lvFb} 5g\ . ;du| If]q xl/ofnLo'Qm 5 . ux'F, hfF}F kfs]/ kx]Fnf] ePsf] 5 .
ufO{ j:t', e]8f, 3f]8f, rb{}5g\ . af6fdf ;–;fgf 3/, ;–;fgf ufpF b]lvG5g\ .
o'/f]ksf] /]nj] :6];gdf klxnf]k6s hª\unL v/fof] b]v]F+ . o'/f]ksf] ljsf;sf]
Pp6f sf/0f ;Dd k/]sf] hldg /x]5 . efO{ lsË o'udf n'6fxfx¿sf] d'n's /x]sf]
:j]8]g j}wflgs /fHo vf]Hbf afx|f} ztflAb b]lv /fhtGq ;lxtsf] /fHo :yfkgf ePsf]]
/x]5 . pGgfO;f}+ ztflAbsf] ;'¿ b]lv dfq gj]{ 5'§} /fHo ag]sf] /x]5 . klxnf :j]8]g
g} :sfG8]g]leog Ps dfq alnof] /fHosf] ¿kdf :yflkt eP5 . klxn] 7"nf] kfgL
hxfh agfO{ k"j{df ¿if / klZrd blIf0fdf a]nfot, hd{gL;Dd uO{ n'6\g] n'6fxf dfFemL
8fsfx¿sf] ;fgf ;d"xsf] gfd efOlsË
/x]5 . cfhef]ln k]6«f]nsf] 7"nf] e08f/sf sf/0fn] gj]{ wgL eP5 . klxn] Tof]
e"–efu Psbd clgsfn / ljkGgtf u|:t If]q /x]5 .
/fhf u':tfeb]lv :j]8]gsf]
Jojl:yt Oltxf; ;'¿ ePsf] dflgbf] /x]5 . afx|f} ztfAbLsf] dWoefunfO{ :j]l8;
/fhgLlts Oltxf;;Fu hf]8] klg cfO; Phsf] cGtb]lv sl/a !),))) jif{b]lv :j]8]gdf
dfgj cl:tTj /x]sf] ljZjf; ul/g] /x]5 .
dfNdf] k'Ug] a]nflt/ 6]«g el/P/ cfof] . klxn] cfwfeGbf a9L vfnL g} lyof]
. o'/f]ksf] 6]«gdf klg cfˆgf] ;fdfgsf] lxkmfht ug'{;\, cfkm};Fu /fVg';\ dfly
/fVbf cfkm'n] lgu/fgL ug'{;\ egL eGbf -PgfpG; ubf{_ /x]5g\ .
;a} dfG5] cf–cfˆg} tfndf a;]sf 5g\ . cfwf 306fkl5 xfdL dfNdgfds ;x/df
k'Ug] 5f}+ . Tof] :j]8]gsf] t];|f] 7"nf] ;x/ xf] /] . k/Gt' ToxfFsf]
hg;+Vof kfFr nfv dfq 5 . dfNdaf6 8]gdfs{ hfg gofF k'n kf/ ug'{kg]{ /x]5 . Tof]
k'n :j]8]gdf cfsfzdf / 8]gdfs{df ;d'b| d'lg ag]sf] /x]5 . To;af/]df hfgsf/L lng
d}n] Pshgf o'jf;Fu ukm u/]+ .
Pontus
kf]G6; gfd u/]sf] o'jf
sDKo'6/ l;:6d l8enlkª ljifo k9\b} u/]sf] dfG5] . p;n] eGof] :j]8]gaf6 hd{gL
hfg] /]n 7"nf] 8'Ëf -km]/Ldf_ hfG5 /] . xfdL s0ff{nL / sf]l;df klg /fd|f]
8'Ëf oftfoft rnfpg ;Sb}gf}+ . kz'kltsf] ofqf l;b|fsf] Jofkf/ eg]em}+, d yf]/}
;dosf] :j]8]gsf] z}lIfs e|d0fnfO{ clwstd pkof]u ug{ 8]gdfs{ uPF .
sf]k]gx]ugdf Ps /ft latfP/
km]l/ ef]ln laxfg} :j]8]g kmls{g] 5' . /]naf6 8]gdfs{ / :j]8]gsf] hldgsf] b[Zofjnf]sg
x'b}5 . d ToxfF cTofw'lgs 8]lg; k'n klg kf/ ug]{ 5' .
@)!#–)*–)%
-8]gdfs{–:j]8]g_
wgL b]z dx+uf] lb;f M sf]k]gx]ugsf] ;]G6«n /]nj] :6];gdf dnfO{ cln k]6
c;lhnf]
eof] . tLg hgfnfO{ ;f]w]kl5 aNn rkL{ b]lvof] . k/Gt' To;a]nf;Dd d}n] cfkm";Fu ePsf 8]lg; qmf]g/ ;fF6L ;s]sf] lyPF . d ;Fu hDdf Ps qmf]g/ dfq afFsL /x]5 . clg t kfFr qmf]g/ glt/];Dd -rkL{_ 6\jfOn]6lt/ hfg] 9f]sf v'Ng] ePg . To;kl5 d a}+sdf uP/ l:jl8; qmf]g/af6 8]lg; qmf]g/ ;fF6g nfu]+ . sfpG6/sf] dlxnfn] elgg l;Ssf t cfwf d"Nodf dfq ljS5 . t}klg k]6 t ;kmf ug}{ lyof] . d}n] l:jl8;af6 qmf]g/ af6 8]lg; qmf]g/ ;fF6] / rlk{hfg] lt/sf] d]lzgdf Kjfn k/]sf] kfFr qmf]g/ xfn] . Ps lan cfof] . s]xL k/ Tof] lan b]vfPkl5 9f]sf v'Nof] . rkL{sf] sfd ;DkGg eof] . Ps qmf]g/sf] !% ¿lkofFsf b/n] krxQ/ ¿lkofFdf lb;f ug'{k¥of] .
eof] . tLg hgfnfO{ ;f]w]kl5 aNn rkL{ b]lvof] . k/Gt' To;a]nf;Dd d}n] cfkm";Fu ePsf 8]lg; qmf]g/ ;fF6L ;s]sf] lyPF . d ;Fu hDdf Ps qmf]g/ dfq afFsL /x]5 . clg t kfFr qmf]g/ glt/];Dd -rkL{_ 6\jfOn]6lt/ hfg] 9f]sf v'Ng] ePg . To;kl5 d a}+sdf uP/ l:jl8; qmf]g/af6 8]lg; qmf]g/ ;fF6g nfu]+ . sfpG6/sf] dlxnfn] elgg l;Ssf t cfwf d"Nodf dfq ljS5 . t}klg k]6 t ;kmf ug}{ lyof] . d}n] l:jl8;af6 qmf]g/ af6 8]lg; qmf]g/ ;fF6] / rlk{hfg] lt/sf] d]lzgdf Kjfn k/]sf] kfFr qmf]g/ xfn] . Ps lan cfof] . s]xL k/ Tof] lan b]vfPkl5 9f]sf v'Nof] . rkL{sf] sfd ;DkGg eof] . Ps qmf]g/sf] !% ¿lkofFsf b/n] krxQ/ ¿lkofFdf lb;f ug'{k¥of] .
Ps 306f hlt klxn] g} /]nj] :6];g sf]kgx]ug ;]G6«ndf k'u]kl5 otf ptf ub}{
;do laTof] . 7Ls !!M#) ah] :j]8]g hfg] /]n cfOk'Uof] . !! ah]/ #@ ldg]6df
8]gdfs{af6 k|:yfg u¥of] . Sof uhasf] ;dosf] Vofn ul/g] /x]5 . 8]gdfs{df sl/a
%))) hgf g]kfnLx¿ a}w cj}w u/L a:5g /] . ltgLx¿dWo yf]/}n] dfq k|f]km];gn sfd
kfPsf /x]5g\ . oxfF sfd kfpg ufx|f] 5 /] . w]/} sdfpg]nfO{ s/sf] b/ a9g] ePsfn]
dflg; w]/} sfd gug]{ /x]5g\ . b'O{ 306fb]lv rf/ kfFr 306f dfq sfd u5{g /] k|foM
. gjLg Pshgf g]kfnL cfO{6L– OlGhlgo/ /x]5g\ . h;sf] 3/df a;L+ pgL
k|f]km];gn sfd u/L /x]sf 5g\ . pgL OGkm/d];g k|ljlwsf] sfd u5{g\ . of] sfddf tLg
rf/ nfv k|ltdlxgf cfh{g x'G5 /] . 8]gdfs{df ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, :jf:Yo pkrf/,
s]6fs]6Lsf] lzIff ;a} /fd|f] 5 /] . sf]k]g x]ugdf uf8Lsf] d"No / ;fOh
cg';f/ dxFuf] s/ k|0ffnL /x]5 . ;x/sf] kmf]x/nfO{ hnfP/ jf oyf of]Uo g:6 ug]{
k|0ffnL uhasf] /x]5 . kmf]xf]/ kmfn]kl5 w]/} 7fpFdf c6f]d]l6s d'lgsf] Kjfn af6
Jojl:yt ug]{ s'g} 7fpFdf hfg] /x]5 . u8u8fx6sf] cfjfh ub}{ . sf]k]g x]ugdf
jftfj/0f ;kmf, jfo' k|b'if0f Go"g ePsf] ;fOsn d}qL ;x/ /x]5 . s/f]8 klt
b]lv /f]8 klt ;Dd ;// ;fOsndf s'bg] /x]5g\ . ;'Gb/Lx¿ a[4a[4fx¿ klg lbgel/g}
;fOsn s'bfPs} b]lvP . :j]8]gkl§ ;d'b|dfly / 8]gdfs{kl§ ;d'b|d'lg /]nsf] k'n /
6g]n agfPsf] /x]5 . ;d'b|df ;}of}+sf] ;+Vofdf lj08 ldn klg la5ofOPsf /x]5g\ . em'Nsf]
d'Nsf] 8]gdfs{ sf]k]gx]ugsf] ofqf ;dfKt x'Fb}5 . :j]8]gsf] u|fld0f Onfsfdf
ux'Fkfs]/ kx]nf] ePsf] 5 . of] ux'Fn] dfgj tyf ufO{j:t' b'j}nfO{ vfgsf]
aGbf]a:t u5{g\ xf]nf . /]ndf ofqf ul//x]sL sfnL dlxnf;Fu b'O{ lsl;dsf lapsf]
pTkfbg /x]5 . 5f]/f] clk|msg lap clk|msL v]t / 5f]/L rfFlx l:jl8; lap clk|msg
v]tdf k/]sf] :ki6 b]lvGYof] . :SofG8]g]leofdf /+uLg dflg; agfpg clk|msg /+un]
;lhPsf] b]lvof] .
b]]p8f æux'F kfsL kx]Fnf e}Uof ds}sf ad/Æ cfpb}/o}
3'Db}/g' g]kfnL ed/ .. aemfËL 8]p8fsf] no ;lxtsf] uLt ufpg dg nfUof] . cfˆgf]
sfd ug]{ ynL kb\dsGof SofDk;, 3/, kl/jf/ ;a}nfO{ la;]{/ o'/f]lkog /]ndf /dfOnf]
udL{df labf dgfpFbf cjZo cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt e} /x]5 . clxn] x]nl;jf]/ eGg]
:6];g cfP5 . w]/} ofqL cf]ln{P . hLjg ofqfdo 5, pqg', r9g', Ps lbg labf x'g' .
st} ;fgf :6]zg st} hS;g -7"nf :6]zg_ cfpF5g\ . sltko JolQm Ps zAb klg
gaf]n]/ leq l5b{5g\ / aflx/ lg:sG5g\ . cf–cfˆg} tfnsf dfG5] x'G5g\ . h] eP klg
gaf]n] klg :j]8]gsL ;'Gb/Lx¿ x]g{nfO{ ;fFRr} /dfOnL ltvf] gfs, ;'gf}nf] ls ;]tf
skfn / k'/} ;]tf] uf]/f] 5fnf / udL{df () k|ltzt hlt g 9flsPsf] hLp . k/Gt' pgx¿
dfgl;s ¿kdf Tolt r~rn] rflx 5}gg\ . g]kfndf jiff{ Ct' xf], emdemd kfgL
kl//x]sf] 5 xf]nf . oxfF udL{sf] labfsf] df};d /x]5 . ;a} sn]hx¿ labfd} 5g\
.oxfFsf k|fWofks ljBfyL{ labf dgfpg ;d'b| lsgf/df klN6g, h+undf ;fOsn rnfpg /
b]zb]zfj/ 3'Dg hfg] /x]5g\ . o'/f]k cd]l/sfdf labf ;fFRr} labfsf] ¿kdf cfgGbn]
dgfpg] rng /x]5g\ .
o'/f]ksf] /]ndf a:bf ef/tLo /]ndf ;'lgg] cfjfh rgf r6k6] d;fn] jfn], u/d
k'/L, 5f]n] e6'/]sf] ld7f] cfjfhsf] ;Demgf eof] . o'/f]kdf cfˆgf] :jfbsf] vfgf
ef/tLo /]i6'/]06df klg gkfOg] /x]5 . :j]8]g k|s[ltsf] wgL 5 . ¿v lj¿jf c;+Vo
5g\ . To;df klg cf]ssf] ¿v dxTjk"0f{ dflgg] /x]5 æefOlsËÆ * b]lv !$ ztfAbL
;Dd 7"nf] cf]ssf] ¿v sf6\g /fhfnfO{ dfq clwsf/ lyof] eGg] egfO /x]5 .
cf]ssf] sf7n] /fd|f] hxfh agfOg] x'Fbf ljZjsf] 7"nf] hxfh To;a]nf l:jl8;
/fhfs} dfq x'GYof] c/] . To;}n] k"j{df /l;ofb]lv blIf0f hd{gL, k|mfG;,
a]nfotnfO{ klg ;d'b|df n'6\g] sfd efO{ls+n] ug]{
/x]5g\ . cfhsf] ;dfhjfbL Joj:yf / /fd|f] dfgj clwsf/, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ePsf] b]z ljutdf n'6fxfsf] b]z lyof] egg] ;'Gbf cgf}7f] nfUb5 .
/x]5g\ . cfhsf] ;dfhjfbL Joj:yf / /fd|f] dfgj clwsf/, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ePsf] b]z ljutdf n'6fxfsf] b]z lyof] egg] ;'Gbf cgf}7f] nfUb5 .
/]n ;–;fgf :6]zgdf klg
/f]lsg] / la:tf/} hfg] /x]5 . w]/}h;f] ;dodf rf/ l;6 ePsf] 7fpFdf d PSn} lyPF .
slxn] sfFxL dfq cfwf l;6;Dd el/g] /x]5g\ . w]/} ;do /]nsf w]/} l;6 vfln g} / 5]
. sf]k]gx]u]gb]lv uy]gju{ @!^ + @* = @$$.– hDdf b'O{ ;o rjfln; lsnf]ld6/ /x]5 .
t/ Tof] b"/Ldf /fd|f] kmf:6 6]«g rfFlx 5}g .
cu:t ^ tfl/v uy]gju{af6 b'O{ lbg cl3 :6sxf]d hfg] sfo{qmd aGof] . laxfg
^ ah] p7]/ bfFt dfFem] bf/L sf6]F / km]l/ s]xLa]/ kN6]F . oxfFsf dflg;x¿ /flt
l9nf ;'Tg] /x]5g\ !@M)) jf !M))÷@M)) ah] lt/ . pgLx? laxfg rflxF l9n} p7\g]
/x]5g\ . ;ft ah]kl5 Psl5g aflx/ ;8sdf 3'Dg uPF . kms]{kl5 g'xfO{ wf]O{ u/]F
lsgsL lxhf] sf]k]gx]ugdf ;fx|} ;fgf] 7fpFdf a;]sf]n] g'xfpg ;lsg . cfh g'xfO{
;s]kl5 nG8«L -jfl;ªd]lzg_ df n'uf xfn] / jfl;ª kfp8/ /fv]+ . Ps 306fdf n'uf
w'g] sfd eP5 . km]l/ csf]{ d]lzgdf /fv]+ cfwf 306f leq} n'uf ;'Sof] . :qL eg]
grNg] /x]5 . To;}n] wf]Psf] n'uf k6\ofP/ /fv]+ / ;fdfg Kofs ug]{ ljrf/ eof] . d
cfPsf] lbg b]lvsf] uf/j]hnfO{ y}nLdf Jojl:yt ul/ uf/j]h /fVg] 7fpFdf uPF .
d]6nsf] 7"nf] kfOkaf6 ;j} tnfaf6 /fv]sf] uf/j]h e'O{ tNnfdf hfg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] /x]5 . kmf]xf]/ p7fP/ tn hfg'gkg]{ cfˆg} tNnfsf] s'gfdf uof] :6Lnsf]
9Ssg vf]Nof] / kf]sf] kf/]sf] kmf]xf]/ leq xfnL lbof] . Tolts}df e/v/ dflyNnf]
tnfdf cfPsf] :k]lg; cg';Gwftf e]l6of] . p;n] eGof] ef]snfUof] a|]skmf:6 vfg
hfG5' . d}n] cfˆgf] ;fdfg Kofs u/]+ . ;f9] gf}+ ah]lt/ ;'zgsf] kmf]g cfof] d
;f9] b; ah]lt/ xfuf cfO{ k'U5' eg]/ . pgL sf/ lnP/ cfpg] ePkl5 dnfO{ lrGtf ePg
. To;}n] sf]7fdf of] ;'Gb/ gul/ 5f]8g] lbg s]xL ;Demgf n]Vg a;]F .
:6sxf]d :j]8]g
@M$) df k'Ug'kg]{ 6]«g #% ldg]6 l9nf k'Uof] . ToxfF k'Ug] lalQs} s6s
dNnhL t'¿Gt} b]lvg'eof] . clg xfdLn] l56f] l56f] uP/ csf]{ nf]sn /]nsf] l6s6
lnof}+ . Tof] l6s6 lnPkl5 l;6L 6]«gdf @ :6]zg k/ dNnhLsf] 3/ uof}+F . ToxfF
k'Ug] ljlQs} kmnkm"n cf¿– :6«j]/L rLh, kfp/f]6L / dVvg, skmL vfOof] . PSs}
l5g g]kfnsf] /fhgLltsf] ukm u¥of}+ . afa'/fd, b]pjf, k|r08, k|jf;L g]kfnL,
g]kfnsf] eljio ljleGg ljifodf xfd|f] ljrf/ ljdz{ eof] . dNnhLsL 5f]/Ln] …gd:t]Ú
elgg jxfFn] …lrGof}Ú eg]kl5 6fpsf] xNnfOg vfhf vfPkl5 st}
3'Dg hfg] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 .
s6s dNnhLsf] :6sxf]dsf] 3/df laxfg
^ ah]/ @) ldg]6df lapem]F . cfh jxfFsf 5f]/f5f]/L aflx/ ;fyLsxfF hfg] ePsfn]
;fob l5§} p7]/ uO;s] . d}n] cw{ lgGb|fdf p7]sf] cfjfh ;'g]sf] lyPF . s6shL klg
;fob p7L;Sg' ePsf] 5 ls Sof xf] . vf]s]sf] ;'g]sf] lyPF . jxfF ev{/ cfˆgf] sf]7faf6
aflx/ lg:sg'eof] . eGg'eof] d]/f 5f]/f5f]/L tkfO{ lxhf] cfPs} 7fpF -hf]ltjl/_
:j]8]gsf] af]nfpg] gfd uy]gju{ hfFb}5g\ . ToxfF k'Ubf /]ndf sl/a ^.& 306f
nfU5 . l56f] hfg] /]ndf rf/ 306f nfUg] /x]5 . d klg lxhf] Tolx /]ndf cfPsf]
lyPF . kfFr ;o lsnf]ld6/sf] ofqf ;'Gb/ ef}uf]lns If]qaf6 s:tf] /fd|f] .
-hf]ltjl/_ uy]gju{df jxfFsf] :jLl8; ;fyLsf] kl/jf/ 5 /] . pgLx¿ klg g]kfndf
a;]sf x'g\ . To;}n] xfd|f] kfl/jfl/s ldqtf 5 . pgL g]kfndf 8fS6/sf] ¿kdf sfd
u/]sf dfG5] x'g\ To;}n] pgsf] d]/f] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw /fd|f] 5 . pgsf 5f]/f,
5f]/L / d]/f 5f]/f5f]/L pgLx¿;Fu ToxfF 3'Dg uP .
cfh k|ftM * ah]b]lv !!M#) ah] ;Dd :6sxf]d ;x/sf] b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ s6s
dNnhL ;Fu k}bn 3'd]+F . xfdL gofF :6sxf]daf6 k'/fgf] ;x/ sf7df8f}+sf] c;g jf
7d]n h:tf] efudf uof}+ . ToxfF /fhb/af/, ;+;b, d+qfno, cfO{l8ofsf] clkm; klg
x]¥of}+ . :6sxf]d lgs} k'/fgf] ;x/ /x]5 tLg, rf/ jif{ k'/fgf 3/x¿ .
;f7L, ;Q/L xhf/ ljBfyL{
ToxfFaf6 xfdL clxn] :6sxf]d ljZjljBfnosf] dNnhLsf] clkm; sf]7fdf a;]sf
5f}+ . ljZjljBfnoleqsf] k':ts k;ndf l:jl8; ;+ljwfgsf] c+u|]hLdf n]lvPsf] k':ts
vf]Hbf kfOPg . :j]l8; efiffdf rfFlx /x]5 . xNsf kfgL k/]sf] 5 . 8Dd afbn
nfu]sf] 5, aflx/ cln cln hf8f] 5 sf]7fleq rflxF udL{ 5 . cfh ljZjljBfnosf]
SoflG6gdf vfgf vfof}+ () qmf]g/ k¥of] . To; kl5 km]l/ ljZjljBfno xftf 3'Dg
nfUof}+ . ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] ejg x]¥of}+ . dNnhLn] eGg'eof] oxfF ljBfyL{
o'lgogsf] z'Ns glt/];Dd hfFrdf a:g kfO{b}g . ljZjljBfno !*&* df :yfkgf
ePsf] /x]5 . ljBfyL{ o'lgogdf ;a} kfl6{sf] k|lt:kwf{ x'G5 /] olx g} b]zsf]
/fhgLltsf] d"nåf/ xf] . sfg'g -n_ k9\g] ljBfyL{n] o'lgog z'Ns ;aeGbf a9L
ltg'{ k5{ /] #)) Ps ;]d]:6/sf] cGon] @%) b]lv dfly . Pp6} sDn]S;df laxfg cf7
ah]b]lv ;fFem jf /f;t ( ah];Dd sIff ;'¿ x'G5
/] . s'n k|fWofkgdf ;+nUg k|fWofks / sd{rf/L u/L k"0f{sfnLg cf+lzs ul/ hDdf %))) ;+Vof /x]5 . ljZjsf] !)) ljZjljBfno dWo Ps :6sxf]d ljZjljBfno ljZjsf !)) pRr :t/sf ljZjljBfno leq k5{ /] .
/] . s'n k|fWofkgdf ;+nUg k|fWofks / sd{rf/L u/L k"0f{sfnLg cf+lzs ul/ hDdf %))) ;+Vof /x]5 . ljZjsf] !)) ljZjljBfno dWo Ps :6sxf]d ljZjljBfno ljZjsf !)) pRr :t/sf ljZjljBfno leq k5{ /] .
:6sxf]d ljZjljBfnodf dfgljsL, sfg"g / lj1fg ;fdflhs lj1fg k9fO{ x'G5
. sl/a &) xhf/ ljBfyL{ k9fO{ x'g] /fhwfgLsf] ljZjljBfno ( tNnfsf] ejg eP
klg Psflt/ e"ldd} gjf}+ tnf lyof] . ;fob xfd|} lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] h:tf]
cUnf] xf]rf]sf] h:tf] 8f8f]df eP/ xf]nf . :j]8]gdf #) xhf/af6 ;]gfsf] ;+Vof
!%,))) dfq agfpFbf ul0ft, lj1fg, h:tf ljifo hfGg] ;}lgsnfO{ :s'ndf, sn]hdf
k9fpg lzIfssf] ¿kdf lnP5 . To;}n] pgLx¿ klg l;len hLjgdf cfpg v';L eP5g\ . l;~h]g
le;f Joj:yf ubf{ l;Gh]g b]zdf 7"nf] Ao'/f]qm]l;sf] vr{ 36]5 . sf/0f x/]s
d'n'sdf s:6ddf nfUg] sd{rf/L cfjZos k/]g . To;}n] o'/f]df gePklg gj]{ l;Gh]g
le;f dfGg] d'n'ssf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . :j]8]g EU
df ePklg o'/f]df rNg]
d'n'sdf kb}{g . oxfF cfˆg} d'b|f rN5 . o'/f]ksf @^ b]z l;Gh]g le;f rNg] d'n'sdf
kg]{/x]5g\ . o'/f]k leq klg cem}F a]nfot, :jL; h:tf d'n'ssf] nflu cnu le;f lng'
k5{ . ;+;f/ ljlrqsf] 5 . k|lj0f s'df/ k|hfklt–kf]v/f, xfn sf]k]g x]u]g, ;Fu /
ls/0f lnDa'– t]x|y'd– :j]8]gdf a:g];Fu, e]6 ukmufkm dNnhLsf] 3/df vfgf cfP/
xfdL ukm ufkm ub}{ 5f}+ . xfdL rf/ hgf hDdf ePsf 5f}+ . d'lQm e§ 8]gdfs{sf]
/fhb"tn] cd]l/sfdf kl9/x]sL 5f]/Lsf] gfddf lk=P=sf] tna a'‰g] u/]sf 5g\ /]
. sfo{jfxL ug{ ldN5 ls ldNb}g . 5f]/f / 5f]/LnfO{ :6fkm agfO{ /fVg ldN5 ls
ldNb}g . 8]gdfs{df a:g] g]kfnLx¿ crDddf k/]sf 5g\ /] . s:tf] dlte|d ePsf] xf]nf
<
cfh 3/hfg] lbg ePsfn] dnfO{ /fd|f] lgb|f nfu]g . laxfg % ah] p7]F .
To;kl5 k|ftM lqmof ;dfKt u/L 8fo/L n]Vg dfq cfF6]sf] lyPF s6s dNnhL p7g'eof] . clg
dnfO /flt Ps lsl;dsf] c;lhnf] ePsf] lyof] . d}n] ljrf/ u/]+ d uy]gju{af6
:6sxf]d cfO;s]F cfh} laxfg ( ah] ToxfFaf6 sf7df8f}+ p8\g] sfo{qmd 5 . :6sxf]ddf
xjfO{ hxfhdf hfg lbPg eg] s] ug]{ xf]nf < clg d}n] ;'zgnfO{ P;=Pd=P;=
k7fPsf] lyP . t} klg dNnhLsf] ;xfotf dfu]/ l6s6sf] OGSjfo/Ldf l:jl8; efiffdf
s'/f eof] . pQf kl§af6 nfdf] s'/f sfgL kl5 pQ/ cfof] ;Dea g} 5}g . csf]{ l6s6
lng'k5{ . kGw| la; ldg]6 e};Sof] dNnhL cg'/f]w ub}{ x'g''x'GYof] . d}n] jxfFsf]
efiff / xfjefj b]v]F . 8/nfUof] To; lar 8/fP/ tLg rf/ k6s kfgL lkFP . 3fF6L
;'s]/ cfof], pkfo s]xL klg 5}g eGof] . cs}{ l6s6 lsGg' k5{ /] . s]xL klg pkfo
5}g eg] kl5 xfdL lrlGtt eof}+ . d}n] dgdg} sNkgf u/]+ slt lbg dNnhLsf] kfx'gf
eOg] eof] . s;l/ l6s6 lsGg] < dNnhLn] klg ;f]Rg' eP5 s] ug]{ k};fsf] hf]xf]
ul/ l6s6 sf6L k7fO{ lbg' knf{ eGg] ljrf/ ug'{ eP5 . slt pQd ljrf/, g]kfnL
;dfhsf] ljz]iftf g} ;fdflhs bfloTj xf] . Ps ldqn] of] eGbf slt ;f]Rg] < clg
d}n] uy]gju{ ljZjljBfnosf] cg';GwftfnfO{ kmf]g u/] / eg] d ;d:ofdf k/] h:tf] 5'
. pxfFn] eGg'eof] tkfO{sf] hLd]n x]g'{;\ / af]l8{ª kf; lk|G6 ug'{;, ;d:of
gxf]nf . clg hL d]n vf]n]+ ToxfF af]l8{ª kf; cfP5 . 8f6f s]an vf]h]/ dNnhLn] b'O{
j6f af]l8{ª sf8{ lk|G6 ug'{ eof] . clg d]/f] df]afOndf stf/ Pc/ nfOgaf6 klg
P;=Pd=P;= cfof] …tkfOsf] l6s6 sGkmd{ eof] .Ú b'O{ 306f cl3 cf/Nof08 6ld{gn
hfg';\ . ef}tfl/Psf] dg 9'Ss eof] . afFsL /x]sf] skmL dHhf;Fu vfPF . To;kl5
8fo/L n]Vg a;]F .
dNnhL cg nfOg g]kfnL Go"h ;'Gg yfNg'eof] . xtf;, laTof;, va/bf/,
xf]l;of/sf] dfgl;stfdf dnd kl§nfUof] . clxn] cf7 ah]/ kRrL; ldg]6 eof] . cfh
afbn nfu]sf] 5 . :6sxf]ddf cu:tdf ;dzLtf]i0f xfjf kfgL 5 . xfdLn] :6«a]/L /
ltgd0f f -r'y|f]_ h:tf] kmn ldnfP/ a|]skmf:6df bxL clg gf}lg;Fu oxfFsf] t}of/L /f]6L
vfof}+ . clxn] dNnhL g'xfpg afy¿ddf hfg'ePsf] 5 . s]xL a]/df vfgf vfO{ jxfFn]
dnfO{ ;]G6«n :6]zg / Pc/kf]6{ hfg] 7fpF;Dd ;fob ;a j]df 5f]8\g hfg' x'g]5 . cl:t
b]lv cfh;Ddsf] k"/f ;do jxfFn] dnfO{ lbg'eof] . vfgf agfpg], 3'dfpg] /
g]kfnsf] /fhgLltsf] lrGtf ug]{df ;a} ;do laTof] . b; alh;Sof] . ca Ps} l5gdf
n~r vfP/ xfdL /]naf6 k|:yfg ug]{ 5f}+ . o'/f]k ofqfsf] ;+lIfKt Oltj[QfGt olxF
/f]Sb} d ;dosf] k|tLIffdf 5'F . dNnhLn] / d}n] g]kfnsf] /fhgLltnfO{ Ps /fli6«o
;f]rdf cl3 a9fpg k'/fgf] / gofF ;Qfsf tLg kIfnfO{ ;Fu} /fVg sf]l;; ug'{ k5{
eGof}+ .
wgk|;fb kl08t
:6sxf]d
:j]8]g, @)!# cu:t *
cGtdf Ps ah] lt/ :6sxf]dsf] cf/nfG8 Pc/kf]6{ k'u]F . ;fdfg r]s hfFr u/L
kf;kf]6{ ;d]t hfFr]kl5 u]6 gDa/ ^^ glhs uP/ a;]F . stf/ Pc/j]haf6 cf–cfˆgf] b]z
hfg y'k}| dflg; cfPsf 5g\ . clk|msL d'n'ssf, ef/tsL Pshgf x}b/fafbsf] dlxnf
/lxl5g\ . oxfFaf6 stf/ / stf/af6 gofFlbNnL, ToxfFaf6 x}b/fafb hfg] sfo{qmd 5 /]
. Ps xKtfdf clkm;sf] sfdn] :j]8]g, gj]{, cf]:nf]df 3'd3fd / sfd ubf{ ysfO
nfUof] /] . cfh aNn df};d kSsf o'/f]ksf] h:tf] eof] . l;dl;d] kfgL kl//x]5 .
cfsfz afbnn] 6Dd 9flsPsf] 5 . ;"o{ gf/fo0fsf] b;{g klg kfOPsf] 5}g . xjfO{
hxfhdf ;fdfg /flv ;s] t/ ofqL af]nfPsf] 5}g . ;a} hgf k|tLIffsf] 38Ldf 5g\ .
s'g a]nf af]nfpnf / xfdL Kn]g leq k|j]z u/f}+nf eg]/ d]/f] cuf8L b'O{ hgf sfnL
dlxnf l5g\ ltgLx¿ d'l:nd ;d'bfosf] x'g' k5{ . a'sf{ 5}g k/Gt' ;nn] cfˆgf]
cg'xf/ jl/kl/ 9fs]s 5g\ . s]xL afnaflnsf 5g\ . k]lG;n s6/n] tf5b} s]xL n]Vb}
5g\ . sltko n§ks]sf 5g\ . lgGb|f nfUg cfF6] h:tf jftfj/0f rfFlx em'/ /
cN5LnfUbf] ePsf] 5 . o'/f]ksf] w]/}h;f] ;do o:t} x'G5 /] . clg t 3fd nfUof] eg]
o'/f]lkogx¿ v'l;ofnL dgfpF5g\ . cfˆgf] ;fx|} ;]tf] uf]/f] /+unfO{ clns v}/f]
agfpg ;d'b| lsgf/sf] afn'jfdf 9lndnL u5{g\ / ;gjfy u5{g\ .
% 306f !) ldg]6 bf]xf;Dd
kf}g] rf/ ah] aNn xjfO{ hxfhleq k:of}+ . x]/f}+ l7s ;dodf xjfO{hxfh p8\5
ls p8\b}g . ;Fu} Ps aflnsf cfˆgf] df]afOndf g]6 rnfpFb} jf s]xL u]d v]Nb} l5g .
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Jofkfl/s Snf;sf] cnu l;6 ubf{ sl/a #%) hgf hlt ofq' / rfns bn af]Sg] /x]5 .
:6sxf]daf6 stf/ cfpg] xjfO{ hxfh k"j{ ;f]leot o'lgog, h:t} a]nf¿;,
o'qm]gsf] lsd eP/ cfpg] /x]5 . clxn] Ps 7"nf] ;x/ b]lvof] . ;fob olx g}
o'qm]gsf] /fhwfgL lse xf]nf . gS;fdf xjfO{ hxfh klg lse dfly p8L/x]5 .
k"jL{ o'/f]k klg ;Dd k/]sf] e" efu /x]5 . of] Kn]gdf b'O{ hgf sf]l/og
Pc/ xf]:6]; /x]5g\ . d}n] cGofª3f;]of] eGbf xfp 8' o' gf] sf]l/og eg] . Ps hgf
;pnsL csL{ a';fg ls /lx l5g\ . o'/f]ksf] ljz]iftf eGg' g} ;Dd k/]sf] hldg lgs}
jgIf]q xl/ofnL / v]tLkftL ug]{ 7fpF . ;fob xfd|f] xjfO{ hxfh lse s6]/ blIf0flt/
nfUb} 5 . oxfFaf6 aubfb O/fs dflyaf6 aNn bf]xf k'Ug] 5 . bf]xf / b'aO{ b'j} c/a
vf8Lsf b'O{ lsgf/df cjl:yt ;x/ /x]5g\ .
clxn] xfdL 6sL{, o'qm]g / ¿; larsf] vf8L dfly p8b} 5f}+ . o;sf] kfl/kl§
7"nf] a:tL 5 . b'O{ 306f;Dd t xfd|f] hxfhn] uha;Fu tndfly u/]/ afbnsf]
ljrdf / dfly hfg] sfd u/]sf] lyof] . clxn] 6ls{dfly p8\b} 5f}+F . 6sL{sf] pQ/df
7"nf] vf8L /x]5 . Kn]gdf w]/} l;6 vfnL /x]5 . stf/ Pc/j]hdf sf7df8f}+F
uy]gju{ slt l6s6 nfU5 dnfO{ yfxf 5}g sf7df8f}+ uP/ kQf nufpg sf]lzif ug]{ xf] .
;fob *.()) ;o 8n/ nfUof] xf]nf ls < xfdL r9]sf] xjfO{hxfh $!,))) lkm6 dfly
af6 p8]sf] 5 . o;sf] u|fp08 :kL8 !)@& lsnf]ld6/ k|lt306f 5 . clN6Ro"8
$!,))) ld6/ sl/a %))) lsnf]ld6/sf] ofqf /x]5 :6sxf]d b]lv bf]xf;Ddsf] b"/L
. clxn] c+sf/fsf] k"j{ / afs'sf] klZrd eP/ hfFb}5 Kn]g . :6sxf]d– $%*%
lsnf]ld6/ bf]xf sf7df8f}+ ##^* lsnf]ld6/ ##^* + $#!^ + @))) = ())) t]n kfpg' cl3 bf]xf stf/sf] hg;ª\Vof hDdf
@%,))) hlt lyof] / ^) jif{cl3 clxn] !( nfv hg;ª\Vof e} ;Sof] /] . klxn] e]8f /
pF6 ;Fusf] 3'dGt] hLjg latfpg]x¿ xfn r/d wgsf] jiff{df 5g\ . clxn] aubfb b]lvb}
5, O/fs guP klg cfsfz dfu{af6 O/fs kf/ ul/b} 5 . Ps} l5g kl5 xfdL r9]sf] xjfO{
hxfh stf/ k'Ug] 5 .
